h. Thoughts The author gives us direct knowledge of what is the person thinking
about and it reflects his personality. i.
Mannerism The character’s mannerism and habits in his life can describe the
character’s personality.
2. Theory of Messages
As we know that after read a novel, we can get messages from the story. So, messages are important elements in story. Then Sinclair
also said that: Messages is something important in the story, message can evaluate
us for better life. Message is defined as an idea that someone tries to communicate to people. It is also the meaning, thought or idea that is
intended to express Sinclair, 1956: 490.
In the quotation above, messages can make us understand about the
meaning of life and make us a better person who can solve problems wisely.
According to Henry Hudson in his book An Introduction to the Study of Literature
, message is good when made by literary work itself. The good message is not about follow the rule or pattern about norm in society.
But, a good message makes new pattern based on human values 1958:23. A good message gives different perspective and understanding to people
based on human value.
It is also in line with B arry’s argument when he said the purpose of
literature is essentially the enhancement of life and the propagation of human values; but not in a programmatic way: if literature and criticism
become overtly and directly political they necessarily tend towards propaganda Barry, 2002
3. Theory of Conflicts
We often find conflicts in our daily life. Sometimes, conflicts are confusing; humans sometimes in a dilemma to solve conflicts in their daily
problems. But, the solution depends on the humans’ ways to solve the
conflicts in that situation. Meanwhile, in literary works, conflict is the central issue that makes
the story goes. For example, in short stories there is only one conflict, while novels consist of many conflicts. In literature, the portrayal of
conflict does not only show the struggle of protagonist against someone or something, but also shows some motivations and aim that wants to be
achieved Holman and Harmon, 1986: 108. Literary conflict includes internal conflict which also called man
versus self-conflict and external conflict which includes man versus man, man versus nature, man versus society and man versus fate. The way
conflict is depicted and how the conflicts are resolved are all determined by the type of story being told wwph1079fm.com, 2014
Then, the writer reviews the types of conflicts in literary work. Firstly, the writer discusses about internal conflict. Internal conflict exists
inside the character; it sometimes called as ‘man versus self’. This form of
conflict is central to the character, or characters. Commonly, every good character suffers from the weight of internal conflict, but internal conflict
is the least complicated form of conflict. The external conflict is different with internal conflicts. External
conflict deals with the problem faced by the character in daily life. External conflict is more complex than internal conflict. It is because
external conflict happens when the character involves and interacts in world complex situation. The problems of external conflicts are such as
the conflicts with family, community, nature, government, and other characters. In literary work, external conflict can be categorized as: man
versus man, man versus nature, man versus society and man versus fate. a.
Man vs. man is the type of external conflicts when a character struggles against another character. The way the characters solve
the conflicts occurs from moral, religious or social differences. Man vs. man external conflict is sometimes equalized with the
character of a hero fights in a war with villain character. b.
Man vs. nature conflicts happen when characters fight against dangerous phenomenon of nature. For example, the character
survives from storm which happened during winter. That is the example of man vs. nature.
