UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER TAKE HOME MATA KULI

UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER TAKE HOME MATA KULIAH PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL

“Menyerap Gelombang Perubahan: Keterkaitan antara Kepribadian Diri, Interaksi Sosial dengan Perilaku dalam Organisasi”

Disusun Oleh:

Karina Rakhmania Hasna (071211133040)

PROGRAM STUDI S1 ILMU ADMINISTRASI NEGARA DEPARTEMEN ADMINISTRASI

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA 2016

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

Keyakinan bahwa kita adalah orang yang menentukan nasib kita sendiri pasti adalah di antara yang paling mendasar dari sifat manusia. Ini menjadi persepsi diri yang dipandang oleh banyak pihak sebagai salah satu syarat untuk proses penyesuaian diri, memungkinkan kita untuk menghadapi ketidakpastian dengan keyakinan dan tantangan dengan ketekunan (cf. Alloy & Abramson, 1979; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Kofta, Weary, & Sedek, 1998; Seligman, 1975; Taylor & Brown, 1988), dan juga sama-sama menjadi pusat pemeliharaan sosial karena memiliki hubungan langsung ke atribusi personal dan tanggung jawab (cf. Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Shaver, 1985). Hal itu merupakan sikap adaptif signifikansi, yang mempunyai arti bahwa tindakan seseorang yang otonom, mandiri dan sebagian besar bertahan terhadap kekuatan eksternal secara rutin yang dilakukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari (e.g., Langer, 1978; Taylor & Brown, 1988) dan akhirnya dapat dijadikan sebagai filosofis yang bisa dipertahankan sejauh mungkin bahwa hal itu mencerminkan asumsi naif tentang kebebasan pribadi (cf. Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Skinner, 1971).

Dalam pandangan ini, manusia mewakili saling bergantung dengan elemen yang bersama-sama terdiri dari entitas sosial yang lebih besar, baik familial, romantis, atau masyarakat di alam. Dengan latar belakang ini, orang terus mempengaruhi dan pada gilirannya dipengaruhi oleh satu sama lain dalam berbagai cara. Pengaruh sosial adalah perantara interaksi manusia, dan meskipun operasinya mungkin halus dan kadang-kadang transparan kepada individu terlibat, namun memiliki efek yang meluas. Dalam hal ini memiliki keutamaan pengaruh dalam sosial, G. W. Allport (1968) mendefinisikan bidang sosial psikologi sebagai "upaya untuk memahami. . . bagaimana pikiran, perasaan, dan perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh sebenarnya, membayangkan, atau tersirat keberadaan orang lain. ".

Hal tersebut dalam psikologi sosial dapat mengklaim sentralitas yang telah ada. Setelah semua, yang didefinisikan oleh psikologi sosial sebagai studi pembentukan kesan atau konsep diri. Kepercayaan jika kita menjadi penentu dari nasib sendiri mungkin penting bagi pribadi dan fungsi sosial, tetapi realitas pengaruh sosial yang sama dengan signifikan dan untuk yang sama. Tujuan saya dalam bab ini adalah untuk menguraikan aspek-aspek yang bepengaruh dan untuk

menggambarkan manifestasi dari pengaruh dalam konteks yang berbeda. Dengan demikian, menekankan berbagai fungsi disebabkan oleh pengaruh sosial, baik bagi individu dan untuk masyarakat.

BAB II PEMBAHASAN

Didalam hubungan bersosial dan bermasyarakat individu atau kelompok saling bekerja sama atau berkonflik, melakukan interaksi atau hubungan formal atau tidak formal, langsung atau tidak langsung. Dari hal itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan kita mengikuti organisasi kita belajar menghargai pendapat orang lain, memahami dan menghargai sifat orang lain, belajar mengemukakan pendapat, belajar untuk menjadi dewasa, berjiwa kepemimpinan, mendapat wawasan, menambah pengalaman, belajar mandiri dan masih banyak lagi hal positif yang didapat dalam organisasi. Pada awalnya saya memiliki sifat yang cenderung pemalu, namun hal tersbut justru menjadikan saya untuk memberanikan diri agar dapat berinteraksi secara luas dengan dunia sekitar, salah satunya adalah dengan mengikuti kegiatan organisasi. Banyak sekali organisasi yang ada disekolah, saya memberi contoh organisasi apa yang saya pernah ikuti, yaitu OSIS.

