Research Method Data and Data Source Data Analysis Table 1

30 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

In order to carry out this research dealing with the topic, the writer needs to collect both the library and field data. He reads some books related to the topic. This research is designed as a descriptive qualitative study. Descriptive research is designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena. They are directed toward determining the nature of situation, as it exists at the time of the study Ary, 1979: 259. One of the characteristics of the descriptive research is that there is no control of treatment as in an experimental one. Since this study purely describes what errors on the use of simple past tense in recount writing the students make, what the causes of errors are, and what problems the students face in writing recount text do, the writer concludes that descriptive research is appropriate in this study. The results of this study are interpreted in chapter IV. The research is held in The Ark School Sidikalang at Jl. Dr. F.L. Tobing no. 41 Sidikalang after he gets permission from the principal of the school.

3.2 Data and Data Source

Data of this study consits of two sources. First source is students’ writing using simple past tense. The writer analyzes 15 writing tests out of 60 writing tests done by the students at The Ark School Sidikalang. And the second source is the response given by the students when interviewed by the writer. Universitas Sumatera Utara 31

3.3 Data Collecting Procedure

In collecting the data, the writer chooses two instruments: Writing test and interview.

3.3.1 Writing Test

By using the instrument, the writer will be able to get the data of the students’ errors in using simple past tense. The instrument used is in the form of recount writing. In this writing task, the students choose the topic Appendix I, and then write down their work on the paper which consists of minimal 100 words.

3.3.2 Interview

By interviewing the students doing the writing test the writer will get some causes why students make errors in using simple past tense. The writer asks questions Appendix III to find out the causes. The collection of the data will be held in May 2014 at the eleventh year students of The Ark School Sidikalang with the time allocated 60 minutes for the writing test and 15 minutes for the questionnaire. The procedures of collecting the data are as follows: a. The writer prepares the writing test instruments. b. The writer explains how to write in recount writing. c. The writer interviews the students. d. The writer collects the data. e. The writer analyzes the errors one by one. f. The writer concludes the result of the interview. Universitas Sumatera Utara 32

3.4 Data Analysis Technique

The technique of data analysis is an important part in research because by using the method, the writer can conclude the result of research. In this study, there are some procedures of the data analysis done by the writer.

3.4.1 Writing Test

a. Identification of Errors The writer identifies the errors made by the students in their writing viewed from morphology and syntax. b. Classification of Errors The writer classifies the errors into type based on surface strategy taxonomy, such as:  Errors of Omission  Errors of Addition  Errors of Misformation  Errors of Misordering c. Evaluation The writer tries to make conclusion about possible factors causing the errors. The factors can be categorized into overgeneralization, ignorance of rules restriction, incomplete application of rules, and false concept hypothesis. From the result of data analysis and the interpretation is made.

3.4.2 Interview

To answer the second statement of the problems, the writer interviews the 15 students. It presents by making conclusion about possible factors causing the errors. Universitas Sumatera Utara 33 The factors can be categorized into overgeneralization, ignorance of rules restriction, incomplete application of rules, and false concept hypothesis. From the result of data analysis and the interpretation is made. Universitas Sumatera Utara 34 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Data of this study consists of two sources. First source is student’s writing using simple past tense. And the second source is the responses given by the students when interviewed by the writer. The writer analyzes 15 writing tests done by the students at The Ark School Sidikalang.

