Boyhood Previous Studies Have a glass of malt whisky, Dick.
38 Brown and Levinson’s theory of factors influencing the choice of strategies.
Based on Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978: 71 the choice of a certain politeness strategy is influenced by payoffs and relevant circumstances social
distance, relative power, and rank of imposition. Based on the conceptual framework, an analytical construct diagram is
drawn to outline the theories used in this research. The analytical construct is presented the following page.
39
Figure 2: Analytical Construct
A Pragmatic Analysis of Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies of Refusal in Boyhood
Negative Politeness
Payoff
a. Notticing and attending to hearer
b. Exxagerating
c. Intensifying interest to hearer
d. Using in-group identity markers
e. Seeking agreement
f. Avoiding disagreement
g. PresupposingRisingAssertting
Common Ground h.
Joking i.
Asserting or presupposing knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants
j. Offering and promising
k. Being optimistic
l. Including both speaker and hearer in
the activity m.
Giving or asking for reasons n.
Assuming or asserting reciprocity o.
Giving gifts to hearer Off Record
Bald On Record Positive Politeness
Factors Relevant
Circumstance 1. Social Distance
2. Relative Power 3. Rank of Imposition
i. Being conventionally indirect
ii. Questioning and hedging
iii. Being pessimistic
iv. Minimizing the imposition
v. Giving deference
vi. Apologizing
vii. Impersonalizing speaker and
hearer viii.
Stating the face threatening act as a general rule
ix. Nominalizing
x. Going on record as incurring
a debt, or as not indebting hearer
Types Politeness
Strategies Commisives
Representatives
Expressives Directives
Declarations Refusals
Boyhood Deixis
Presupposition Speech Acts
Politeness
Conversation Analysis
Context
Pragmatics
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD