A social criticism analysis on Eminem's song Lyric Mosh

A SOCIAL CRITICISM ANALYSIS ON EMINEM’S SONG LYRIC

“MOSH”

A Thesis

Submitted to English Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The degree of Strata One (S1)

By:

MOHAMMAD QUSHOY 106026001008

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF

HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

2010

ABSTRACT

Mohammad Qushoy, A Social Criticism on Eminem’s Song Lyric “Mosh”.

Thesis: English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, March 2010.

This research discusses Eminem’s song lyric entitle “Mosh” in which analyzes the social criticism toward social problems occur in society by using the sociology of literature approach and analyzes the language use which is used to criticize the social problems according to kinds of figurative language.

The objective of this research is to know the social criticism revealed in a literary work like song lyric, then, to find out how the author criticizes the problems. This research uses descriptive qualitative method which analyzes the lyric that contains of social aspects and criticism toward social condition. Then, elaborating the collected data to find out the kind of language that author applied in his lyric. The writer found two social problems occur in society; War and Terrorism and ten kinds of figurative language; apostrophe, metaphor, simile, personification, symbol, allegory, situational irony, metonymy, synecdoche, and sarcasm.

Eminem’s song lyric “Mosh” can be concluded as a literary work made to reflect a true story or life experiences of the author, and it agrees with sociology of literature that the form of literary works—fantastic or mystical in content, it must have most concern toward social phenomena. According sociology of literature the research reveals literary works as the mirror of author’s society. It is the social criticism toward social problem in America. This song lyric, which is as literary work, must use figurative language—extraordinary language or something can not be taken literally to express author thoughts and to attract reader’s attention.

APPROVEMENT

A SOCIAL CRITICISM ANALYSIS ON EMINEM’S SONG LYRIC

“MOSH”

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Mohammad Qushoy 106026001008

Approved by:

Moh. Supardi, M.Hum Supervisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

LEGALIZATION

The thesis entitled “A Social Criticism Analysis on Eminem’s Song Lyric ‘Mosh’ ” has been defended before the Letter and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on March 04, 2010. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata 1.

Jakarta, March 04, 2010

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Chair Person) __________ 19650919 200003 1 002

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Secretary) __________ 19640710 199303 1 006

3. Moh. Supardi, M. Hum (Supervisor) __________

4. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum (Examiner I) __________ 19780126 200312 2 002

5. Abdul Hamid, M.pd (Examiner II) _________ __________

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, March 04, 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise and thanks are to be Allah, the lord of the Lord of “Alamin (mankind, jinn and all that exists) and peace be upon the Master of the Messenger, Muhammad S.A.W.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirements for the Strata 1 Degree to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters Department State Islamic Unversity Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

In the terms of completion his study, the writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to the Dean of Adab and Humaties Faculty, Dr.H. Abdul Chair, MA, the Head of English Letters Department, Dr. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., the Secretary of English Letters, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., Mr. Zaenal Arifin Toy, M.Lis, Mrs. Inayatul Chusna, M Hum, Mrs. Elve Octaviany, M.Hum and to all my lecturers who have taught him a lot of things during my study.

The writer’s family deserves his deepest esteem more than whoever (H. Hasanuddin, SAg, Aan Moh. Burhanuddin MA., Tety Fatimah, Ade Mumun, and Ahmad Kinani), since they who always support the writer; financially, morally and spiritually. This is the only his initial step to the future.

Additionally, the writer is heartily thankful to the individuals too numerous to mention who have given suggestions, corrections, and criticisms, especially, Moh. Supardi, M.Hum., as the writer’s thesis advisor, whose guidance, patience, support and encouragement from the initial to the final level enabled him to develop an understanding of the subject.

The writer is indebted to his many of his colleagues to support him: the student of class A 2005 for being his classmates – the writer really enjoyed the four – year - friendship with all you guys, Kasmir, Hisbi, Aden, Mashuri, Ali Basmalah, Iqbal, Yousef, Dewirini and Indra for being the immortal fellows. Special thanks for Yennie who always gives him the best, Eni Sumarni for the helps and supports, then, his junior mates Jay, Ayunk, Galih, Ulfa, Mira, Anggi, Aryo and whom he can voice, by their memories, their laughs, their activities, their suppotrs, their spirit, and their love conveyed him into life-mature.

Lastly, he offers his regards and blessings to all of those who supported him in any respect—his friends; Nanank and Lucky, H. Ahmad Zaedi and family for being kinds and for the treatments since four years, vendors, typing, internet, and librarians of UIN and Adab and Humanities Faculty for being kind during the completion this thesis.

Jakarta, March 04, 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVEMENT... ii

LEGALIZATION... iii

DECLARATION... iv

ACKNOWLEDMENT... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Focus of the Research ... 6

C. Question of the Research ... 6

D. Objective of the Research ... 6

E. Significance of the Research ... 7

F. Research Methodology... 7

1. Method of the Research ... 7

2. Data Analysis Technique ... 7

3. Research Instrument... 8

4. Unit of Analysis ... 8

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK... 9

A. Sociology of Literature ... 9

1. Definition of Sociology of Literature... 9

2. Rene Wellek and Austin Warren’s Sociology of Literature………11

B. Sociological Aspect ... 14

b. War and Peace ... 16

c. Terrorism ... 17

C. Figure of Speech……….19

a. Metaphor... 20

b. Simile... 20

c. Personification ... 21

d. Apostrophe... 21

e. Symbol ... 21

f. Allegory ... 22

g. Paradox ... 22

h. Overstatement ... 23

i. Understatement ... 24

j. Irony ... 24

k. Allusion ... 26

l. Synecdoche and Metonymy... 26

m. Sarcasm and Satire ... 27

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Data Description... 28

B. Data Analysis ... 32

B.1. Social Criticism Aspects on Eminem’s Song Lyric “Mosh”…..32

B.2. Eminem’s Song Lyrics ‘Mosh’ which contain Figures of Speech Criticize Social Problems in America……….42

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 52

BIBLIOGRAPHY... 54

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

Literature is an abroad media to express people’s feeling. People can express their feelings, thoughts, experiences and also to share each other by using literature. Moreover, with Literature they express their thoughts not only use ordinary language but also they can use extraordinary language, because literature is the art of language. It uses languages as a mean to communicate their understanding of life or experiences. Literature has two aspects, its type or form and its content. The type or form is the things related with objects and essence of literature, such as someone’s life experiences in social and culture, art, characteristic of society and so on. Semi said that the essence of literature or literary work is a form and creation of the creative art with people and their real life as the object, then language is the medium.1

Literary works convey the author’s thoughts as his/her reflection from real life that it has been seen, read, heard, and experienced. Literary also can be viewed as something which has any correlation with identity of nation or a group of society. Literary is unique language which is used in systematic pattern to express the complex feeling and ideas of the author. One of the easiest kind of

Kinayati Djojosuroto, Analisis Teks Sastra dan Pengajarannya, (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Pustaka, 2006) p. 17

literary work people make is lyric or song lyric which convey feelings, thoughts, life or real life experiences related with social life.

Today, song lyric can be said as a literary work offers a model of real life as well as the literary work, it also a part of poetry, because it is constructed by intrinsic elements, such as plot, theme, character, setting, point of view, and consist of messages. Moreover, the extrinsic elements include the author’s background, the environment conditions, social life, and politics ideology and so on. Therefore, those elements make song lyric more factual to audiences. They as if had faced trouble of life chronology with plot so that they get the whole meaning and sense of the song lyric. Lyric can be defined as subjective poems, often brief, that express the feelings and thoughts of a single speaker (who may or may not represent the poet). The lyric is more a poetic manner than a form.2 Lyric is called poetry because it is conducted to express joy, sadness, doubt, wonder, decision, and surprise. Thus, lyric is a simplest poem of language.

