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CHAPTER 3 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
This chapter explains research design, object of the study, population and sample, research variable andd hypothesis, type of data, instrument for collecting data,
method of collecting data, and method of analyzing data.
3.1 Research Design
The research method used in this study was an action research. In this subchapter, the researcher would like to explore about the definition of Classroom Action
Research CAR, purpose of CAR, steps of CAR, and CAR for pre-service teachers.
3.1.1 Definition of Classroom Action Research CAR
Sonora defines action research as a research carried out in the classroom mainly with the purpose of solving a problem or improving the teaching learning process
Burns, 2010: 5.
3.1.2 Purpose of Classroom Action Research CAR
Hartoyo 2011: 86 states that the purpose of action research is to develop new skills or new approaches to solve problems with direct application to the
classroom or other applied setting. Appropriate to their theory, this study will be conducted in the classroom with the aim of improving the students‟ achievement.
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3.1.3 Steps of Classroom Action Research CAR
This study was expected to involve Kemmis‟ and Mc Taggart‟s four broad phases
in a cycle of research as carried in Burns 2010: 7. These phases can be seen at the figure as follows:
Figure 3.1: Cyclical AR model based on Kemmis and Mc Taggart 1988
1 Planning
In this cycle, the researcher identified a problem or issue and developed a plan of action in order to bring about improvements in a specific area of the research
context. This was a phase where the researcher considered: i what kind of investigation was possible within realities and constraints of teaching situation;
and ii what potential improvements were possible. 2
Action The plan was then put into an action over an agreed period of time.
3 Observation
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This phase involved the researcher in observing systematically the effects of the action and documenting the context, actions, and opinion of those who involved.
4 Reflection
At this point, the researcher reflected on, evaluated and described the effects of the action in order to make sense of what had happened and to understand the
issue she had explored more clearly. Finally, the researcher then decided to do further cycles of action research to improve the situation even more.
3.1.4 Classroom Action Research CAR for Pre- Service Teachers
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