Benefits of the Study

The perspective of the formalist approach is to see the literary object as a total integrity of the literary piece. It only focuses on the work itself. The focus is on the structure of the work, which will be related to each part of the work. This approach does not examine the reference to the facts of the author’s life, the genre, the place of the genre, the history, and social milieu related to the literary piece, but. Furthermore, this approach analyses all parts of a literary work in order to get the deeper meaning of the work. In the biographical approach, the perspective focuses on the author, for instance, the author’s idea, personality and life, which build his writing style, theme, characterization and other literary elements. Rohrberger also suggests that knowing what the author intends to tell about is considered important in his approach. The sociocultural-historical approach relates the literary work with the reference to the civilization or historical background that built it. This approach can investigate the social milieu that is reflected in the work or the cultural background that produces it. However, the historical side might not be significant for the work. It depends on the role of historical side. If the historical side only occurs as a small part or setting it will be insignificant. On the contrary, it will be significant if the historical aspect is dominant and relevant with what the author wrote. The perspective of mythopoeic approach emphasizes on the repetition of a certain pattern in a certain literary work. The pattern, for instance, is the usual pattern that is common to all people such as death and rebirth, fertility rites, withdrawal and return. The author of certain literary work may describe them either conscious or unconscious. The literary work, for example, will have various themes and patterns, which the author might not be aware. The psychological approach involves deeper analysis of the unconscious area of the human mind. The analysis is based on Freud’s idea about symbolic words, thoughts and action represented in the human mind. Furthermore, he believes that thoughts are the analysis of human symbols. We can interpret the symbol beyond the mind itself.

2.1.2. Theory of Character and Characterization

One way to have a better understanding about the novel is through the character in the novel. Through the character we can find the messages, values offered by the writer or the theme of the novel. For that reason, it is important to know the kinds of characters and how characters in the novel are characterized.

2.1.2.1 Character

According to Abrams 1981: 20, there are two kinds of characters. They are flat and round characters. A flat character is not described in a complex way. A flat character can be characterized by a single sentence or in other words described in a general way. On the contrary, a round character is described in a more complex way, for example, it sometimes has more than one characteristic and changes from one characteristic to another characteristic. Holman 1986: 83 uses different terms for kinds of characters, i.e., static and dynamic characters. A static character changes rarely towards the action and experiences. Rarely means it experiences a little bit change or not at all. A dynamic character changes its characteristic or, for instance, its personality by actions or experiences, which