Poems which are commonly called lyrics have been written to express joy, sadness, doubt, decision, ennui, wonder, disappointment, and surprise. The lyric is the most common of all poetic forms. When people think of poetry, that which comes most readily to mind is a lyric poem. Lyric are among simplest poems of the language3.

Lyric is taken from French “Lyrique” that firstly taken from old French of a lyre, also taken from Latin “Lyricus”, and from Greek “Lurikos” from word

2 Robert DiYanni, Literature; Reading fiction, Poetry, and Drama, (New York: McGraw Hill,2002) p. 684.

3 _{P. Albert Duhamel and Richard E. Hugest, Literature Form an Function, (New Jersey:} Englewood Cliffs, 1965), p.214.

“Lura”, “Lyre”. The word lyric was used for the words of a popular song about 1876 for the first time.4

Song lyric is as well as lyric in poetry is a creation including author’s subjective feelings and expressions. It originally designed to be sung to a musical accompaniment. For some people, music is considered as a reaction of art which is made to entertain the human in the happy and sad situation. Music becomes one of the entertainment media for them.

For song writers, music is one of the media to communicate their restiveness, anger, disappointment and hopefulness to something that has happened or will be happened around them. It usually has implicit and explicit meaning even it can be the abstract as to be completely unintelligible. It consists of words written as well as music going together or as the additional in music itself. Having different characteristic, song lyric differs from a message and it needed special approach to interpret its meaning and essence a song lyric. As the result, it is not easy to see when someone likes and hears a song lyric we could not say that he or she gets the meaning and messages that have within the lyric.

As literary works, song lyric has proportion as the art that having rich meaning and relatively to understand by everyone. It containing of composition of words that is delivered by rhythm and convey messages contain problems of human life, such as: social condition, politics, history of wars, family, social status, etc. It is an expression of author’s feeling; nerves, anger, disappointment, and expectation to everything has happened around him or her. The author

4

. Song and Lyric, Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. Accessed on Mei 5, 2009. http:simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/song&lyric,

conveys his/her thoughts and feeling within stanzas so as to audiences get the messages of the lyrics. It can be a real life condition and the environment, society, sadness and disappointment to the leader and government, and refusing protest toward politics policy.

The authors represent every troubles and deviation that occur in real life through the lyric. So, lyric is one of the media to communicate their ideas or feeling. In short, lyric cannot be separated with literary and it can be analyzed by using one of approaches of literary criticism like sociology of literature.

An author is also the member of society, who has to establish a communication between the author and the reader. Through the communication, the literary work can distribute to the reader as the devotee of literature. In the communication process, the author has been sending a message to the reader. The author rests on extrinsic elements that includes social and cultural aspects, and completed by intrinsic elements such as plot, character and characterization, setting, point of view and so on as the object of their works.

Eminem is one of authors or songwriters often conducts lyrics containing of his life experiences, his social environment, and his family troubles and also he makes politic as his objects to put it on his lyrics. Eminem (born Marshall Bruce Mathers III on October 17, 1972) is an American rapper, and both a Grammy and Oscar-winner. He is of mostly Scottish-American descent, and lives in suburban Detroit. Eminem is known as one of the most skillful and controversial rappers in the industry, becoming a crossover sensation.

Eminem often writes lyrics consist of his life experiences, such as his environment, his childhood, and his family, even; his lyrics concern with society and political problems occur in the society. Among his lyrics that consisting of social phenomena are “Mosh”. While generally avoiding overtly political tones previously (or if they were mentioned it was in passing), in late 2004 before the presidential election, Eminem released the song "Mosh" which harshly criticizes President George W. Bush. He protests toward Bush’s politics policy about aggression and war, especially in Iraq. He also raps about terrorisms and terrorists that have attack on September 2001. This lyric included on album Encore, Mathers' fourth major-label album, was released later that year. Eminem considers himself neither a militant nor a political artist; he did have his own Hip Hop Political Convention as a parody of the national political conventions held in 2004.5

Moreover, the lyric shows that he as citizen of the nation could not get the proper life as human life. He is the representation of all people who lives in poverty and unhealthy life tries to speak up and express his voice to against government that could not give the good quality life for the people especially poor people.

For Eminem, the song lyrics are reflection of social life phenomena. He tries to represent the social phenomena in his lyrics. Expressing music through lyric, it is same that he communicated his language on lyrics, or described the social life in the language of lyrics, so that, language is a symbol which influences

5

Eminem Biography. Accessed on October 15, 2009 ttp://www.eminemlab.com/eminembiography.html.

social behavior. This is can be related with sociology of literature which sees that literary work as the mirror of human life and society conditions. Therefore, the writer interested to conduct a research of lyric related with sociology of literature that is one of the approaches of literary criticism.

Based on explanation above, hence, the writer interested in Eminem’s song lyric ‘Mosh’ in ‘Encore’ album to be analyzed. According to the writer, the song lyric tells so much about social problems so it becomes interesting to choose it as the unit of analysis in this research. He decides to use the approach his research—sociology of literature that concern on social problems related with the author.

B. Focus of the Research

As explained above, the research will be focused on social criticism of Eminem’s song lyrics “Mosh”.

C. Question of the Research

Based on background of research, there are some questions to be discussed:

1. What types of social aspects are criticized by Eminem in ‘Mosh’ song lyric?

2. How do Eminem’s song lyrics that use figures of speech criticize social problems in America?

1. This research aims to gain information about the social aspects criticized in Mosh lyrics, thus, it will get the whole meaning and messages of the lyrics.

2. To get information about what kind of figures of speech that Eminem use in his lyrics to criticize social problems occur in America.

E. Significance of the Research

This research is intended to get a comprehension toward a literary work especially in understanding of a song lyric. Through the research, the writer hopes the readers will get a chance to learn to understand and experience the issues of social problems that covered in the song lyric. Moreover, the research encourages the readers to read literary works and try to understand the kinds of language used by author to criticize social conditions.

F. Research Methodology

The research methodology involves some important aspects of the research that cover:

1. Method of the Research

The research uses descriptive qualitative method which analyzes the lyric that contains of social aspects in America. In this method the writer will describe the social problems and criticism in Eminem’s song lyric ‘Mosh’. The writer describes some facts implied in the song lyric. While, the answers of the research questions had been revealed by analyzing all the data found about social criticism and figures of speech that used in the lyrics.

Based on the method above, the data of the research will be analyzed through sociology of literature approach by using descriptive analysis technique. The writer analyzes the collected data, then he reads the lyrics repeatedly, and gets data from all reading into small unit. He analyzes the social problems and criticism occur in them with a table, so that he explains the meaning of the text until he gets some information of the social problems and criticism that is implied in the song lyric. Finally, the verbal data collected from those lyrics will be analyzed based on related theories or approaches to find out how those lyrics criticize the social problems and criticism in America. Figures of speech are also used to get further analysis.

3. Research Instrument

In this research, the writer uses himself as the instrument of the research. He reads and studies deeply about the lyrics. Finally, he identifies the social problems and the figures of speech used in the song lyrics to do analysis.

4. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis of this research is Eminem’s song lyrics entitled ‘Mosh’.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Sociology of Literature

1. Definition of Sociology of Literature

To get the whole meaning and message and knowing things related with literary work – especially song lyric, so, it is needed an effort called literary criticism. According to Andre Hardjana, literary criticism is contributions given by researchers for literature development. It has correlation with literature development.6 One of literary criticism could be used in analyzing literary works is sociology of literature.

