Psychoanalysis Theory Review of Related Theories

b. Preconscious. The contents of the unconscious comes from two sources, the first is the conscious perception Feist, 2009: 28. Consciously perceived people in a short time will soon enter into the subconscious while the focus of attention turned to other thoughts and that is why person who is out of mind will not feel anxious. The second source of subliminal images is unconscious. Freud believes that the mind can slip from strict censorship and into the subconscious in the form of hidden. We are not aware of the picture, and makes us more anxious Feist, 2009: 29 c. Conscious. Consciousness does not play a role in the theory of psychoanalysis. Defined as element of mental that every moment is exists in consciousness. This is the only level that can direct mental life we achieve. The door to realize the nature of perceptual consciousness, which is open to the outside world and act as a liaison with our perception of external stimuli Freud, 1933:29. Freuds structural model is divided into three parts and the division of the mind into three parts like this area not meant to replace the topographic capital Id, ego, and superego, but this search explains the mental picture based on function and purpose. Three areas according to Freud are id that means the core of personality is entirely unconscious area and it has no contact with the real world, but always seek to defuse tension by way of satisfying the basic desires because the only function is to obtain satisfaction id so we refer to it as the pleasure principle. Ego is the only region that is thought to have contact with reality and ego is controlled by the principle of the fact that is trying to replace the pleasure principle belongs to id, it also has the executive role of personality Freud, 1993: 30. In Freudian psychology, the superego represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is controlled by the principles of moralistic and different idealistic with the pleasure principle and it is different from the ego, superego is in one important respect, it does not have contact with the outside world so that the demands of the superego would not be a realistic perfection Freud, 1993: 31. According to Freud, there is some encouragement that can be classified into two categories, namely sex and aggression that comes from the id and the ego under control. Freud gives the term libido to sex, while for aggression, Freud does not give a name. Each impulse has insistence Impetus, source, destination, and objects that comes from the body under stress and stimulation, aim to obtain satisfaction, and encouragement objects are objects that are used to obtain the goal Freud, 1957. Freud also mentions there are some self-defense mechanism but this thesis only focuses on displacement that is the way person transference what he or she wants to other object, projection that is when a person has an anxiety about something will happen in the future, repression that is the act of controlling strong emotion so that it cannot be expressed, and screen memory that is the way person has a control to segregate which is the memory that can be remembered or have to be forgotten. Freud also mentions about the development that starts from childhood. There are seven periods of development. i. Infantile Infantile stage becomes the most critical stage in the developmental period because at this stage the baby has experienced sexual life and pre-genital sexual development. ii. Oral Stage Birth to 18 months. During the oral stage, the child focuses on oral pleasures sucking. Too much or too little gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is evidenced by a preoccupation with oral activities. This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, overeat, or bite his or her nails. Personality wise, these individuals may become overly dependent upon others, gullible, and perpetual followers. On the other hand, they may also fight these urges and develop pessimism and aggression toward others. iii. Anal Stage 18 months to three years. The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on eli minating and retaining feces. Through society’s pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal stimulation. In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control anal retentive. On the opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and disorganized anal expulsive. iv. Phallic Stage ages three to six. The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud believed that during this stage, boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. Because of this, he becomes rivals with his father and sees him as a competitor for the mother’s affection. During this time, boys also develop a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known as Oedipus complex after the Greek Mythology figure that accidentally killed his father and married his mother. According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the strong competition of his father, boys eventually decide to identify with him rather than fight him. By identifying his father, the boy develops masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male, and represses his sexual feelings toward his mother. A fixation at this stage could result in sexual deviancies both overindulging and avoidance and weak or confused sexual identity according to psychoanalysts. v. Latency Stage age six to puberty. It is during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers. vi. Genital Stage puberty on. The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. In the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers with the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals. vii. Maturity. In this period, a person reaches physical maturity. Although Freud never enhances the concept of psychological maturity, we can describe the mature individual psychoanalysis as individuals who have a balanced structure in which the ego to control the id and the superego.

3. Theory of mental disorder

Davison in Abnormal Psychology says that over-controlled will impede children’s mental development Davison, 1986: 372. As the result, children will find many problems usually extending throughout their lives or called as specific development disorders Davison, 1986: 372. Gary Chapman in Psychology and the principles, substance related disorder, it is a problem caused by dependence on alcohol and tobacco. Second, mood disorder, it is a problem associated with sever disturbance of mood such as depression, mania, or alternation episodes of both. Third, somatoform disorder, it is a kind of problem, which related to unusual preoccupation with physical health or from physical health or form of physical symptom with no physical cause. Fourth, dissociative disorder, it is a kind of disorder in which the normal integration of consciousness, memory or identity, is suddenly and temporarily altered such as amnesia, dissociative identity disorders. Fifth, sleeping disorder, this is a serious disturbance of sleeping such as insomnia, hypersomnia. Sixth, eating disorder and nearly similar with sleeping disorder. IT is a serious problem related to food such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa. Seventh, personality disorder, it is kind of problem related with lifelong behavior patterns such as self-centeredness, over dependency, and also antisocial behavior.

4. Theory of Suicide

Suicide means the act of intentionally destroying oneself or a violent self-inflicted destructive action resulting death Smith 1983: 129. In the modern observation that is done by Baumiester, he says that suicide is the result or effort by individuals to escape from the fault Baron 1995: 558. According to Freud, suicide is a form of built up aggression or tension that causes inward animosity or in the other word; it represents a psychological conflict, which cannot be worked out due to the great force of melancholy and depression Freud, 1927: 21. Wilson states that most people commit suicide because they see it as the only solution to an unbearable situation; they experience intense psychological pain that completely frustrated in their attempts to meet their psychological needs, and have fallen into a state of hopelessness form which they see no other means of escape Wilson, 1996: 206. James C. Coleman, Professor of University of California at Los Angles in Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life states that there are four causes of suicide and Coleman calls it as stress factors in suicide. Stress factors in suicide according to Colman are interpersonal crises which mean interpersonal conflict and disruption that often found within the marital conflict, separation, divorce or the loss of love through death may result in severe stress and suicidal behavior, failure and self-devaluation, inner conflict, and lose the meaning and hope. The second stress factor according to Colman is failure and self-devaluation which means the feeling of having failed in some enterprises which often involving occupational aspirations and