communicators who know and use the code, a channel, a setting, a message form, a topic, and an event created by transmission of the
message ‖ The intrinsic relationship of language and culture is widely
recognized, and the ways in which system the patterning of communicative behavior and that of other cultural system interrelate are
interest both to the description of general theories of communication and to description and analysis of communication within specific speech
communities. Hymes‘s ―SPEAKING― formula is a very necessary
remainder that talking is a complex activity, and that any part of talk is a piece of skilled.
2.4 Ethnography of Communication SPEAKING
Hymes creates a framework which is intended to be used to look at any naturally occurring speech to discover the rules for speaking modes
of speaking, topics message forms within particular settings and activities. Hymes 1972a, b:55-57. Hymes uses the word SPEAKING as
an acronym for the various factors that he deems to be relevant. The key elements of Hymes‘ speaking grids are stated as follows:
1. The setting and scene S of speech are important. Setting physical
circumstances refers to the time and place, e.g. the concrete physical circumstances in which speech takes place. Scene subjective
definition of an occasion refers to the abstract psychological setting, or the cultural definition of the occasion. It may refer to the
psychological setting, or the cultural definition of the social situation. The important aspects of setting are the time and place in which people
interact and their influence on the kind of communication that may occur - or whether communication is permitted at all. In
institutionalized settings, such as a church, home, café, office, classroom, the effect on language use is clear enough. But in many
everyday social situations, and especially in foreign cultures, the relationship between setting and language can be very difficult to
discover. In different times and places the quality and quantity of the language we use will be subject to social evaluation and sanction. The
extent to which people recognize submit to, or defy these sanctions is an important factoring any study of contextual identity.
2. The participants P refer to the actors in the scene and their role
relationship, including personal characteristics, such as: age, sex, social status, and relationship. The participants include various
combinations of speaker-hearer, addresser-addressee, or sender- receiver. It generally fills certain socially specified roles. It generally
fills certain socially specified roles. A two person conversation involves a speakers and listener whose roles change. For instance a
political speech involves an addressor and addressee audience, a telephone speech involves sender and receiver and etc.
3. Ends E purposegoaloutcomes refer to the conventionally
recognized and expected outcomes of an exchange as well as to the
personal goals. That participant seeks to accomplish on particular occasion. A trial in courtroom has a recognizable social end in view,
but the various participant, i.e., the judge, jury, prosecution, defend, accused and witnesses, have different goals. Likewise, a marriage
ceremony serves a certain social end, but each of the various participants may have his or her own unique goals in getting married
or seeing a particular couple married. 4.
Act sequence A message form and content refers to the actual form and content of what is said: the precise word used, how they are used,
and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at hand. 5.
Key K refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular message in conveyed: light-hearted, serious, mocking, sarcastic, etc.
The key may also be marked nonverbally by certain kinds of behavior, gestures, postures, or even department.
6. Instrumentalities I refer to the choice of particular channel, e.g. oral,
written, or telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech drawn from community repertoire, such as: the language, dialect, code, or register
that is chosen. Formal, written. Legal language is one of instrumentality.
7. Norms of interaction and interpretation N refer to the specific
behavior and proprieties that attach to speaking and also to how this may be viewed by someone who doesn‘t share them, e.g. loudness,
silence, gaze return, etc.
8. Genre G textual categories refers to the clearly demarcated types of
utterance, such as: poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures, and editorials, the cultural category of thought e.g. in such,
complements, apologies.
2.5 A Presidential Debate