Among sub-disciplines of sociology and common literature, sociology of literature is the most ignored sub-discipline by both the sociologist and the man of letters. However, the sociology of literature, especially cultural sociology containing sociology of literature has begun to get more attention and it exhibit the importance understanding about human’s social life.7

There are many definitions of Sociology literature as the approach of literary criticism. In this case the writer would like to take several definitions from several experts.

In his book ‘The Sociology of Literature’, Swingewood defined that sociology is an objective and scientific study about human life in the society, study about its institutions and the social process. He said that sociology is an

6

Gunoto Safarie, Luasnya Wilayah Sisiologi Sastra Accessed on December 20, 2008. http://www.suarakarya-online.com/news.html?id =16888.

7

effort to observe about how society is established, how they work, and why they should survive their life.8 There should be so many complexities in the society, so the complexities which occur make sociology of literature to be conducted to observe them. According to Wolff, sociology of literature is a discipline without any forms, no definition as well, consisting of empirical studies and several experimental theories which is more general. They all are similar in the case that everything has related between the art and the society.9

According to Goldmann, he called his theory as a genetic structuralism. It means that he believe literary works is formed from a structure. One of his theories which become most significant is the category about the fact of humanity. This theory is about every activity or social behavior, either it is verbal or physical, is comprehended by science. The fact can be a certain activity, political activity, as well as cultural creation like philosophy, art, music, sculpture, and literature.10

Object of sociology of literature is real life condition; however, the author does not take it randomly. He or she chooses and arranges materials by orientating the principles and certain aims. Henry James said, the author analyzing the sources of social reality, then he or she comprehends and tries to decide signs essentially so as it changes to literary work. Literature not only gets its influences from reality but also it can influence the society. It is true that character of literature is language, but the form and content come from social phenomenon.

Ibid. p. 1. Ibid. p.3. 10

Song lyric which is a literary work of author’s feelings and thoughts, also as poetry that commonly organized as short and conducted from expression of someone’s feelings. Moreover, it brings themes or ideas, and expresses its beauty until people interested to analyze it especially by using sociology of literature approach. Hence, in this study, the writer uses sociology of literature approach from Rene Wellek and Austin Warren.

2. Rene Wellek and Austin Warren’s Sociology of Literature.

In their book of ‘Theory of Literature’, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren stated that Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Literature represents life; and life is, in large measure, social reality, eventhough, the natural world and the inner of the individual have also been objects of literary works. The relation between literature and society is usually discussed by starting with phrase from De Bonald that literature is and expression of society, but it could not be said that a writer expresses his experience and total conception of life. They stated:

It is a specific evaluative criterion to say that an author should express the life of his own time fully, that he should be ‘representative’ of his age and society. Besides, of course, the terms ‘fully’ and ‘representative’ require much interpretation: in most social criticism they seem to mean that an author should be aware of specific social situations, e.g. of the plight of the proletariat, or even that should share a specific attitude and ideology of the critic.11

Rene Wellek and Austin Warren divide the sociological approach into three classifications. First, sociology of author, it contains of social status, politics ideology, and things related with the author itself. It means the sociology of the

11

Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1956), p. 95.

writer and profession and institutions of literature, the whole of economic basis of literary production, the social provenance and status of the writer, his social ideology, which may find expression in extra-literary pronouncements and activities. It is included some social factors which can influence the author as individual and influence content of his literary work.

Second, sociology of literary work, that talks about literary work itself; thus, the main point of this class is what implied in a literary work and the aim that it will extend. Third, sociology talks about the reader and its social influences to society.12 Hence, in this study, the writer uses the second classification of sociological approach. That is the sociology of literary work.

The question how far literature is actually determined by or dependent on its social setting, on social change and development, is one which, in way or another, will enter into all three divisions of problem; the sociology of the writer, the social content of the works themselves, and influence of literature on society.13 Thus, it can be said that literary sociology studies about the stimulus relation between, author or literary man, literature, and society.

The sociology of literary work means the problem of social content, the implications and social purpose of the works of literature themselves. Since every writer is a member of society, he can be studied as a social being. According to R. Wellek and A. Warren, the social origins of a writer play only a minor part in questions raised by his social status, allegiance, and ideology. The author has been

12

Sapardi Djoko Damono, Sosiologi Sastra sebuah Pengantar Ringkas, (Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1978), p. 3.

13

a citizen, has pronounced on questions of social and political importance, and has taken part in the issue of his time. Much works has been done upon political and social views of individual author, and in recent times more and more attention has been devoted to the economic implications of these views.14

In studying the sociology of literary work, the common approach to the relations of literature and society is the study of works of literature as social documents, as assumed pictures of social reality. Used as social document, literature can be made to yield the outlines of social history. For instance, Chaucer and Langland preserve two views of fourteenth-century society. The prologue to the Canterbury Tales was early seen to offer an almost complete survey of social types. But such studies seem of little value so long as they take it for granted that literature is simply a mirror of life, a reproduction, and thus, obviously, a social document. In and admirably clear-headed study of Aristocracy and the Middle Classes in Germany, Kohn-Bramstedt (Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, 1956:104) rightly cautions:

Only a person who has a knowledge of the structure of a society from other sources that purely literary ones is able to find out it, and how far, certain social types and their behavior are reproduced in the novel… What is pure fancy, what realistic observation, and what only expression of the desires of author must be separated in each case in a subtle manner. From quotation above, it is can be considered that study of sociology of literary works make sense only if a person know the structure of society itself, and how the society produce a literary work, whether it is a fantasy, a realistic observation or only expression of the author.

14

B. Sociological Aspect

Since R. Wellek and A. Warren’s second classification that sociology of literary work which concerns about social content and social purpose of the literary work. Thus, in this study, the writer analyzes song lyric Mosh. Mosh has been released in 2004 which is intended to criticize the current President of U.S.A, George W. Bush who has don some hypocrisy in hi administration. Many people have criticized his terms and policies. Thus, some aspects are often criticized by people are:

a. Power and Authority

In any society, someone or some group makes important decisions about how to use resources and how to allocate goods, whether it be a tribal chief of parliament or dictator. A cultural universal common to all societies, then, is the exercise of power and authority. Inevitably, the struggle for power and authority involves politics. In their study of politics and government, sociologists are concerned with social interactions among individuals and groups and their impact on larger political and economic order.

Power lies at the heart of a political system. According to Max Weber, power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others. Weber developed his conceptualization of power in the early 1900’s; he focused primarily on the nation-state and its sphere of influence.15 Power as the ability to exercise one’s will over others is now exercised on a global as well as national stage, as countries

15 _{Richard T. Schaefer, Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 6}th _{edition (New York:} McGrawhill, 2006), p. 367.

and multinational corporation vie to control access to resources and manage the distribution of capital.

Many of treated power as a scarce object, like any material good, so that there is a total sum of power, and more power for one group means less power for another. This view, often an assumption rather than an explicit definition is frequently associated with a definition of power as control over the behavior of others. According to James B. McKee, one older approach to the concept of power is that of power elite, a small group that controls the positions of authority and monopolizes the processes of decision making.

Power, thus, is never to be conceptualized apart from authority, which is the right to make a decision. For example, when a president vetoes a bill, he exercises the authority of his office, as does the legislature when it votes on a bill.16

The term authority refers to institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised. Sociologists commonly use the term in connection with those who hold legitimate power through elected or publicly acknowledged positions. A person’s authority is often limited. Thus, a referee has the authority to decide whether a penalty should be called during a football game, but has no authority over the price of tickets to the game.