Pengalaman saya berorganisasi pada saat saya SMA, saya pernah mengikuti Organisasi sebagai OSIS. Waktu itu saya menjabat sebagai anggota, pengalaman saya dalam mengikuti organisasi OSIS. Waktu penerimaan siswa baru, saya beserta teman-teman saya. Disibukan dengan kegiatan MOS (Masa Orientasi Siswa). Saya diminta membuat kegiatan-kegiatan untuk siswa baru di sekolah saya, disitulah manfaat berorganisasi terlihat. Kami beserta teman-teman melakukan diskusi, perencanaan, dengan teman-teman untuk membuat kegiatan semenarik mungkin dengan cara membawa makanan yang aneh-aneh, memakai perlengkapan yang lucu-lucu. setelah saya dan para angota yang lainnya sudah menyiapkan segalanya dengan baik, dimulailah acara MOS bagi siswa dan siswi baru disekolah saya. Setelah beberapa kegiatan dilaksanakan, akhirnya kegiatan selesai dilaksanakan dengan lancar dan sesuai rencana. Dari pengalaman tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa dalam interaksi sosial terjadi hubungan timbal balik yang melibatkan aspek sosial dan kemanusiaan kedua belah pihak, seperti emosi, fisik dan kepentingan. Hal tersebut juga tidak lepas dari beberapa aspek-aspek yang ada didalamnya, seperti:

a. EXTERNAL CONTROL

Cara yang paling mendasar untuk mempengaruhi perilaku seseorang adalah membuat penghargaan dan hukuman tergantung pada perilaku yang dilakukan oleh orang tersebut. Dalam perkembangannya, ilmu psikologi pada dasarnya didefinisikan dalam hal perspektif ini, dan selama era ini berbagai prinsip penguatan yang dihasilkan dan divalidasi. Upaya untuk memperluas prinsip-prinsip ini psikologi sosial selalu dipersulit oleh kapasitas kognitif tak terbantahkan dari manusia dan peran kapasitas seperti dalam mengatur perilaku (Bandura, 1986; Zajonc, 1980). Meskipun demikian, beberapa penelitian berdasarkan asumsi behavioris diwakili dalam psikologi sosial (Byrne, 1971; Staats, 1975). Sehubungan dengan pengaruh sosial, perspektif ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya orang termotivasi untuk melakukan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pencapaian konsekuensi menyenangkan atau menghindari konsekuensi yang tidak menyenangkan. Dengan demikian, orang akan mengadopsi sikap baru, mengembangkan preferensi untuk satu sama lain, mengubah frekuensi perilaku tertentu, atau mengambil kegiatan baru karena mereka berperilaku untuk melakukannya. Hal ini dirasakan adil untuk mengatakan perspektif ini tidak pernah mencapai status utama dalam psikologi sosial, tapi orang mungkin berpikir bahwa pengaruh sosial akan menjadi pengecualian.

 Bases of Social Power

Dalam kehidupan berorganisasi sikap yang diperlukan setiap individu agar dapat menyesuaikan diri dalam kelompok adalah mampu mengontrol diri. Kemampuan untuk mengontrol perilaku yang dilakukan seseorang dalam kelompok adalah cerminan jika mereka bisa menyesuaikan diri dan memiliki kekuatan sosial. Dalam masyarakat kontemporer sendiri, kekuatan tersebut mencerminkan lebih dari kekuatan fisik, kekayaan besar, atau kapasitas dan kesiapan untuk orang lain-meskipun memiliki atribut tersebut tentu tidak ada salahnya dalam kondisi tertentu. kekuatan sosial bukan berasal dari berbagai sumber yang berbeda, masing-masing memberikan bentuk yang sejalan kontrol perilaku. Dalam (1959; Raven, 1992, 1993) umumnya dianggap sebagai pernyataan definitif tentang berbagai basis kekuasaan sosial dan manifestasi masing-masing dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Mereka mengidentifikasi enam landasan seperti: reward, pemaksaan, keahlian, informasi, kekuatan referen, dan otoritas yang sah.

