2.2 Theoretical Background
2.2.1 Definitions of Novel
Novel initially appears on 1560s. The word ―novel‖ comes from Italian word novella,
which means ―short story‖. It originally means ―new story‖, from Latin novella,
which means ―new things‖. Online Etymology Dictionary Kennedy 1983: 180 explains that novel is a kind of literary text, which is
widely expected. People are quite familiar with it. Meanwhile, Laurto 2014 in E Notes defines novel as;
A novel is a fictitious narrative which involves characters and events which are to some degree realistic. Novels are usually complex and
portray characters and are usually presented is sequential order of actions and scene.
Besides, Anthony Burgess 2014 in Encyclopedia Britannica explains: Novel, an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain
complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a
specific setting. Within its broad framework, the genre of the novel has encompassed an extensive range of types and styles
Another definition comes from Webster New Twentieth Century Dictionary 1983: 1225. Novel is
―a relatively long fictional prose narrative with more or less complex pattern of events, about human being, their feelings,
thoughts, action, etc.‖ However, from Carol Whitley‘s book entitled The Everything Creative
Writing Book 2002: 30, novel is defined as a best room for a writer to write a story or more in a lot of space. Novel is also defined as a realistic fiction to
enlarge experience of life rather than a fantasy to transport the reader to a more colorful world Marjorie, 1975:13.
Novels can depict social, personal, and political realities of a place and period with a clarity and detail historians would not dare to explore. The social
realities can be about accurate social information of individual‘s behavior such as patience, romance, and naughtiness. The personal realities can portray about, for
example, a personal experience. Religious fanaticism can affect social life in the society as portrayed in Carrie Novel.
2.2.2 Religiosity in America in the 1970s
According to Schaefer 1989: 366, the United States has a wide variety of religion adopted by the American People. But, during the 1960s
– 1970s America was dominated by Christian faith in the certain area of the country. The noticeable
growth of Evangelical and Pentecostal faith dominated the certain area of United States. Evangelical Faiths are Christian faiths which place great emphasis on a
personal relationship between the individual and God and believe that each adherent must spread the faith and bear personal witness by openly declaring the
religion non-believers. Besides, Pentecostal faiths hold many of the same values but also believe in the infusion of the Holy Spirit into services and in such
religious experiences as faith healing and ―speaking in tongues‖. Sociologist Dean Hoge and David A. Roozen 1979 found that, in recent decades, denominations
experiencing the most growth tended to emphasize local evangelism, to maintain a
distinctive lifestyle and morality apart from mainstream culture, and to deemphasize social action and religious universalism.
On one side, according to Spencer 1985: 339 through the 1970s and early 1980s is period of the fundamentalism resurgent. The churches attracted the
huge number of the ―Born Again Christians‖. The groups mostly are evangelistic which attempted to win converts in highly emotional revival meetings. Some of
them offer healings by prayer and laying hands on the sick. They generally hold beliefs in literal Biblical statements about such matters as the creation of the
world. The number of evangelical congregations and special-interest groups within mainstream congregations, colleges, and seminaries grew steadily.
Evangelists had moved toward the political center in United States. It is proved that one of
the Evangelists named ―Billy Graham‖ became the unofficial chaplain of the White House. Jimmy Carter, the ―Born-Again‖ Christians elected to be the
president in 1976. It proves that the year of 1970s – early 1980s is the year of
mainstream denominations of Evangelical. Meanwhile, according to Levine 1989: 508, the growth of Evangelists
was not solely accepted by all the American society. The American people who mostly enamored with science and technology disagreed with the fundamentalists
who saw Bible as the ultimate source of truth. Many Americans viewed fundamentalism as an anti-intellectual reaction to modernism and as a religious
backwater. In Carrie, fanatics portray as a group of people who shunned by the
society. The American concerned that the fanatics as a people who rejected the
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