Max Weber saw authority as the legitimate form of domination (there were illegitimate forms as well), which he defined as the “probability that certain

16 _{James B. McKee, Introduction to Sociology, (New York: Holt, Renehart & Winston,} inc, 1969), p. 457.

specific commands (or all commands) will be obeyed by a given group of persons”.17

b. War and Peace

Conflict is a central aspect of social relations. Too often it becomes ongoing and violent, engulfing, innocent bystanders as well as intentional participants. Sociologists Theodore Caplow and Louis Hicks have defined war as conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons. This meaning is broader that legal definition, which typically requires a formal declaration of hostilities.18

i. War

Perhaps the most critical issue is war, armed conflict among the people of various countries, directly by their government.19 Sociologists approach war in three different ways. Those who take a global view study how and why two or more nations become engaged in military conflict. Those who take a nation-state view stress the interaction of internal political, socioeconomic, and cultural forces. And those who take a micro view focus on the social impact of war on individuals and groups they belong to. The internal decision-making process that leads to war have been much studied. From a micro point of view, war can bring out the worst as well as the best in people.

17

George Ritzer, Encyclopedia of Social Theory, (California: Sage Publication, 2005), p.19.

18_{Richard T. Schaefer (2006), Op. cit. p.374.}

19

ii. Peace

Sociologists have considered peace both as the absence of war and as a proactive effort to develop cooperative relations among nations.20 While we focus here on international relations, we should note that in the 1900s, 90 percent of the world’s armed conflicts occurred within rather than between states. Often, outside powers are involved in these internal conflicts, either as supporters of particular actions or in an attempt to broker a peace accord.

Sociologists and other social scientists who draw on sociological theory and research have tried to identify conditions that deter war. One of their findings is that international trade acts as a deterrent to armed conflict. As countries exchange goods, people, and then cultures, they become more integrated and less likely to threaten each other’s security.

Another means of fostering peace is activity of international charities and activists group called non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Finally, many analysts stress that nations cannot maintain their security by threatening violence. Peace, they contend, can best be maintained by developing strong mutual security agreements between potential adversaries.

c. Terrorism

Terrorism is violence or the threat of violence employed by an individual or group as a political strategy. Paul Johnson offers three insights about terrorism. First, terrorism tries to paint violence as a legitimate political tactic, ignoring the fact that such acts are condemned by virtually by every society. Second, terrorism

is employed not jut by groups but also by governments against their own people. Third, although democratic principles oppose state terrorism, democracies are especially vulnerable to terrorism because these governments afford extensive civil liberties to their people and have limited police networks.21

Acts of terror, whether perpetrated by a few or by many people, can be a powerful political force. Formally defined, terrorism is the use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims. For terrorists, the end justifies the means. They believe the status quo is oppressive, and desperate measures are essential to end the suffering of the deprived. Convinced that working through the formal political process will not effect the desired political change, terrorists insist that illegal actions often directed against innocent people are needed. Ultimately, they hope to intimidated society and thereby bring about a new political order.22

The terrorists may wish to keep secret their individual identities, but they want their political messages and goals to receive as much publicity as possible. Since September 11, 2001, governments around the world have renewed their efforts to fight terrorism. Though the public has generally regarded increased surveillance and social control as a necessary evil, these measures have nonetheless raised governance issues. For example, some citizens in United States and elsewhere have questioned whether measures such as the USA patriot Act of 2001 threaten civil liberties. Citizens also can complain about the heightened

John J. Macionis (1996), op. cit, p. 288. 22

anxiety created by the vague alerts issued by the federal government from time to time.

C. Figure of Speech

Language can be classified as either literal or figurative. When we speak literally, we mean exactly what each words conveys; when we use figurative language we mean something other than the actual meaning of words.23 Let us assume that someone has just said: “well, you’re a pretty sight! Got slightly wet, didn’t you?” Then another replies, “Wet? I’m drowned! Its raining cats and dogs, and my raincoat’s like a sieve!”

They probably understand each other well enough: yet, if we examine this conversation literally, that is to say unimaginatively, we will find that they have been speaking nonsense. Actually, they have been speaking figuratively. They have been saying less than what they mean or more than what they mean or the opposite of what they mean or something other than what they mean.

Broadly defined, a figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way, and some rhetorician have classified as many as 250 separate figures. Figurative language—language using figure of speech—is language that cannot be taken literally (or should not be taken literally only).24

23

Robert DiYanni, Literatre: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), p. 709.

24

Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP, Sound and Sense 8th edition, (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1992), p. 61.

1. Metaphor

Metaphor is comparison—the making connections between normally unrelated things. Aristotle defines metaphor as “an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars”. Metaphor employs no such explicit verbal clue. The comparison is implied in such a way that figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal one.25 Metaphor may take one of four forms, depending on whether the literal an figurative terms are respectively named or implied. First, both the literal and figurative terms are named. Second, the literal term is named and the figurative term is implied. Third, the literal term is implied and the figurative term is named. Forth, both the literal and the figurative terms are implied.

2. Simile

Simile establishes the comparison explicitly with he words like or as. The simile is more restricted in its comparative suggestion than is metaphor.26 In simile the comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems. Eventhough similes are same as metaphors, they are both forms of comparison. Similes allow the two ideas to remain distinct in spite of their similarities, whereas metaphors compare two things without using "like" or "as".27 For instance, a simile that compares a person

25 _{Robert DiYanni (2002), op. cit. p. 709.}

26

Ibid. p. 709. 27

Simile, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Accessed on November 6, 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile,

with a bullet would go as follows: "John was a record-setting runner and as fast as a speeding bullet."

3. Personification

According to Perrine, personification consists in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is really a subtype comparison is always human being.28 Personification is a type of metaphor in which distinctive human characteristics, e.g., honesty, emotion, volition, etc., are attributed to an animal, object or idea, as "The haughty lion surveyed his realm" or "My car was happy to be washed" or "'Fate frowned on his endeavors." Personification is commonly used in allegory.29

4. Apostrophe

Apostrophe consists in addressing someone absent or dead or something nonhuman as if that person or thing were present and alive and could reply to what is being said.30 In other word, according to Judith A Stanford, apostrophe means someone speaks directly to inanimate object or place.31 Barnet defines apostrophe as an address to a person or thing not literary listening.

5. Symbol

A symbol may be roughly defined as something that is means more than what it is. A symbol is any object or action that represents something beyond

28

Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP (1992), op. cit. p. 64.

http://www.angelfire.com/ct2/evenski/poetry/figuresofspeech.html, (accessed on November 6, 2009)

30

Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP (1992), op. cit. p. 65.

31 _{Judith A. Stanford, Responding to Literature: Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays 5}th edition, (New York: McGraw-Hil, 2006), p.50.

itself. A rose, for example, can represent beauty or love or transience. A tree may represent a family’s root or branches. Light may symbolize hope or knowledge or life. These are familiar symbols may represent different, event opposite things, depending on how they are deployed in particular poem. Thus, the meaning of any symbol, whether an object, an action, or a gesture, is controlled by its context.32

6. Allegory

Allegory is a form of narrative in which people, places, and happenings have hidden or symbolic meaning.33 Allegory is narrative or description that a second meaning beneath the surface. Allegory has defined sometimes as an extended metaphor and sometimes as a series of related symbols. But it is usually distinguishable from both of these. In allegory there is usually a one-to-one correspondence between the details may have more than one meaning, but these meanings tend to be definite. Meaning do not ray out from allegory as they do from a symbol.34

7. Paradox

Paradox is apparently true statements or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition. Typically, the statements in question do not really imply the contradiction, the puzzling result is not really a contradiction, or the premises themselves are not all really true or can not all be true together.

32

Robert DiYanni (2002), op. cit. p. 715. 33

Ibid. p. 717.

A paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true. When Alexander Pope wrote that a literary critic of his time would “damn with faint praise,” he was using a verbal paradox, for how can a man damn by praising? The value of paradox is its shock value. It seeming impossibly startles the reader into attention and, by the fact of its apparent absurdity, underscores the truth of what is being said.35

8. Overstatement or Hyperbole

Overstatement, or hyperbole, is simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service of truth. Like all figure of speech, overstatement may be used with variety of effects. It may be humorous or grave, fanciful or restrained, convincing or unconvincing.36 If we say, I’m starved!” or “I’ll die if I don’t pass this course!” we do not expect to be taken literally; we are merely adding emphasis to what we really mean.

Hyperbole is used to create emphasis. It is a literary device often used in poetry, and is frequently encountered in casual speech. It is also a visual technique in which a deliberate exaggeration of a particular part of an image is employed. An example is the exaggeration of a person's facial feature in a political cartoon.37

9. Understatement or Litotes

35

Ibid. p. 100. 36

Ibid. p. 101. 37

Hyperbole, Wikipedia, free Encyclopedia. Accessed on November 9, 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole.

Understatement, or litotes, or saying less than one means, may exist in what one says or merely in how one says it. If, for instance, upon sitting down to a loaded dinner plate, we say, “This looks like a nice snack,” we are actually stating less than the truth; but if we say, with Artemus Ward, that a man who holds hand for half an hour in a lighted fire will experience “a sensation of experience and, disagreeable warmth;” we are stating what is literally true but with a good deal less force than the situation warrants.38

10.Irony

Irony is a literary or rhetorical device, in which there is a gap or incongruity between what a speaker or a writer says and what is generally understood (either at the time, or in the later context of history).39 Irony has meaning that extended beyond its use merely as a figure of speech. There are three kind of irony: verbal irony, dramatic irony, irony of situation.

Verbal irony, according to Perrine, saying the opposite of what one means, is often confused with sarcasm and with satire, and for that reason it may be well to look at the meanings of al three terms. In the other hand, verbal irony always implies the opposite of what is said, it has many gradations, and only in its simplest forms doest it mean only the opposite of what is said.40 For instance, when someone says, “here’s some bad news for you: you all got A’s and B’s!” in verbal irony the discrepancy is between what is said and is meant.

38

Ibid. p. 102. 39

Irony, Wikipedia, Free Encyclopedia. Accessed on November 6, 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/irony,

40

Dramatic irony often connotes something more specific and perhaps a little different from what is developed. It describes a speech or action in a story that has mush great significance to the audience than to the character who speaks or performs it, because the audience possesses knowledge the character does not have. In dramatic irony the discrepancy is not between what the speaker says and what the speaker means but between what the speaker says and what the poem means. The speaker’s words may be perfectly straightforward, but author, by putting these words in a particular speaker’s mouth may be indicating to the reader ideas or attitudes quite opposed to those the speaker is voicing.41

A third type of irony, irony of situation, occurs when a discrepancy exists between the actual circumstances and those that would seem appropriate or between what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass. For example, if a man and his second wife, on the first night of their honeymoon, are accidentally seated at the theater next to the man’s first wife, we should call the situation ironic. When King Midas, in the famous fable, is granted his fondest wish, that anything he touch turn to gold, and then he finds that he cannot eat because even his foods turns to gold, we call the situation ironic.42

11.Allusion

41

Ibid. p. 106. 42

A literary allusion is a brief reference to a person, place, phrase, or event drawn from history or literature. In other word, an allusion—a reference to something in history or previous literature—is, like a richly connotative word or a symbol, a means of suggesting far more than it says.43 For example, Robert frost in “out, out—makes his meaning entirely clear even for the reader who does not recognize the allusion contained in the poem’s title. It is an allusion to one of the most famous passages in all English literature. The passage is that in Macbeth in which Macbeth has just been informed of his wife’s death.

12.Synecdoche and Metonymy

Synecdoche is the use of part for the whole and metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant. Both are alike in that both substitute some significant detail or aspect of an experience for the experience itself.44 Synecdoche is figurative locution whereby the part is made to stand for the whole, the whole for a part, the species for the genus, and vice versa. It can be said that synecdoche using a part to signify the whole (lend me a hand). Whereas, metonymy or substituting and attribute of a thing for the thing itself. For example, Shakespeare uses synecdoche when he says that the cuckoo’s song is unpleasant to a “married ear”, for the means a married man. On the other hand, when Terence advises “fellows whom it hurts to think” to “Look into the pewter pot / To see the world as the world’s not,” e using metonymy, for by “pewter pot” he means the

43

Ibid. p. 120. 44

ale in the pot, not the pot itself, and by “world” he means human life and the condition under which it is lived.

13.Sarcasm and Satire

Sarcasm is imply bitter or cutting speech, intended to wound the feelings. Satire is a more formal term, usually applied to written literature rather than to speech and ordinarily implying a higher motive: it is ridicule (either bitter or gentle) of human folly and vice, with the bringing about reform or at least of keeping other people from falling into similar folly or vice.45 For instance, one of the members of the class raises his hand on the discussion of this point and says, “I don’t understand,” and the instructor replies, with a tone of heavy disgust in his voice, “Well, I wouldn’t expect you to,” so, he is being sarcastic: he means exactly what he says.

45

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING

In this chapter, the writer describes two main descriptions, they are; data description and data analysis.

A. Data Description

In the data description, the writer will present the song lyrics and the table of social criticism aspects and figurative language used in the song. The followings are presentation of the data description:

1. Mosh

I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America And to the Republic for which it stands

One nation under God

Indivisible with liberty and justice for all...

It feels so good to be back… 5 I scrutinize every word, memorize every line

I spit it once, refuel and re-energize and rewind I give sight to the blind, my insight through the mind I exercise my right to express when I feel it's time

It's just all in your mind, what you interpret it as 10 I say to fight, you take it as I'mma whip someone's ass

If you don't understand, don't even bother to ask A father who has grown up with a fatherless past Who has blown up now to rap phenomenon that has

Or at least shows no difficulty multi-task 15 And in juggling both perhaps mastered his craft

Slash entrepreneur who has held onto few more rap acts Who's had a few obstacles thrown his way through the last half Of his career typical manure moving past that

Mr. kisses ass crack, he's a class act 20 Rubber band man, yea he just snaps back

[Chorus:]

Come along follow me as I lead through the darkness As I provide just enough spark that we need to proceed

Carry on, give me hope, give me strength

Come with me and I won't steer you wrong 25 Put your faith and your trust as I guide us through the fog

To the light at the end of the tunnel

We gonna fight, we gonna charge, we gonna stomp, we gonna march Through the swamp, we gonna mosh through the marsh

Take us right through the doors (c'mon) 30 All the people up top on the side and the middle

Come together lets all bomb and swamp just a little Just let it gradually build from the front to the back

All you can see is a sea of people some white and some black

Don't matter what color, all that matters we gathered together 35 To celebrate for the same cause don't matter the weather

If it rains let it rain, yea the wetter the better

They ain't gonna stop us they can't, we stronger now more than ever They tell us no we say yea, they tell us stop we say go

Rebel with a rebel yell, raise hell we gonna let em know 40

Stomp, push, shove, mush, Fuck Bush, until they bring our troops home (c'mon) [Chorus]

Imagine it pouring, it's raining down on us Mosh pits outside the oval office

Someone's tryina tell us something,

Maybe this is god just sayin' we're responsible 45 For this monster, this coward,

That we have empowered

This is Bin Laden, look at his head noddin'

How could we allow something like this without pumping our fists Now this is our final hour 50 Let me be the voice in your strength and your choice

