literary work, for example, will have various themes and patterns, which the author might not be aware.
The psychological approach involves deeper analysis of the unconscious area of the human mind. The analysis is based on Freud’s idea about symbolic words, thoughts
and action represented in the human mind. Furthermore, he believes that thoughts are the analysis of human symbols. We can interpret the symbol beyond the mind itself.
2.1.2. Theory of Character and Characterization
One way to have a better understanding about the novel is through the character in the novel. Through the character we can find the messages, values offered by the writer
or the theme of the novel. For that reason, it is important to know the kinds of characters and how characters in the novel are characterized.
2.1.2.1 Character
According to Abrams 1981: 20, there are two kinds of characters. They are flat and round characters. A flat character is not described in a complex way. A flat character
can be characterized by a single sentence or in other words described in a general way. On the contrary, a round character is described in a more complex way, for example, it
sometimes has more than one characteristic and changes from one characteristic to another characteristic.
Holman 1986: 83 uses different terms for kinds of characters, i.e., static and dynamic characters. A static character changes rarely towards the action and experiences.
Rarely means it experiences a little bit change or not at all. A dynamic character changes its characteristic or, for instance, its personality by actions or experiences, which
influence them to change. Sometimes, the author uses both dynamic and static to characterize a character. For example, the author may use static characters for the
beginning of actions and use dynamic characters for the results of the action. Klarer 1999: 17 uses different terms from Abrams and Holman, although he also
uses flat and round characters for the similar term. For flat characters, he uses typified characters, which refer to specific characters whereas for round character, he uses
individualized characters, which refer to more complex characters with differentiated characteristics.
2.1.2.2.Theory of Characterization
According to Murphy 1972: 161-173, there are nine ways to characterize a certain character in the novel
1. Personal description In this technique, the author, as one of the characters in the novel, describes the
character’s appearance directly. He describes the character’s face, skin, eye, and hair, in detail. In describing the character, the author also uses adjectives, for example like
strong, heavy, and so on, which shows the character’s physical appearance. 2. Character as seen by another
In this technique, the author describes a certain character from the other character’s eyes and opinions. He gives, for example, the impression of shape,
cleanliness, firmness, smoothness of a certain character. 3. Speech