Reward, sendiri sebagai istilah yang menyiratkan, dari kemampuan untuk memberikan hasil yang diinginkan seseorang. Imbalan mungkin nyata dan bahan (misalnya, uang, hadiah yang bagus), tetapi dalam konteks kehidupan berorganisasi reward yang didapat berupa pengakuan diri dalam organisasi tersebut serta memperluas pertemanan. Selain itu, reward tersebut juga dapat juga berupa hubungan simbiosis mutualisme yang terjalin antara anggota organisasi, hal tersebut bisa dicontohkan seperti seseorang yang didalam kelompok organisasi tersebut memilikipengetahuan yang luas. Pengetahuan adalah kekuatan, daya informasi yang mempunyai sifat tak terbatas berkaitan dengan kekuasaan. Pengetahuan sendiri dapat dijadikan sebagai reward bagi orang yang bisa mengontrol dirinya didalam organisasi, bahkan dengan memanfaatkan pengetahuan tersebut kita bisa membantu seseorang yang pada awalnya tidak mengetahui sesuatu menjadi tahu.

 Limitations of External Control

Setiap hal dilakukan apapun itu bentuknya pasti memiliki keterbatasan, hal itu juga sama kaitannya dalam kehidupan berorganisasi bahwa pendekatan umum untuk memengaruhi diuraikan sebelumnya adalah salah satu cara paling efektif mengimplementasikan perubahan sejati dalam pikiran dan perasaan yang relevan dengan perilaku yang bersangkutan masyarakat. Memang, porsi yang adil perhatian teoritis dan penelitian selama 40 tahun terakhir telah difokuskan pada kecenderungan untuk upaya yang sulit, memberikan efek berlawanan dengan yang dimaksudkan. Hal ini terutama terjadi untuk pengaruh berusaha yang diperdagangkan pada reward dan kekuasaan koersif, meskipun asumsi yang mendasari baris ini teori dan penelitian akan tampaknya berlaku untuk kekuasaan yang sah.

b. SOCIAL COORDINATION

Untuk saat ini, pengaruh sosial telah digambarkan sebagai jalan satu arah. Satu orang memiliki prinsip bahwa ia ingin memaksakan pada orang lain. Meskipun pengaruh strategi tentu dilakukan untuk tujuan kontrol dan manipulasi, pengaruh sosial didefinisikan secara luas menyajikan fungsi yang jauh lebih baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Pada awalnya memang sulit untuk membahas segala aspek hubungan sosial tanpa aksesi peran penting untuk mempengaruhi proses. Pengaruh sosial yang memungkinkan individu untuk mengkoordinasikan

pendapat mereka, suasana hati, evaluasi, dan perilaku di semua tingkat realitas sosial, dari kelompok sosial untuk masyarakat. Proses koordinasi sosial adalah salah satu aspek dengan semua pihak untuk melakukan pertukaran dalam mempengaruhi dan menerima pengaruh dari satu sama lain. Cara dan sarana koordinasi dibahas seperti fungsi-baik adaptif dan maladaptif-kecenderungan manusia yang fundamental.

 Conformity

Setiap orang pada awal saat memasuki kehidupanorganisasi pasti memiliki masa-masa yang sulit. Namun untuk semua usaha yang dikeluarkan dalam pelayanan manipulasi, kadang-kadang semua yang diperlukan untuk mempengaruhi seseorang untuk menyampaikan sikap atau tindakan sendiri sesuai dengan preferensi seseorang tersebut. Dalam kasus-kasus tertentu, hanya mengungkapkan pendapat, strategi, atau keinginan yang memiliki kekuatan cukup untuk membawa seseorang yang sejalan dengan satu titik pandang. Bentuk pengaruh menangkap esensi dari kesesuaian, sebuah fenomena yang biasa dihitung sebagai bukti mentalitas seseorang. Ada kualitas tidak reflektif untuk banyak contoh kesesuaian, tapi aspek ini memungkinkan orang untuk mengkoordinasikan pikiran mereka dengan cara yang efisien dan mencapai konsensus sosial yang diperlukan untuk terlibat dalam aksi kolektif.

 Accountability

Ironisnya, bagaimanapun, fungsi koordinasi yang dilayani oleh pengaruh timbal balik dalam grup lebih dibutuhkan daripada meniadakan rasa identitas pribadi dan tanggung jawab antara anggota kelompok. Untuk mencapai koordinasi sosial, orang harus merasa bahwa mereka adalah bagian dari entitas sosial yang lebih besar, tentu saja, tetapi mereka juga harus merasa bahwa bagian ini adalah unik mereka sendiri. Peran akuntabilitas dalam mencapai koordinasi sosial. Pertama, terkait dengan kondisi di mana orang membatalkan tanggung jawab pribadi untuk melakukan bagian mereka untuk mencapai tujuan bersama atau untuk mengambil inisiatif dalam pengaturan kelompok di mana keterlibatan mereka akan membantu. Kedua keprihatinan kondisi di mana orang dalam arti menjadi terlalu peka dengan tujuan kelompok.