Let me simplify the rhyme just to amplify the noise Try to amplify the times it, and multiply by six... Teen million people, Are equal at this high pitch

Maybe we can reach alqueda through my speech 55 Let the president answer a higher anarchy

Strap him with an Ak-47, let him go, fight his own war Let him impress daddy that way

No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil No more psychological warfare, to trick us to thinking that we ain't loyal If we don't serve our own country, we're patronizing a hero

Look in his eyes its all lies

The stars and stripes, they've been swiped, washed out and wiped And replaced with his own face, Mosh now or die

Cause I told you to fight. [Chorus]

And as we proceed,

To Mosh through this desert storm,

In these closing statements, if they should argue

Let us beg to differ 70

As we set aside our differences And assemble our own army

To disarm this Weapon of Mass Destruction That we call our President, for the present

And Mosh for the future of our next generation 75 To speak and be heard

Mr. President, Mr. Senator

Do you guy's hear us...hear us...[laughing] (Hailie) 78

TABLE I

The Social Criticism Aspect in Mosh lyric

No. Social Criticism

Aspect Corpus Data Line

Stomp, push, shove, mush, Fuck Bush, until they bring our troops home (c'mon)

41 1. Anti war

To disarm this weapon of mass destruction that we call our president

And Mosh for the future of our next generation

73

Maybe this is god just sayin' we're responsible For this monster, this coward,

That we have empowered

This is Bin Laden, look at his head noddin'

45-48 2. Anti terrorism

No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil

No more psychological warfare, to trick us to thinking that we ain't loyal

59-60

TABLE II

Eminem’s song lyric “Mosh” criticizes Social Problem using kinds of Figurative Language

No.

Kinds Of Figurative

Language

Corpus Data Line

1. Apostrophe The lyric -

2. Simile

Someone's tryina tell us something,

Maybe this is god just sayin' we're responsible For this monster, this coward,

That we have empowered

This is Bin Laden, look at his head noddin'

44-48

3. Metaphor And as we proceed,

To Mosh through this desert storm,

67- 68 4. Personification Mosh pits outside the oval office 43 5. Symbol Ipledgeallegianceto the flag of the united states

of America

And to the Republic for which it stands One nation under God

Indivisible with liberty and justice for all...

6. Allegory Come along follow me as I lead through the darkness

As I provide just enough spark that we need to proceed

Carry on, give me hope, give me strength Come with me and I won't steer you wrong Put your faith and your trust as I guide us through the fog

To the light at the end of the tunnel

22-27

7. Situational Irony No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil

No more psychological warfare, to trick us to thinking that we ain't loyal

59-60

8. Metonymy Look in his eyes its all lies

The stars and stripes, they've been swiped, washed out and wiped

And replaced with his own face, Mosh now or die

62-64

9. Synecdoche How could we allow something like this without pumping our fists

Now this is our final hour

Let me be the voice in your strength and your choice

Let me simplify the rhyme just to amplify the noise

Try to amplify the times it, and multiply by six... Teen million people, Are equal at this high pitch Maybe we can reach alqueda through my speech

49-55

Rebel with a rebel yell, raise hell we gonna let em know

Stomp, push, shove, mush, Fuck Bush, until they bring our troops home (c'mon)

40-41 10. Sarcasm

For this monster, this coward, That we have empowered

This is Bin Laden, look at his head noddin'

46-48

From the data description above, it can be analyzed as follows: B. Data Analysis

B.1 Social Criticism Aspect in Eminem’s Song Lyric “Mosh”

As it has been explained in the previous chapter, the song lyric analyzed using sociology of literature approach of R. Wellek and A. Warren’s two classification: sociology of author and sociology of literary work. Both concerning about social criticism toward social problem occurs on the society. The analysis will draw social criticism and social problems that included in the lyric. From this study, the writer found some social criticisms or social problems that the author revealed in the lyric.

According to sociology of speaker, that means the sociology of the writer and profession and institutions of literature, the whole of economic basis of

literary production, the social provenance and status of the writer, his social ideology, which may find expression in extra-literary pronouncements and activities. It is included some social factors which can influence the speaker as individual and influence content of his literary works.

Thus, in the first verse, the writer found that speaker introduces himself, the social provenience and social status of speaker. The man who once grew up in a fatherless home and who used to be constantly broke has become an amazing entertainer, a responsible father, and a cunning entrepreneur. Those words are huge encouragement for single parenting homes who are so often underprivileged in one of the richest countries of the world. The speaker, Eminem, is a living example for that situation. Eminem is a self made man; his overwhelming success and his fortune have increased his power within a few years to being a rap singer who often has controversy with the others. It is simply stated in:

“A father who has grown up with a fatherless past Who has blown up now to rap phenomenon that has Or at least shows no difficulty multi-task

And in juggling both perhaps mastered his craft

Slash entrepreneur who has held onto few more rap acts Who's had a few obstacles thrown his way through the last half Of his career typical manure moving past that…”

Those lyrics show the social status of the author as an artist. He is a hip hop singer or rapper who has become amazing entertainer. His social provenience is fatherless home because his father had left him with his mother, then he also became a single parent as he divorced his wife and got his custody to his daughter. Through these song lyrics, Eminem is indeed a political power in America. He has the courage of his opinions and strongly expresses against President Bush's policy.

Although he has often been viewed as anti patriotic, Eminem has showed only love for America. He just dislikes its policy, which is totally different.

Then, based on the second classification—the sociology of literary work, that means the problem of social content, the implications and social purpose of the works of literature themselves and the approach to the relations of literature and society is the study of works of literature as social documents, as assumed picture of social reality. The writer found two types of social aspect criticized in song lyrics ‘Mosh, they are:

1) Anti War Protest

‘Mosh’ is a meaningful and powerful song lyric. Reading to it increased the huge respect from the readers who already have for Eminem, including the speaker and the speaker of the lyric. Literally, based on Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary, ‘Mosh’ defined as:‘to dance and jump up and down violently or without control at a concert where Rock music is played’. Then, in Eminem’s song lyric ‘Mosh’, the word ‘Mosh‘ refers to a slam dance as a huge protest against Bush. The word is much more than a huge wake up call in front of American citizens who keep supporting Bush despite his hypocrisy. The lyric starts with a pledging allegiance to the American flag. In the next stanza, the speaker is addressing to the crowd as the powerful personality he actually is with the terrific background of the September 11th attacks of the World Trade Center. It is as if speaker’s voice imposes respect from his audience: “you going to listen and be ready to start this collective slam dance as a huge form of protest against Bush”.

The speaker is like the leader of a huge movement that rallies millions people from different nations, ages, backgrounds and races. He calls people to follow him and trust him in his rightful rebellious mission. He knows how to guide them with sincerity and will let them see the end of bad condition in society, as he expresses it very well:

"Come along follow me as I lead through the darkness As I provide just enough sparks that we need to proceed Carry on, give me hope, give me strength

Come with me and I won't steer you wrong

Put your faith and your trust as I guide us through the fog To the light at the end of the tunnel

We gonna fight, we gonna charge, we gonna stomp, we gonna march Through the swamp, we gonna mosh through the marsh

Take us right through the doors (c'mon)

All the people up top on the side and the middle Come together lets all bomb and swamp just a little Just let it gradually build from the front to the back

From those lyrics the writer supposes that what people have to do is trust him and fight along with him. He promises that he won't guide them wrong and promises an end to the nightmare people owe President Bush. A sea of people is united from different ages, races, and nations for the same goal with a strong call: carry the US troops home! It is surely as an action to criticize the president so as to stop the war because war just brings suffering, destroying and dying. “All you can see is a sea of people some white and some black //Don't matter what color, all that matters we gathered together //To celebrate for the same cause don't matter the weather”. Those sentences show as an effort to protest upon the President with his unwise policy and his hypocrisy.