4.1 Data Analysis Table 1

Error Constructions No Students’ Original Sentenes Constructions Sex Class Total Sentences 1. JT: - It’s not a great holiday. - I bored in everything I did. - I wake up. - I breakfast. - I could played. - It is not fun JT: - It was nota great holiday. - I was bored in everything I did. - I woke up. - I had breakfast. - I could play. - It was not fun Female Grade 11th 6 2. RP: RP: Female Grade 5 Universitas Sumatera Utara 35 - We managed to held a simple barbeque party. - We didn’t know how to grilled. - He teached us. - How to made. - We looking for. - We managed to hold a simple barbeque party. - We didn’t know how to grill. - He taught us. - How to make. - We looked for. 11th 3. EMS: - We planned to played. - We would played. - I join. - Chandra shooted. - He want to attack. - To made. - We couldn’t made. - We lose. - We happy. - To filled. EMS: - We planned to play. - We would play. - I joined. - Chandra shot. - He wanted to attack. - To make. - We couldn’t make. - We lost. - We were happy. - To fill. Male Grade 11th 10 4. LS: - We walked and LS: - We walked and Female Grade 11th 2 Universitas Sumatera Utara 36 talking. - She say goodbye. talked. - She said goodbye. 5. KAS: - I step on it. - The blood was stop. KAS: - I stepped on it. - The blood stopped. Female Grade 11th 2 6. FS: - This is a big chance - - This is the place. - I wanted visit. - Someone push me. - I was dreamed. FS: - This was a big chance - This was the place. - I wanted to visit. - Someone pushed me. - I dreamed. Female Grade 11th 5 7. HS: - I went to visited my friend. - I very happy. - I will meet my old friend. - I don’t know. - I try to ask someone. HS: - I went to visit my friend. - I was very happy. - I would meet my old friend. - I didn’t know. - I tried to ask someone. Male Grade 11th 8 Universitas Sumatera Utara 37 - But nobody know it. - I try to ask an office boy. - Then he tell me. - But nobody knew it. - I tried to ask an office boy. - Then he told me. 8. CS: - I decided went to her house. - How surprised I am. CS: - I decided to go to her house. - How surprised I was. Female Grade 11th 2 9. YS: - We would visited my grandmother. - I asked her when will we doing it. - We would went. - When i seeked my phone. - I can’t found it. YS: - We would visit my grandmother. - I asked her when we would doit. - We would go. - When i sought my phone. - I couldn’t find it. Female Grade 11th 5 10. DS: - My big family come to my house. DS: - My big family came to my house. Female Grade 11th 1 Universitas Sumatera Utara 38 11. DM: - I go. - To visited my friend. - I don’t know. - I ask to Herman. - I was visited my friend. - We have promise. - I decide to cancel. - I accompany him. - Herman was came. - I can’t forget. - My friend was die. DM: - I went. - To visit my friend. - I didn’t know. - I asked to Herman. - I visited my friend. - We had promise. - I decided to cancel. - I accompanied him. - Herman came. - I couldn’t forget. - My friend died. Male Grade 11th 11 12. NV: - There an accident. - We must flew. - The accident are caused by bad weather. - I amazed. - To saw. - People so busy. NV: - There was an accident. - We had to fly. - The accident was caused by bad weather. - I was amazed. - To see. - People were so busy. Female Grade 11th 8 Universitas Sumatera Utara 39 - People so lazy. - It is caused many unemployments. - People were so lazy. - It caused many unemployments. 13. NAS: - My classmate went to visited our friend. - We were heard it. - We were visited her. - We want went. - We are so sad. - We know it. - There an event. - The teacher accompany us. - We given some advices. NAS: - My classmate went to visit our friend. - We heard it. - We visited her. - We wanted to go. - We were so sad. - We knew it. - There was an event. - The teacher accompanied us. - We gave some advices. Female Grade 11th 9 14. NF: - We payed. - It is so dark. - We walk. - We surprised by NenekGayung. NF: - We paid. - It was so dark. - We walked. - We were surprised by NenekGayung. Female Grade 11th 11 Universitas Sumatera Utara 40 - We run so far. - She invite us. - We tired. - They invite us. - We find an exit door. - We thankful to God. - This is amazing. - We ran so far. - She invited us. - We were tired. - They invited us. - We found an exit door. - We were thankful to God. - This was amazing. 15. OS: - I and my friends gather. - We were spent our time. - To took a holiday. - And also to visited. - We were start our trip. OS: - My friends and I gathered. - We spent our time. - To take a holiday. - And also to visit. - We started our trip. Male Grade 11th 5 Based on the table above, the writer finds 90 errors which are going to be analyzed.The writer will analyze the data to find out the types of errors and the Universitas Sumatera Utara 41 causes of errors made by the students in using simple past tense when writing a recount text. 4.2 Findings 4.2.1 Types of Errors in using Simple Past Tense