Salah satu masalah yang paling menantang di pusat-pusat psikologi sosial pada hubungan antara dilevel mikro dan makro deskripsi. Teori psikologi sosial biasanya ditulis dalam istilah dari satu tingkat deskripsi, dengan sedikit koordinasi eksplisit dengan teori-teori yang ditetapkan pada tingkat yang berbeda. Dengan demikian, proses pada tingkat individu cenderung independen dari proses tingkat grup. Namun tidak masuk akal untuk mengharapkan setiap tingkat struktur dan fungsi untuk beroperasi dalam isolasi. Perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh konteks sosial di mana ia berfungsi, dan setiap individu pada gilirannya menciptakan konteks sosial bagi individu lainnya melalui nya interaksi dengan mereka. Sifat saling ketergantungan ini sulit untuk dipahami, tetapi kemajuan terbaru dalam studi tentang sistem yang kompleks (Schuster, 1984) membuktikan dapat berguna dalam menghubungkan berbagai tingkat realitas sosial (Nowak & Vallacher, 1998a, 1998b; Nowak, Vallacher, & Burnstein, 1998; Nowak, Vallacher, & Zochowski, 2002).

 Social Change and Societal Transitions

Pada masa sekarang kehidupan masyarakat sudah mengalami banyak perubahan, salah satunya adalah mobilitas yang cukup mudah. Pendekatan umum ini untuk model proses sosial telah terbukti berguna dalam menghasilkan wawasan ke dalam dinamika perubahan sosial, termasuk transformasi sosial besar (Nowak & LEWENSTEIN, 1996; Nowak, LEWENSTEIN, & Szamrej, 1993; Nowak & Vallacher, 2001). Pendekatan ini berhasil menjadi model perubahan sosial ketika sumber bias diperkenalkan yang membuat opini minoritas lebih menarik daripada pendapat mayoritas. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa perubahan sosial yang cepat terjadi dengan cara yang sangat mirip dengan fase transisi dalam fenomena fisik.

 Implications for Cultural Differences

Pada jaman modern seperti sekarang rmemiliki tenggang rasa berguna dalam memahami dan memprediksi perbedaan antara budaya dalam dinamika pengaruh sosial dan organisasi kemasyarakatan. Dalam masyarakat yang menghargai kemerdekaan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penilaian, besarnya pengaruh diri sejalan kuat dan beroperasi dengan mengorbankan pendapat dan harapan orang lain.

BAB III PENUTUP Kesimpulan

Kehidupan bergorganisasi bagi masyarakat sangatlah dibutuhkan, hal ini tidak bisa dipungkiri lagi mengingat bahwa hakikat dasar dari seorang manusia adalah sebagai makhluk sosial. Pengaruh sosial sangat tertanam dalam setiap aspek fungsi interpersonal, setiap upaya untuk membahas itu terpisah dari semua topik dan tradisi penelitian mendefinisikan penggambaran proses pengaruh dasar dari fenomena seperti perubahan sikap, konsep diri kelenturan, atau pengembangan hubungan dekat. Orang memiliki kecenderungan alami untuk membawa keyakinan mereka, preferensi, dan tindakan sejalan dengan orang-orang di sekitar

mereka, dan kecenderungan ini menjadi nyata dengan tidak adanya strategi manipulasi terang-terangan atau halus. kecenderungan ini untuk sinkronisasi antar adalah apa yang memungkinkan hanya koleksi individu untuk menjadi unit fungsional menentukan tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari realitas sosial.

Saran

Aspek-aspek yang muncul untuk menjadi fitur umum dari pengaruh di topik yang berbeda dan menghubungkannya dengan proses psikologis fundamental, di antara mereka koordinasi elemen individu untuk membuat unit tingkat tinggi yang koheren. saran kami dalam hal ini adalah sebanyak mungkin untuk melakukan interaksi sosial dengan masyarakat sebanyak heuristik sebagai integratif.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Millon, Theodore, Melvin J. Lerner. 2003. HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 5 Personality and Social Psychology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

The belief that we are the people who determine our own destiny certainly is among the most fundamental of human nature. It becomes a self-perception that is seen by many as one of the requirements for the adjustment process, allowing us to face the challenges of uncertainty with confidence and perseverance (cf. Alloy & Abramson, 1979; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Kofta, Weary, & Sedek , 1998; Seligman, 1975; Taylor & Brown, 1988), and also equally be a social care center because it has a direct connection to a personal attribution and responsibility (cf. Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Shaver, 1985). It is an attitude adaptive significance, which means that a person's actions are autonomous, independent and largely withstand the

external forces are routinely performed in everyday life (eg, Langer, 1978; Taylor & Brown, 1988) and may eventually be used as philosophical can be maintained as far as possible that it reflects the naive assumption about personal freedom (cf. Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Skinner, 1971).

In this view, humans represent interdependent elements which together consist of a larger social entity, whether familial, romantic, or public in nature. With this background, the continued influence and in turn are influenced by each other in various ways. Social influence is the mediator of human interaction, and although operations may be subtle and sometimes transparent to the individuals involved, but have a widespread effect. In that it has the virtue of influence in the social, G. W. Allport (1968) defines the field of social psychology as "an attempt to understand... How thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.".

It is in social psychology can claim the centrality that already exist. After all, defined by social psychology as the study of the formation of an impression or self-concept. Confidence if we become determinants of self may be important for personal and social functioning, but the reality of the same social influences significantly and to the same. My goal in this chapter is to outline aspects bepengaruh and to describe the manifestation of the effect in different contexts. Thus, stresses caused by the influence of various social functions, both for individuals and for society.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

In bersosial and public relations people or groups work together or in conflict, interaction or relationship of formal or informal, direct or indirect. From this it can be concluded that with us to join the organization we learn to respect the opinions of others, understand and appreciate the nature of others, learn to express their opinions, learn to become adults, spirited leadership, gain insight, adds to the experience, self-learning and many more positives obtained in the organization. At first I have properties that tend to be shy, but it actually makes me to serve targeted ventured to interact extensively with the world around, one is to follow the activities of

the organization. There are so many organizations that exist in school, I gave an example of what organization I have ever attended, namely OSIS.

My experience association at the time of my high school, I had attended as a student council organization. At that time I served as a member, my experience in following OSIS organization. New admissions time, I along with my friends. Preoccupation with activity MOS (Student Orientation Period). I was asked to create activities for new students at my school, that is where the benefits of organizing visible. We and our friends had a discussion, planning, with friends to make the activities attractive as possible by bringing the strange food, wearing funny gear. after I and the other members who have prepared everything well, began the event MOS for new male and female students of my school. After some of the activities carried out, finally completed activities implemented smoothly and according to plan. From this experience we can say that in social interactions have a mutual relationship that involves social and humanitarian aspects of the two sides, such as emotional, physical and interests. It is also not free from some of the aspects contained in it, such as:

a. EXTERNAL CONTROL

The most basic way to affect a person's behavior is to make rewards and punishments depending on the behavior performed by the person. In its development, psychology is basically defined in terms of this perspective, and during this era reinforcement principles generated and validated. Attempts to extend these principles of social psychology is always complicated by the undeniable cognitive capacity of the human and the role of such capacity in regulating behavior (Bandura, 1986; Zajonc, 1980). Nevertheless, several studies based on the assumption of the behaviorist represented in social psychology (Byrne, 1971; Staats, 1975). In connection with social influences, this perspective shows that the only people motivated to do things related to the achievement of unpleasant consequences or to avoid unpleasant consequences. Thus, people will adopt new attitudes, develop a preference for one another, change the frequency of certain behaviors, or take on new activities because they behave in order to do so. It is only fair to say this perspective has never achieved the status of a major in social psychology, but one might think that social influence will be an exception.

 Bases of Social Power

In organizational life attitude required of every individual to be able to fit into the group is able to control themselves. The ability to control the behavior of a person in the

group is a reflection if they could adapt and have the social power. In contemporary society itself, reflects the strength of more than physical strength, good fortune, or the capacity and readiness for others-even though it has these attributes certainly no harm in certain circumstances. social power does not come from a variety of different sources, each providing a consistent form of behavior control. In (1959; Raven, 1992, 1993) is generally regarded as a definitive statement about the basis of social power and manifestation respectively in everyday life. They identified six bases such as: reward, coercion, expertise, information, strength referent, and legitimate authority.

