Boyhood Previous Studies Have a glass of malt whisky, Dick.

38 Brown and Levinson’s theory of factors influencing the choice of strategies. Based on Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978: 71 the choice of a certain politeness strategy is influenced by payoffs and relevant circumstances social distance, relative power, and rank of imposition. Based on the conceptual framework, an analytical construct diagram is drawn to outline the theories used in this research. The analytical construct is presented the following page. 39 Figure 2: Analytical Construct A Pragmatic Analysis of Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies of Refusal in Boyhood Negative Politeness Payoff a. Notticing and attending to hearer b. Exxagerating c. Intensifying interest to hearer d. Using in-group identity markers e. Seeking agreement f. Avoiding disagreement g. PresupposingRisingAssertting Common Ground h. Joking i. Asserting or presupposing knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants j. Offering and promising k. Being optimistic l. Including both speaker and hearer in the activity m. Giving or asking for reasons n. Assuming or asserting reciprocity o. Giving gifts to hearer Off Record Bald On Record Positive Politeness Factors Relevant Circumstance 1. Social Distance 2. Relative Power 3. Rank of Imposition i. Being conventionally indirect ii. Questioning and hedging iii. Being pessimistic iv. Minimizing the imposition v. Giving deference vi. Apologizing vii. Impersonalizing speaker and hearer viii. Stating the face threatening act as a general rule ix. Nominalizing x. Going on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting hearer Types Politeness Strategies Commisives Representatives Expressives Directives Declarations Refusals Boyhood Deixis Presupposition Speech Acts Politeness Conversation Analysis Context Pragmatics 40 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Type

This research applied a combined method of descriptive and qualitative in analyzing the data. According to Kothari 2004:2-3 descriptive research is a research which lets the researcher observe anything related to the object of the research without having a right to control it. In this research, the researcher conducted the research only by analyzing the object being analyzed without manipulating it. Furthermore, this research can be categorized as a descriptive research. On the other hand, this research was categorized as qualitative research since the data of this research was qualitative phenomenon which cannot be measured by exact measurement. In accordance to Jankowski and Jensen 2002:4, a qualitative research observes the production of meaning which is closely related to social and cultural phenomenon. In addition, as indicated by Kothari 2003:3 qualitative research is a type of research which tries to discover the characteristic of a certain experience. Thus, the type of this research was descriptive-qualitative research since this research aimed to give deep understanding and a clear description about the kinds of positive and negative politeness strategies and the factor of choosing a certain strategy.