‘Mosh’ is an anti war and an anti-Bush anarchist song lyric. The speaker is speaking to the whole nation and telling people that they need to do something about that case because they're responsible for it. He tries to criticize social problem that occurs in society caused by an injustice and unwise policy of U.S president. He just comes out and says it is right in the song lyric:

a) Stomp, push, shove, mush, Fuck Bush, until they bring our troops home (c'mon)"

Brief of lyrics above show an anti war protest. The speaker tells people to fight against Bush and his war in Iraq saying that they should protest the war and bring the troops home. The line shows the social problem occurs in the society, war and a criticism to stop the war by applyingline ‘bring our troops home’. His lyric is here to open people consciences and make them realize how much America needs to get rid of Bush in order to be ready for a new start—new live without injustice and hypocrisy. It is enough civilian victims from a worthless Iraqi war on both sides and enough blood has been spilled for nothing on both sides.

Many people agree that no one in this world wants to be in war situation. However, when the brutal desires of human being have talked and decelerated war and then forced the troops trapped in one situation that actually they do not want. Everybody should be aware of the consequences of Bush's actions on the world's nation’s destiny. Fatal errors can lead to a domino effect in no time. Not only had the drama of the September 11th tragically consequences for America, but it also weakened Europe economically and increased unemployment. Another corpus is sated in:

b) To disarm this Weapon of Mass Destruction That we call our president

And Mosh for the future of our next generation

Through this song lyric Eminem criticizes the president’s policy about conducting war. The part of the lyrics conveys a criticism that the president should stop the war by disarming the weapons. Eminem also wants to stop the government claimed that Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a threat to their security and that of their coalition or regional allies for the reason of war, because the Weapons of Mass Destruction does not exist. Then, //That we call our president// //And Mosh for the future of our next generation// express thathe is ready to show his opposition to a government that fully disgusts him. Those words have the power to open some bricks in the wall of incomprehension left by the American government and to give people some hope for a new generation of a brighter future without Bush, of course.

This lyric is as representation of thousands people around the world to criticize and protest against Bush’s policy about war especially Iraqi war. It agrees with an article from www.washingtonpost.com in January 2007. “Antiwar protesters flooded Washington yesterday for a series of rallies and a march on the Capitol against U.S. involvement in the war in Iraq. Some longtime activists lamented the continued need for such demonstrations. Above, protesters march in two different directions on Constitution Avenue”.46

From description above, it is clearly conveyed by the speaker of the lyric that he disagrees with anything related with war and terror acts. War is a policy

46

Thousands Protest Bush’s Policy. Accessed on December 29, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/27/AR2007012700629.html.

that does not help people for the better. Perhaps the most critical issue is war, armed conflict among the people of various countries, directly by their government. Sociologists approach war in three different ways. Those who take a global view study how and why two or more nations become engaged in military conflict. Those who take a nation-state view stress the interaction of internal political, socioeconomic, and cultural forces. And those who take a micro view focus on the social impact of war on individuals and groups they belong to.

The internal decision-making process that leads to war have been much studied. From a micro point of view, war can bring out the worst as well as the best in people. So, Eminem conducted the lyric as an effort for avoiding the worst effects of war for people. The speaker regrets president’s anti terror policy that will lead to many young innocent soldiers' death to gain his individual businesses like to get his hegemony will, he make decision to conduct war to get the oil and soil without concern about people security and people rights to life.

2) Anti terrorism

Terrorism is violence or the threat of violence employed by an individual or group as a political strategy. Paul Johnson offers three insights about terrorism. First, terrorism tries to paint violence as a legitimate political tactic, ignoring the fact that such acts are condemned by virtually by every society. Second, terrorism is employed not jut by groups but also by governments against their own people. Third, although democratic principles oppose state terrorism, democracies are especially vulnerable to terrorism because these governments afford extensive civil liberties to their people and have limited police networks.

‘Mosh’ is also about anti terror protest. The speaker tries to convince people about the bad effects of the terrorism, he clearly protests everything related with terrorism acts because it grabs human right to life in tranquility and peaceful. It can be seen in line:

a) Maybe this is god just sayin' we're responsible For this monster, this coward,

That we have empowered

This is Bin Laden, look at his head noddin'

Also can bee seen in question:

b) No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil

No more psychological warfare, to trick us to thinking that we ain't loyal

Through a monster like Osama Bin Laden, God is trying to send a message: Americans are responsible of the situation. They allowed Bush to take power and to commerce with Osama which lead to the tragically situation they already now. It is high time for anybody, no matter where we come from to stand up and to fight for our rights. It is more than a duty for American citizens to vote against the worst American president in history and it is very important for people from other countries to show their opposition even in words. Speaker thought that people as the citizen have the power, the obligation and the duty to refuse a president who endangers the whole world for his own selfish commercial interest.

No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil No more blood for oil, no more blood just to get Bush some more cash. No need to feel guilty when you don't want to lose your young life in a bloody war in order to satisfy a dictator's madness. It can be assumed that there is implicit

criticism delivered by the speaker in the lyric upon terror acts or terrorism that happened in his circumstance. It is clearly stated in:

"Teen million people, Are equal at this high pitch Maybe we can reach alqueda through my speech Let the president answer a higher anarchy

Strap him with an Ak-47, let him go, fight his own war Let him impress daddy that way

No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil No more psychological warfare, to trick us to thinking that we ain't loyal If we don't serve our own country, we're patronizing a hero”

They show the will of an engaged speaker to strengthen their own voice in this world. The speaker tells people to fight and he empowers people through his insightful speech. They have no reason to feel week and to accept to be the prisoner of Bush's psychological manipulations. ‘Mosh’ has been written for America and the world's sake. It offers us a new definition of American patriotism and makes people understand that it is not necessary be a victim of Bush's military policy to be a good citizen.

Bush’s policy is as strong as a terror act that makes only suffering and destroying for people. Eminem is taking power against Bush and his words will tear the current Mr. President in people's mind like the teeth of an alligator. The government policy is including terrorism because it makes citizen life in fear and insecurity and war is just left destruction, afflictions, and tears. Their policies are equal with a terrorism organization, Alqueda that clearly stated in line “Maybe we can reach alqueda through my speech”. This line means by his voice the speaker can find the Alqueda and stop their action to threat society; even he wishes he could eliminate the organization.

Gunoto Safarie, Luasnya Wilayah Sosiologi Sastra

http://www.suarakarya-online.com/news.html?id =16888. Accessed on December 20, 2008.

Figures of Speech

http://www.angelfire.com/ct2/evenski/poetry/figuresofspeech.html. Accessed on November 6, 2009.

Simile, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile, Accessed on November 6, 2009 Irony, Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/irony. Accessed on November 6, 2009. Hyperbole, Wikipedia, free Encyclopedia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole. Accessed on November 9, 2009. Thousands Protest Bush’s Policy

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/27/ AR2007012700629.html. Accessed on December 29, 2009.

APPENDICES MOSH LYRIC

I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America And to the Republic for which it stands

One nation under God

Indivisible with liberty and justice for all... It feels so good to be back...