Reward yourself as the term implies, from the ability to deliver the desired results someone. Rewards may be real and material (eg, money, a nice gift), but in the context of organizational life reward obtained in the form of recognition in the organization and expand friendship. In addition, the reward can also be mutualism symbiotic relationship that exists between members of the organization, it can be exemplified as someone within the organization group memilikipengetahuan wide. Knowledge is power, power that has information related to the nature of infinite power. Knowledge alone can serve as a reward for the person who can control himself within the organization, even with that knowledge we can help someone who at first did not know something to knowing.

 Limitations of External Control

Everything was done whatever form must have limitations, it is also the same in terms of organizational life that the common approach to impact previously described is one of the most effective ways to implement real change in the thoughts and feelings that are relevant to the behavior of the concerned community. Indeed, a fair share of attention to the theoretical and research over the last 40 years has focused on the likelihood of a tough effort, giving the opposite effect to that intended. This is especially true for the influence sought traded on reward and coercive power, although the assumptions underlying this line of theory and research would seem to apply to the legitimate power.

b. SOCIAL COORDINATION

To date, social influence has been described as a one-way street. One person has a principle that he wants to impose on others. Although the influence of the strategy is certainly done for the purpose of control and manipulation, broadly defined social influence serves that function much better in everyday life. At the beginning it is difficult to discuss all aspects of

social relationships without accession an important role to influence the process. Social influences that allow individuals to coordinate their opinions, moods, evaluation, and behavior at all levels of social reality, from social groups to the community. The process of social coordination is one aspect with all the parties to the exchange in influencing and accepting influence from each other. Ways and means of coordination are discussed as a function-both adaptive and maladaptive tendencies fundamental human.

 Conformity

Everyone at the beginning of the time of entering kehidupanorganisasi certainly have a difficult period. Yet for all the effort spent in the service of manipulation, sometimes all that is needed to influence a person to convey their own attitude or action in accordance with the person's preference. In certain cases, only express their opinions, strategies, or desire that has enough power to bring someone who is in line with one point of view. Forms of influence captures the essence of conformity, a phenomenon commonly calculated as proof of a person's mentality. There is not reflective quality to many examples of conformity, but this aspect allows people to coordinate their thoughts in an efficient manner and achieve social consensus necessary to engage in collective action.

 Accountability

Ironically, however, the coordination function served by the reciprocal influences in the group needed more than negate the sense of personal identity and responsibility among the group members. To achieve social coordination, people should feel that they are part of a larger social entity, of course, but they also need to feel that this section is uniquely their own. Coordinating role in achieving social accountability. The first, related to conditions in which to cancel their personal responsibility to do their part to achieve a common goal or to take initiative in a group setting where their involvement would help. The second concerns the conditions in which people in the sense of being too sensitive with the objectives of the group.

c. THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY

One of the most challenging problems in social psychology centers on the relationship between micro and macro dilevel description. Social psychology theories are usually couched in terms of the level of description, with little explicit coordination with the theories that are set at

different levels. Thus, the process at the level of individuals tend to be independent of the level of the group. But not unreasonable to expect any level of structure and function to operate in isolation. Individual behavior is influenced by the social context in which it serves, and each individual in turn creates a social context for other people through his interaction with them. The nature of this interdependence is difficult to understand, but recent advances in the study of complex systems (Schuster, 1984) proved to be useful in connecting the various levels of social reality (Nowak & Vallacher, 1998a, 1998b; Nowak, Vallacher, & Burnstein, 1998; Nowak , Vallacher, & Zochowski, 2002).

 Social Change and Societal Transitions

At the present time people's life has undergone many changes, one of them is fairly easy mobility. This general approach to model social processes have proven useful in generating insights into the dynamics of social change, including the great social transformation (Nowak & LEWENSTEIN, 1996; Nowak, LEWENSTEIN, & Szamrej, 1993; Nowak & Vallacher, 2001). This approach manages to be a model of social change when the source bias is introduced which make the minority opinion more interesting than the majority opinion. The simulation results showed that rapid social change occurs in a manner very similar to phase transitions in physical phenomena.

 Implications for Cultural Differences

In this modern era of tolerance rmemiliki useful in understanding and predicting the differences between cultures in the dynamics of social influence and community organizations. In a society that respects the independence in decision-making and assessment, the influence of strong self-line and operating at the expense of other people's opinions and expectations.

