A STUDY OF MESSAGES ON MAHER ZAIN‟S SONG LYRIC „INSYAALLAH‟
A STUDY OF MESSAGES ON MAHER ZAIN‟S SONG LYRIC
„INSYAALLAH‟
THESIS
By:
FERRY BUDI ARIFIYANTO
09360300
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2013
A STUDY OF MESSAGES ON MAHER ZAIN‟S SONG LYRIC
„INSYAALLAH‟
THESIS
By:
FERRY BUDI ARIFIYANTO
09360300
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2013
A STUDY OF MESSAGES ON MAHER ZAIN‟S SONG LYRICS
„INSYA ALLAH‟
This thesis is submitted to meet one of requirements to achieve bachelor‟s degree
in English Education
By
FERRY BUDI ARIFIYANTO
09360300
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“There is no God except Allah”
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
1. Allah Swt.
2. The Prophet Muhammad SAW
3. My families
4. Nina Budi Arifiyanto
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah praise be to Allah SWT, as the main source that gives me
opportunities to finish this thesis. And sholawat and greeting are always still
given to The Prophet Muhammad SAW and his family.
I would express the gratitude to my advisors Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si and
Drs. Taufik Burhan, M.Pd who have helped me to do the thesis. I would say
thanks to University of Muhammadiyah Malang and English Department which
have given me chance to study, to get the knowledge and many experience.
Thanks to all my lecturers at English Department, also special thanks to Dwi
Poedjiastutie, M.A as my special lecturer in University of Muhammadiyah
Malang.
Thanks to my mother and father who have supported me in material or non
material. Thanks to all my best friends who have helped me and Nina Budi
Arifiyanto who always gives support to me, so I can finish my thesis. I hope Allah
SWT will give them in return all of the best things that have been given to me.
The last, I hope this thesis is useful to other people. Because it contains the
eternal spirit which motivate them every time.
Malang, 31 July 2013
Ferry Budi Arifiyanto
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval ……………………………………………………………………..i
Motto and Dedication………………………………………………………..iii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………………....v
Table of contents……………………………………………………………..vi
Chapter I: Introduction................................................................................1
1.1 Background of study…………………………………………………......1
1.2 Statemnet of problems……………………………………………………3
1.3 Purpose of the study……………………………………………………...3
1.4 Significance of study……………………………………………………..3
1.5 Scope and limitation……………………………………………………...4
1.6 Definition of key terms…………………………………………………...4
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature…………………………………. 5
2.1 Literature………………………………………………………………. 5
2.2 Definition of Song……………………………………………………… 6
2.3 Types of Song…………………………………………………………...6
2.4 Meaning of Song……………………………………………………….. 7
2.5 Elements of Song………………………………………………………. 8
2.6 Lyric…………………………………………………………………….12
2.7 Stanza…………………………………………………………………...12
2.8 Messages
2.8.1 Definition of Message…………………………………………..12
2.8.2 Kinds of Message……………………………………………….13
2.8.3The Way to Get a Message……………………………………...14
2.9 Maher Zain……………………………………………………………...15
CHAPTER III……………………………………………………………...16
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………...16
3.2 Approach………………………………………………………………..17
3.3 Object of the Study……………………………………………………...18
3.4 Data Collection………………………………………………………… 18
3.5 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………...19
CHAPTER V……………………………………………………………….20
4.1 Research Finding………………………………………………………..20
4.1.1 The General Meaning of the Song Lyric “Insyaallah”………... .21
4.1.2 The Detail Meaning of the Song Lyric “Insyaallah”……………21
4.1.3 The Messages of the Song Lyric “Insyaallah”…………………24
4.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………….26
CHAPTER V……………………………………………………………….28
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………28
5.1.1 General Meaning………………………………………………..28
5.1.2 Detail Meaning………………………………………………….28
5.1.3 Message…………………………………………………………29
5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………29
REFFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFFERENCES
Ary, Donald, 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. New York. CBS:
College Publishing
Alexander, L.G. 1983. Poetry and Prose Appreciation for Overseas Students.
London: Longman Group Limited
Alexander, L.G.1997. Poetry and Prose Appreciation for Overseas Students.
