i. Mannerism
The last method to give the readers clue is through the character’s manner and habit. The habit or manner can show the real personality of the character.
4. Theory of Personality
According to Hall and Gardner 1970, the three systems of personality, namely the id, the super-ego, and ego, have their own mechanism, function, and
component but they interact one another and contribute to form behavior. In other words, behavior is the result of the interaction between the three major
systems p.32. Byrne and Kelley 1981 state that id tells what people want to do, super-ego shows what they should do, while ego decides what they can do
p.49. The further explanation of each major follows:
a. Id
Weiner 1980 says id is the original system of the personality, unconscious, and related to biological needs pp.14-15. Hall and Gardner 1981 add the aims
of id are to avoid pain and obtain pleasure p.50. Id consists of psychological energy and becomes the center of it, because it quickly response the body needs
p.32. Id follows the rule of pleasure principle, which means when someone’s tension raised, id
functions
to discharge the tension and make he comfortable. Id has two processes, the first one is reflect action, it is inborn and automatic
reactions to reduce the tension immediately. The second process is primary process, which discharges tension by forming an image to reduce tension and
influence the thinking process so that, it is hard to
distinguish
between reality and fantasy p.33.
b. Ego
According to Hall and Gardner 1971 ego occurs because human need something real to fulfill their needs and closely related to the objective world
p.33. Ego is a part of id, the existence cannot be separated from id and it cannot stand alone. It takes part as the executive of all personality sytems because it
chooses the action, decides the environment features to which it will response, what needs that will be satisfied, and in what manner p.34.
Ego follows the rule of reality principle which means it prevents the discharge of the tension, until the appropriate object to fulfill the needs
discovered. It delays the pleasure principle
temporally
, because the pleasure principle is fulfilled when the needed object is found so that, the tension can be
reduced. Ego uses secondary thinking process by creating a plan for satisfaction based on logic and time orientation. Then, test it whether it will work or not by
some actions p.34. Byrne and Kelley 1981 state that ego holds the important key to control the id and super-ego p.50.
c. Super-ego
Hall and Gardner 1970 mention that super-ego is the moral control of personality. The main concern is to decide whether something is right or wrong
so it can act based on the moral standards create by the society p.34. Super-ego has two subsystems, the first one is conscience, means it punish someone who
did something wrong by making him or her feel guilty. The second subsystem is
ego ideal, which is the opposite of conscious; it rewards someone who did something right by making him or her proud. Super-ego has three main functions
p.35: 1
To prevent the impulse of id, especially sexual and an
aggressive
nature because they are condemn by the society.
2 Persuade ego to change moralistic goals into realistic goals.
3 Strives for perfection
5. Theory of Motivation
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