CHAPTER III FINAL Conclusion

Organitation life for the community is needed, it can not be denied given that the basic nature of a human being is a social creature. Social influence is deeply embedded in every aspect of interpersonal functioning, any attempt to discuss it apart from all the topics and research traditions define the basic influence processes depiction of phenomena such as changes in attitude, self-concept of flexibility, or the development of a close relationship. People have a natural tendency to bring their beliefs, preferences, and actions in line with those around them,

and this trend became evident in the absence of overt manipulation strategy or smooth. This tendency for synchronization between is what allows only a collection of individuals to become a functional unit determines a higher level of social reality.

Suggestion

The aspects that appear to be common features of influence on different topics and relate them to the fundamental psychological processes, among them the coordination of individual elements to create a high-level coherent unit. Our advice in this case is as much to do with the community as much social interaction as an integrative heuristic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Millon, Theodore, Melvin J. Lerner. 2003. HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 5 Personality and Social Psychology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

the organization. There are so many organizations that exist in school, I gave an example of what organization I have ever attended, namely OSIS.

My experience association at the time of my high school, I had attended as a student council organization. At that time I served as a member, my experience in following OSIS organization. New admissions time, I along with my friends. Preoccupation with activity MOS (Student Orientation Period). I was asked to create activities for new students at my school, that is where the benefits of organizing visible. We and our friends had a discussion, planning, with friends to make the activities attractive as possible by bringing the strange food, wearing funny gear. after I and the other members who have prepared everything well, began the event MOS for new male and female students of my school. After some of the activities carried out, finally completed activities implemented smoothly and according to plan. From this experience we can say that in social interactions have a mutual relationship that involves social and humanitarian aspects of the two sides, such as emotional, physical and interests. It is also not free from some of the aspects contained in it, such as:

a. EXTERNAL CONTROL

The most basic way to affect a person's behavior is to make rewards and punishments depending on the behavior performed by the person. In its development, psychology is basically defined in terms of this perspective, and during this era reinforcement principles generated and validated. Attempts to extend these principles of social psychology is always complicated by the undeniable cognitive capacity of the human and the role of such capacity in regulating behavior (Bandura, 1986; Zajonc, 1980). Nevertheless, several studies based on the assumption of the behaviorist represented in social psychology (Byrne, 1971; Staats, 1975). In connection with social influences, this perspective shows that the only people motivated to do things related to the achievement of unpleasant consequences or to avoid unpleasant consequences. Thus, people will adopt new attitudes, develop a preference for one another, change the frequency of certain behaviors, or take on new activities because they behave in order to do so. It is only fair to say this perspective has never achieved the status of a major in social psychology, but one might think that social influence will be an exception.

 Bases of Social Power

In organizational life attitude required of every individual to be able to fit into the group is able to control themselves. The ability to control the behavior of a person in the

group is a reflection if they could adapt and have the social power. In contemporary society itself, reflects the strength of more than physical strength, good fortune, or the capacity and readiness for others-even though it has these attributes certainly no harm in certain circumstances. social power does not come from a variety of different sources, each providing a consistent form of behavior control. In (1959; Raven, 1992, 1993) is generally regarded as a definitive statement about the basis of social power and manifestation respectively in everyday life. They identified six bases such as: reward, coercion, expertise, information, strength referent, and legitimate authority.

Reward yourself as the term implies, from the ability to deliver the desired results someone. Rewards may be real and material (eg, money, a nice gift), but in the context of organizational life reward obtained in the form of recognition in the organization and expand friendship. In addition, the reward can also be mutualism symbiotic relationship that exists between members of the organization, it can be exemplified as someone within the organization group memilikipengetahuan wide. Knowledge is power, power that has information related to the nature of infinite power. Knowledge alone can serve as a reward for the person who can control himself within the organization, even with that knowledge we can help someone who at first did not know something to knowing.