London: Longman Group Limited
Abrams. M.H. 1981. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Library of
Congress Cataloging Publication Data
Abrams. M.H. 1993. A Glossary of Literary Terms 7th Edition. USA: Earl Mc.
Peek
Bogarad, Carley Rees and Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik, 2006. Legacies Fiction, Poetry,
Drama, Nonfiction. USA: The Thomposin Corporation
Harimurti, Kridalaksana. 2001. Kamus Istilah Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama.
Http://www.galeribrain.edy.uk. The Types of Song. May 11th, 2011.
Jahn,Manfred. 2002 A Guide to the Theory of Poetry. English Departement:
University of Cologne
Kennedy, X.J.1983. Literature an introduction to fiction, drama, and poetry.
Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Keraf, Gorys. 2000. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka.
Keraf, Gorys. 2009. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka.
Koesnosubroto, S.B. 1988. The Anatony of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Departemen
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi.
Matterson, Stephen and Jones, Daryl. 2000. Studying Poetry. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Matterson, Stephen and Jones, Daryl. 2006. Studying Poetry. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Martin, Alex and Hill, Robert. 1999. Modern Poetry: Introduction to Modern
English Literature for Students of English. London: Pearson Education
Limited.
Mc. Milan. 1984. American Literature. NewYork: Mc. Millan Publishing
Company
Meh, Z. (1980). “Esu Folksongs”, unpublished Maitrise dissertation.
Department of African Literature: University of Yaoundé.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston:
Bedford Books of ST Martini‟s Press.
Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 1995. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Jogjakarta: Gajahmada
University Press
Perrine, Laurence. 1964. Sound and Sense. An Introduction to Poetry. USA:
Harcout, Bruce and World Inc.
Raffel, Burton. 1984. How to Read a Poem. USA: Penguin Group
Reaske, Christopher Russel. 1996. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monores
University Press.
Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik and Bogarad, Carley Rees, 2006. Legacies Fiction, Poetry,
Drama, Nonfiction. USA: The Thompson Corporation.
Zaidan, Abdul Rozak. 2000. Kamus Istilah Sastra. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is human expression that is written in beautiful words. It means that
people use their feeling, emotion, creation, and imagination then they write their work
into a nice words and it becomes literary work. Mc. Milan (1984) claims that
literature offers an experience, but to have the experience and to make the words
come, the reader must use their imagination, participate with the writer in producing
or reproducing the experience of the literature.
There are several kinds of literary works. They are poetry, drama, prose, and
song. Literature is written art in which a writing device is used to put words on paper.
Here are some basic kinds of literature they are fiction, stage play, poetry/ song,
literary essay, creative nonfiction, screenplay, comic strip script, video script, comic
book script (http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jewel001/humanities/ book/13 literature.htm).
They are called imaginative literature. Imaginative literature therefore would be
showing imagination through the production of writing. Imaginative literature usually
refers to fictional works such as novels, poetry/ song, short stories, drama
(http://wiki.answer.com/Q/What_is_imaginative_literature).
Song is a literary work that contains beautiful and meaningful lyric. Usually
songs are played with the instrumental music and sung by the vocalist. Burton (1984)
claims that “Song” originally referred to a poem intended to be sung, often by the
poet himself and often with the musical accompaniment.
2
When we are listening to the song, we may get positive effect. We can clear our
bad mood by listening to the song. Wolf (2011) states when the listeners feel bad
mood they can clear it up by listening to the music or song. Song is the literary work
that can make the people feel happy when they listen to it. As we know the song can
convey the author‟s feeling to the listener by using their imagination. When the
people feel sad, sorrow, grief, and upset, they need something to get their good mood
back. The song can be the solution for those people. So the people should listen to the
song to make them happy and avoid the stress.
Song is one of the literary works that may contain a message. The author may
state the message explicitly or implicitly. In the song, explicit message can be gotten
by the reader by reading the song lyric directly. While the implicit message, the
reader should conclude it by using their own interpretation. To find out the implicit
message, the reader should know the general meaning and the detail meaning of the
lyric of song.
Based on the previous research conducted by Noviana from English Department
(2011) in A Study of Messages on Avril Lavigne‟s Song Lyric “I Will be”, she found
the message that true love does not only have each other but the reader also has to be
ready to face any problems that happened, as stated in “there‟s nothing I could say to
you, nothing I could ever do to make you see”.