I scrutinize every word, memorize every line I spit it once, refuel and re-energize and rewind I give sight to the blind, my insight through the mind I exercise my right to express when I feel it's time It's just all in your mind, what you interpret it as I say to fight, you take it as I'mma whip someone's ass If you don't understand, don't even bother to ask A father who has grown up with a fatherless past Who has blown up now to rap phenomenon that has Or at least shows no difficulty multi-task

And in juggling both perhaps mastered his craft

Slash entrepreneur who has helped launch a few more rap acts Who's had a few obstacles thrown his way through the last half Of his career typical manure moving past that

Mr. kisses ass crack, he's a class act Rubber band man, yea he just snaps back

[Chorus:]Come along follow me as I lead through the darkness As I provide just enough spark that we need to proceed

Carry on, give me hope, give me strength Come with me and I won't steer you wrong

Put your faith and your trust as I guide us through the fog To the light at the end of the tunnel

We gonna fight, we gonna charge, we gonna stomp, we gonna march Through the swamp, we gonna mosh through the marsh

Take us right through the doors (c'mon)

All the people up top on the side and the middle Come together lets all bomb and swamp just a little Just let it gradually build from the front to the back

All you can see is a sea of people some white and some black Don't matter what color, all that matters we gathered together To celebrate for the same cause don't matter the weather If it rains let it rain, yea the wetter the better

They tell us no we say yea, they tell us stop we say go Rebel with a rebel yell, raise hell we gonna let em know

Stomp, push, shove, mush, F*ck Bush, until they bring our troops home (c'mon) [Chorus]

Imagine it pouring, it's raining down on us Mosh pits outside the oval office

Someone's tryina tell us something,

Maybe this is God just sayin' we're responsible For this monster, this coward,

That we have empowered

This is Bin Laden, look at his head noddin'

How could we allow something like this without pumping our fists Now this is our final hour

Let me be the voice in your strength and your choice Let me simplify the rhyme just to amplify the noise Try to amplify the times it, and multiply by six... Teen million people, Are equal at this high pitch Maybe we can reach alqueda through my speech Let the president answer a higher anarchy

Strap him with an Ak-47, let him go, fight his own war Let him impress daddy that way

No more blood for oil, we got our own battles to fight on our own soil No more psychological warfare, to trick us to thinking that we ain't loyal If we don't serve our own country, we're patronizing a hero

Look in his eyes its all lies

The stars and stripes, they've been swiped, washed out and wiped And replaced with his own face, Mosh now or die

If I get sniped tonight you know why, Cause I told you to fight.

[Chorus]

And as we proceed,

To Mosh through this desert storm,

In these closing statements, if they should argue Let us beg to differ

As we set aside our differences And assemble our own army

To disarm this Weapon of Mass Destruction That we call our President, for the present And Mosh for the future of our next generation To speak and be heard

Mr. President, Mr. Senator

EMINEM'S BIOGRAPHY

Eminem (born Marshall Bruce Mathers III on October 17, 1972) is an American rapper, and both a Grammy and Oscar-winner. He is of mostly Scottish-American descent, and currently lives in suburban Detroit. Discovered by rapper/producer Dr. Dre, Eminem is known as one of the most skillful and controversial rappers in the industry, becoming a crossover sensation with his debut single "My Name Is" while simultaneously earning respect from the hip-hop community for his lyrical talent.

He is noted for his ability to change his own verbal pace (flow) and style multiple times within one song without losing the beat, and has been praised for his skill in alliteration and assonance.

He is infamous for the controversy surrounding many of his lyrics. With the enormous success of his sophomore album The Marshall Mathers LP following its release in May 2000, and its subsequent nomination for four Grammy awards including Album of the Year, critics such as GLAAD denounced his lyrics as homophobic, while others complained that it was also extremely misogynistic and violent. However, he has received a great deal of praise within the hip-hop community for his lyrical ability. He is the second-highest selling rapper of all time, behind Tupac Shakur, though the latter has had several posthumous albums released.

While generally avoiding overtly political tones previously (or if they were mentioned it was in passing), in late 2004 before the presidential election, Eminem released the song "Mosh," which harshly criticizes President George W. Bush. Encore, Mathers' fourth major-label album, was released later that year, but was considered by many to be a disappointment in comparison to his previous three albums and sold half of what The Eminem Show had. Though Eminem considers himself neither a militant nor a political artist, he did have his own Hip Hop Political Convention as a parody of the national political conventions held in 2004. His latest release is Curtain Call: The Hits, a compilation which covers many of his past hit songs, and includes three new tracks.

EMINEM'S PERSONAL LIFE Marshall Mather's early childhood

Marshall was born in St. Joseph, Missouri (near Kansas City) to parents Deborah "Debbie" Mathers-Briggs and Marshall Bruce Mathers II, and spent most of his childhood moving back and forth between Kansas City, and suburban Detroit, including Warren. His father had abandoned the family before Marshall turned two years old, and the two have not had contact since, save some rejected attempts by Marshall's father to contact Marshall after his rise to fame.

Constantly moving from home to home, he frequently changed schools, often finding himself to be an outcast in the new communities, and frequently fell victim to bullying. An assault by schoolmate De Angelo Bailey that left Marshall hospitalized was the most notable such incident, which Marshall would later recount in greatly exaggerated form on the track "Brain Damage" (The Slim Shady LP, 1999). The song prompted legal action by the assailant, with accusations of libel and privacy infringement, which were eventually dismissed in court.

His childhood was further marred by his family's meager financial status, which was the primary reason for the continuous moving, during which Marshall and his mother Debbie would often find themselves living in public housing, mobile homes, and under the care of relatives, such as Marshall's great-aunt Edna, whom he mentions in "Evil Deeds" (''Encore''). During this time, Debbie was legally taking the prescription drugs Vicodin and Valium, though Marshall later claimed in numerous interviews and songs that she was abusing the drugs, to which Debbie retaliated with a lawsuit pressing defamation charges (see below). In the song "Cleaning Out My Closet" (The Eminem Show, 2002), Mathers also accuses his mother of having Munchausen syndrome, adding that "my whole life I was made to believe I was sick when I wasn't... it makes you sick to your stomach, doesn't it?". This was not the first time someone had suggested Debbie had the disorder; a social worker had made similar comments following a 1996 investigation of her mistreatment of Nathan Samra-Mathers, her second child. Eminem's life before fame

Before dropping out of Lincoln High School Warren as a 9th grader at the age of 17 (after failing ninth grade three times), Marshall made a number of significant acquaintances at the school. This included fellow rapper Proof, who was to become one of his closest friends, the Runyon Avenue Soldiers, and future wife Kimberly Ann "Kim" Scott, with whom he soon developed a long-term relationship. When Kim became pregnant, this further increased Marshall's drive to succeed through concern over the welfare of his new family. He discusses this in "Never Far" (Infinite, 1996), saying "I got a baby on the way, I don't even got a car...I still stay with my moms...we gotta make some hit records or something because I'm tired of being broke..." When the Infinite album failed to generate the revenue and acclaim he had hoped for, and Kim ended their relationship, preventing him from seeing his newborn child, Marshall decided to take his own life. However, his suicide attempt using an overdose of Tylenol analgesics failed,

and Marshall resumed his efforts to succeed in the music industry and reconcile with Kim. He ultimately succeeded in doing both, marrying Kim on June 14, 1999 in St. Joseph, Missouri.

The couple's daughter, Hailie Jade Scott, born December 25, 1995 would grow to become an important part of Marshall's life, as he became dedicated to giving her everything he himself was deprived of in his childhood, including a father figure and financial security. He would go on to mention her extensively in some of his songs, including "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (The Slim Shady LP, 1999), which takes the form of a one-sided dialogue with Hailie, as well as "Hailie's Song" (The Eminem Show, 2002), "Mockingbird" (''Encore'', 2004), and "When I'm Gone" (Curtain Call: The Hits, 2005), all of which are proclamations of his love and dedication to her. In addition, he samples her voice in the less serious upbeat track "My Dad's Gone Crazy" (The Eminem Show, 2002).