 Limitations of External Control

Everything was done whatever form must have limitations, it is also the same in terms of organizational life that the common approach to impact previously described is one of the most effective ways to implement real change in the thoughts and feelings that are relevant to the behavior of the concerned community. Indeed, a fair share of attention to the theoretical and research over the last 40 years has focused on the likelihood of a tough effort, giving the opposite effect to that intended. This is especially true for the influence sought traded on reward and coercive power, although the assumptions underlying this line of theory and research would seem to apply to the legitimate power. b. SOCIAL COORDINATION

To date, social influence has been described as a one-way street. One person has a principle that he wants to impose on others. Although the influence of the strategy is certainly done for the purpose of control and manipulation, broadly defined social influence serves that function much better in everyday life. At the beginning it is difficult to discuss all aspects of

social relationships without accession an important role to influence the process. Social influences that allow individuals to coordinate their opinions, moods, evaluation, and behavior at all levels of social reality, from social groups to the community. The process of social coordination is one aspect with all the parties to the exchange in influencing and accepting influence from each other. Ways and means of coordination are discussed as a function-both adaptive and maladaptive tendencies fundamental human.

 Conformity

Everyone at the beginning of the time of entering kehidupanorganisasi certainly have a difficult period. Yet for all the effort spent in the service of manipulation, sometimes all that is needed to influence a person to convey their own attitude or action in accordance with the person's preference. In certain cases, only express their opinions, strategies, or desire that has enough power to bring someone who is in line with one point of view. Forms of influence captures the essence of conformity, a phenomenon commonly calculated as proof of a person's mentality. There is not reflective quality to many examples of conformity, but this aspect allows people to coordinate their thoughts in an efficient manner and achieve social consensus necessary to engage in collective action.

 Accountability

Ironically, however, the coordination function served by the reciprocal influences in the group needed more than negate the sense of personal identity and responsibility among the group members. To achieve social coordination, people should feel that they are part of a larger social entity, of course, but they also need to feel that this section is uniquely their own. Coordinating role in achieving social accountability. The first, related to conditions in which to cancel their personal responsibility to do their part to achieve a common goal or to take initiative in a group setting where their involvement would help. The second concerns the conditions in which people in the sense of being too sensitive with the objectives of the group.

c. THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY

One of the most challenging problems in social psychology centers on the relationship between micro and macro dilevel description. Social psychology theories are usually couched in terms of the level of description, with little explicit coordination with the theories that are set at

different levels. Thus, the process at the level of individuals tend to be independent of the level of the group. But not unreasonable to expect any level of structure and function to operate in isolation. Individual behavior is influenced by the social context in which it serves, and each individual in turn creates a social context for other people through his interaction with them. The nature of this interdependence is difficult to understand, but recent advances in the study of complex systems (Schuster, 1984) proved to be useful in connecting the various levels of social reality (Nowak & Vallacher, 1998a, 1998b; Nowak, Vallacher, & Burnstein, 1998; Nowak , Vallacher, & Zochowski, 2002).

 Social Change and Societal Transitions

At the present time people's life has undergone many changes, one of them is fairly easy mobility. This general approach to model social processes have proven useful in generating insights into the dynamics of social change, including the great social transformation (Nowak & LEWENSTEIN, 1996; Nowak, LEWENSTEIN, & Szamrej, 1993; Nowak & Vallacher, 2001). This approach manages to be a model of social change when the source bias is introduced which make the minority opinion more interesting than the majority opinion. The simulation results showed that rapid social change occurs in a manner very similar to phase transitions in physical phenomena.

 Implications for Cultural Differences

In this modern era of tolerance rmemiliki useful in understanding and predicting the differences between cultures in the dynamics of social influence and community organizations. In a society that respects the independence in decision-making and assessment, the influence of strong self-line and operating at the expense of other people's opinions and expectations.

CHAPTER III FINAL Conclusion

Organitation life for the community is needed, it can not be denied given that the basic nature of a human being is a social creature. Social influence is deeply embedded in every aspect of interpersonal functioning, any attempt to discuss it apart from all the topics and research traditions define the basic influence processes depiction of phenomena such as changes in attitude, self-concept of flexibility, or the development of a close relationship. People have a natural tendency to bring their beliefs, preferences, and actions in line with those around them,

and this trend became evident in the absence of overt manipulation strategy or smooth. This tendency for synchronization between is what allows only a collection of individuals to become a functional unit determines a higher level of social reality.

Suggestion

The aspects that appear to be common features of influence on different topics and relate them to the fundamental psychological processes, among them the coordination of individual elements to create a high-level coherent unit. Our advice in this case is as much to do with the community as much social interaction as an integrative heuristic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Millon, Theodore, Melvin J. Lerner. 2003. HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 5 Personality and Social Psychology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,