The writer intends to analyze the Maher Zain‟s song lyric „Insyaallah‟ because
it has a deep meaning and beautiful words. The lyric contains a powerful meaning
that can encourage the listeners. When the listeners feel sad then they listen to this
3
song lyric, their sorrows will melt away. So they will be more enthusiastic after they
listen to this song.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of the study stated above, this study is designed to
answer the following research questions:
1. What is the general meaning of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟?
2. What are the detail meanings of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟?
3. What are the messages of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1. To find out the general meaning of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
2. To find out the detail meanings of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
3. To find out the messages of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
1.4 Significance of the Study
1. To the students, the research findings will give contribution in terms of the use
English song in improving the their capability in listening subject.
2. To the teachers, the results will give information about the use of English song
as the media for teaching English. Besides the teacher can improve their
knowledge.
3. To the next researcher, it can be used for reference who need to conduct a
research to the study of English same study. This research also give them a
new experience relate to the people discussed.
4
1.5 Scope and Limitation
In this study the writer focuses on Maher Zain‟s song lyric „Insyaallah‟. The
writer limits only on detail meanings, the general meaning and the messages on the
Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
1. Song
A short metrical composition intended or adapted for singing, specially one in
rhyme stanzas: a lyric: (http://dictionary.refference.com/browse/song).
2. Lyric
Lyric is a short poem expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker
(as its Greek name suggest, a lyric originally was sung to the music of a lyre)
(X.J. Kennedy: 1983).
3. Message
Message is a lesson which is delivered by the author to the readers about the
main meaning of literary work to tell a story (Nurgiyantoro, 1995: 32).
4. General Meaning
The general meaning is a kind of summary of what the author expresses in the
poem (Perrine 1964).
5. Detail Meaning
Detail meaning is the meaning which should be given per line or per stanza
Alexander (1997: 2).
5
6. Maher Zain
Maher Zain is a Muslim Swedish R&B singer, songwriter and music producer
of Lebanese origin. He released his debut album Thank You Allah, an
internationally successful album with strong Muslim religious influences, in
2009. He is an “Insyaallah” singer.
„INSYAALLAH‟
THESIS
By:
FERRY BUDI ARIFIYANTO
09360300
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2013
A STUDY OF MESSAGES ON MAHER ZAIN‟S SONG LYRIC
„INSYAALLAH‟
THESIS
By:
FERRY BUDI ARIFIYANTO
09360300
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2013
A STUDY OF MESSAGES ON MAHER ZAIN‟S SONG LYRICS
„INSYA ALLAH‟
This thesis is submitted to meet one of requirements to achieve bachelor‟s degree
in English Education
By
FERRY BUDI ARIFIYANTO
09360300
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“There is no God except Allah”
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
1. Allah Swt.
2. The Prophet Muhammad SAW
3. My families
4. Nina Budi Arifiyanto
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah praise be to Allah SWT, as the main source that gives me
opportunities to finish this thesis. And sholawat and greeting are always still
given to The Prophet Muhammad SAW and his family.
I would express the gratitude to my advisors Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si and
Drs. Taufik Burhan, M.Pd who have helped me to do the thesis. I would say
thanks to University of Muhammadiyah Malang and English Department which
have given me chance to study, to get the knowledge and many experience.
Thanks to all my lecturers at English Department, also special thanks to Dwi
Poedjiastutie, M.A as my special lecturer in University of Muhammadiyah
Malang.
Thanks to my mother and father who have supported me in material or non
material. Thanks to all my best friends who have helped me and Nina Budi
Arifiyanto who always gives support to me, so I can finish my thesis. I hope Allah
SWT will give them in return all of the best things that have been given to me.
The last, I hope this thesis is useful to other people. Because it contains the
eternal spirit which motivate them every time.
