Benefit of the Study Object of the Study
6 feelings Hjelle and Ziegler,
1992 : 86. According to Freud in Pervin, 1984: 21 Psychoanalytic reflects to the changing value in the society and
it plays a role in the changing of values. According to Freud in Pervin,1984:71 concepts of the unconscious, the preconscious and the
conscious is the structure used by psychoanalytic theory .
b. System of Personality
In 1923 Freud developed a more formal structure model for psychoanalytic, defined by the concepts of
id
,
ego
, and
super ego
, which refers to different aspect of people’s functioning Pervin,1984:78.
a
Id
The energy for a person’s functioning originally resides in the life and death, or sexual, and aggressive instincts, we are part of the
id
. The
id
is the only component of personality that is present from birth. Aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and
primitive behaviors. The
id
is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality.
b
Superego
The
superego
represents the moral branch of our functioning, containing the ideals we strive for and the punishments guilt we expect
when we have violated our ethical code. This structure functions to control behavior in accordance with the rules of society, offering
rewards pride, self-
love for “good” behavior and punishments guilt, feelings, of inferiority, accidents for “bad” behavior. The
superego
may function on a very primitive level, being relatively incapable of reality testing. That is, of
modifying its action depending on circumstances. c
Ego
According to Freud in Hjelle and Ziegler 1992:89 the decision of the psychic apparatus that seeks to express and gratify the desires of the
Id
in accordance with the constraints imposed by the outside world. According to Freud Pervin,1984:77 the
id
seeks pleasure and the superego perfection, the ego seeks reality. The function of the ego is to
7 express and satisfy the desires of the
id
in accordance with reality and the
demand of the
superego
. The
ego
is able to separate wish from fantasy , can tolerate tension, compromise, and change over time.
c. Notion of Ambition
Ambition is a strong desire to achieve something in life. A person without any ambition is like a boat without rudder. Having an ambition
needs continues efforts towards achieving it. One cannot achieve anything if one just day dreams and does nothing. A strong will-power and
determination will carry a person forward against all obstacles d.
Structural Element of the novel a
Character and Characterization Character is presumably an imagined person who inhibits a story
although that simple definition may admit to a few exception. In the main character of a story, human personalities that become familiar to
us.character act in a reasonably consistent manner, and that the author has provided them with motivation: sufficient reason to behave as they do in
Kennedy,1983:45. b
Setting Setting as the general locale and the historical time in which the
action occurs in a narrative or dramatic work, while the setting of an episode or scene within a work is the particular physical location in which
it take place, according Abram in Koesnosoebroto, 1988:80. c
Plot Plot is more than a series of events: This happened and then that
happened, and then something else happened. In storytellers terms, plot is a series of events related causally: This happened because that other thing
happened. Things were going along fine exposition till something happened to disturb the equilibrium conflict, culminating in a dramatic
confrontation climax, and resolving things back to some new equilibrium falling action.
8 d
Point of view Point of view is the perspective from which a story is told, the
narrators position in relation to the story. Point of view may be first person, third person, or less commonly, second person. In addition, third
person perspectives may be third person limited or third person omniscient.
e Style
Style is a most significant aspect of fiction technique, although it is limited strictly to elements of the language used by the author. Some
writers are more distinctive than others more individual or more identifiable
without necessarily being better writers. Some writers, good and bad, show a style as distinctive as a fingerprint.
f Theme
Theme is what a story is about, but is not enough. A story may be about a family happiness, about an abstraction, about love, death, and all
of these say only a little about theme. In literary fiction, a theme is seldom so obvious. That is a theme need not be moral or a message. It happenings
add up what the story is about. Theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. Cleary, such a theme is something other than the
characters and events of its story.