Malang, 31 July 2013
Ferry Budi Arifiyanto
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval ……………………………………………………………………..i
Motto and Dedication………………………………………………………..iii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………………....v
Table of contents……………………………………………………………..vi
Chapter I: Introduction................................................................................1
1.1 Background of study…………………………………………………......1
1.2 Statemnet of problems……………………………………………………3
1.3 Purpose of the study……………………………………………………...3
1.4 Significance of study……………………………………………………..3
1.5 Scope and limitation……………………………………………………...4
1.6 Definition of key terms…………………………………………………...4
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature…………………………………. 5
2.1 Literature………………………………………………………………. 5
2.2 Definition of Song……………………………………………………… 6
2.3 Types of Song…………………………………………………………...6
2.4 Meaning of Song……………………………………………………….. 7
2.5 Elements of Song………………………………………………………. 8
2.6 Lyric…………………………………………………………………….12
2.7 Stanza…………………………………………………………………...12
2.8 Messages
2.8.1 Definition of Message…………………………………………..12
2.8.2 Kinds of Message……………………………………………….13
2.8.3The Way to Get a Message……………………………………...14
2.9 Maher Zain……………………………………………………………...15
CHAPTER III……………………………………………………………...16
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………...16
3.2 Approach………………………………………………………………..17
3.3 Object of the Study……………………………………………………...18
3.4 Data Collection………………………………………………………… 18
3.5 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………...19
CHAPTER V……………………………………………………………….20
4.1 Research Finding………………………………………………………..20
4.1.1 The General Meaning of the Song Lyric “Insyaallah”………... .21
4.1.2 The Detail Meaning of the Song Lyric “Insyaallah”……………21
4.1.3 The Messages of the Song Lyric “Insyaallah”…………………24
4.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………….26
CHAPTER V……………………………………………………………….28
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………28
5.1.1 General Meaning………………………………………………..28
5.1.2 Detail Meaning………………………………………………….28
5.1.3 Message…………………………………………………………29
5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………29
REFFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFFERENCES
Ary, Donald, 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. New York. CBS:
College Publishing
Alexander, L.G. 1983. Poetry and Prose Appreciation for Overseas Students.
London: Longman Group Limited
Alexander, L.G.1997. Poetry and Prose Appreciation for Overseas Students.
London: Longman Group Limited
Abrams. M.H. 1981. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Library of
Congress Cataloging Publication Data
Abrams. M.H. 1993. A Glossary of Literary Terms 7th Edition. USA: Earl Mc.
Peek
Bogarad, Carley Rees and Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik, 2006. Legacies Fiction, Poetry,
Drama, Nonfiction. USA: The Thomposin Corporation
Harimurti, Kridalaksana. 2001. Kamus Istilah Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama.
Http://www.galeribrain.edy.uk. The Types of Song. May 11th, 2011.
Jahn,Manfred. 2002 A Guide to the Theory of Poetry. English Departement:
University of Cologne
Kennedy, X.J.1983. Literature an introduction to fiction, drama, and poetry.
Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Keraf, Gorys. 2000. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka.
Keraf, Gorys. 2009. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka.
Koesnosubroto, S.B. 1988. The Anatony of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Departemen
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi.
Matterson, Stephen and Jones, Daryl. 2000. Studying Poetry. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Matterson, Stephen and Jones, Daryl. 2006. Studying Poetry. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Martin, Alex and Hill, Robert. 1999. Modern Poetry: Introduction to Modern
English Literature for Students of English. London: Pearson Education
Limited.
Mc. Milan. 1984. American Literature. NewYork: Mc. Millan Publishing
Company
Meh, Z. (1980). “Esu Folksongs”, unpublished Maitrise dissertation.
Department of African Literature: University of Yaoundé.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston:
Bedford Books of ST Martini‟s Press.
Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 1995. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Jogjakarta: Gajahmada
University Press
Perrine, Laurence. 1964. Sound and Sense. An Introduction to Poetry. USA:
Harcout, Bruce and World Inc.
Raffel, Burton. 1984. How to Read a Poem. USA: Penguin Group
Reaske, Christopher Russel. 1996. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monores
University Press.
Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik and Bogarad, Carley Rees, 2006. Legacies Fiction, Poetry,
Drama, Nonfiction. USA: The Thompson Corporation.
Zaidan, Abdul Rozak. 2000. Kamus Istilah Sastra. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is human expression that is written in beautiful words. It means that
people use their feeling, emotion, creation, and imagination then they write their work
into a nice words and it becomes literary work. Mc. Milan (1984) claims that
literature offers an experience, but to have the experience and to make the words
come, the reader must use their imagination, participate with the writer in producing
or reproducing the experience of the literature.
There are several kinds of literary works. They are poetry, drama, prose, and
song. Literature is written art in which a writing device is used to put words on paper.
Here are some basic kinds of literature they are fiction, stage play, poetry/ song,
literary essay, creative nonfiction, screenplay, comic strip script, video script, comic
book script (http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jewel001/humanities/ book/13 literature.htm).
They are called imaginative literature. Imaginative literature therefore would be
showing imagination through the production of writing. Imaginative literature usually
refers to fictional works such as novels, poetry/ song, short stories, drama
(http://wiki.answer.com/Q/What_is_imaginative_literature).
Song is a literary work that contains beautiful and meaningful lyric. Usually
songs are played with the instrumental music and sung by the vocalist. Burton (1984)
claims that “Song” originally referred to a poem intended to be sung, often by the
poet himself and often with the musical accompaniment.
2
When we are listening to the song, we may get positive effect. We can clear our
bad mood by listening to the song. Wolf (2011) states when the listeners feel bad
mood they can clear it up by listening to the music or song. Song is the literary work
that can make the people feel happy when they listen to it. As we know the song can
convey the author‟s feeling to the listener by using their imagination. When the
people feel sad, sorrow, grief, and upset, they need something to get their good mood
back. The song can be the solution for those people. So the people should listen to the
song to make them happy and avoid the stress.
Song is one of the literary works that may contain a message. The author may
state the message explicitly or implicitly. In the song, explicit message can be gotten
by the reader by reading the song lyric directly. While the implicit message, the
reader should conclude it by using their own interpretation. To find out the implicit
message, the reader should know the general meaning and the detail meaning of the
lyric of song.
Based on the previous research conducted by Noviana from English Department
(2011) in A Study of Messages on Avril Lavigne‟s Song Lyric “I Will be”, she found
the message that true love does not only have each other but the reader also has to be
ready to face any problems that happened, as stated in “there‟s nothing I could say to
you, nothing I could ever do to make you see”.
The writer intends to analyze the Maher Zain‟s song lyric „Insyaallah‟ because
it has a deep meaning and beautiful words. The lyric contains a powerful meaning
that can encourage the listeners. When the listeners feel sad then they listen to this
3
song lyric, their sorrows will melt away. So they will be more enthusiastic after they
listen to this song.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of the study stated above, this study is designed to
answer the following research questions:
1. What is the general meaning of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟?
2. What are the detail meanings of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟?
3. What are the messages of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1. To find out the general meaning of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
2. To find out the detail meanings of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
3. To find out the messages of the Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
1.4 Significance of the Study
1. To the students, the research findings will give contribution in terms of the use
English song in improving the their capability in listening subject.
2. To the teachers, the results will give information about the use of English song
as the media for teaching English. Besides the teacher can improve their
knowledge.
3. To the next researcher, it can be used for reference who need to conduct a
research to the study of English same study. This research also give them a
new experience relate to the people discussed.
4
1.5 Scope and Limitation
In this study the writer focuses on Maher Zain‟s song lyric „Insyaallah‟. The
writer limits only on detail meanings, the general meaning and the messages on the
Maher Zain‟s song „Insyaallah‟.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
1. Song
A short metrical composition intended or adapted for singing, specially one in
rhyme stanzas: a lyric: (http://dictionary.refference.com/browse/song).
2. Lyric
Lyric is a short poem expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker
(as its Greek name suggest, a lyric originally was sung to the music of a lyre)
(X.J. Kennedy: 1983).
3. Message
Message is a lesson which is delivered by the author to the readers about the
main meaning of literary work to tell a story (Nurgiyantoro, 1995: 32).
4. General Meaning
The general meaning is a kind of summary of what the author expresses in the
poem (Perrine 1964).
5. Detail Meaning
Detail meaning is the meaning which should be given per line or per stanza
Alexander (1997: 2).
5
6. Maher Zain
Maher Zain is a Muslim Swedish R&B singer, songwriter and music producer
of Lebanese origin. He released his debut album Thank You Allah, an
internationally successful album with strong Muslim religious influences, in
2009. He is an “Insyaallah” singer.