A Brief Description Of Code Switching And Code Mixing In Novel “Divortiare” By Ika Natassa

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN NOVEL “DIVORTIARE” BY IKA NATASSA

BY :

ZULFIKAR HANAFI REG NO. 060705009

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

MEDAN 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer want to thank to the One and Only, his Almighty God, Allah SWT for everything God give him, health, strength and ability to finish this thesis. For every bless and for every answered prayer.

Secondly, the writer want to say thank you very much to the Head of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. Hum., who also his academic advisor, and the secretary of English Department, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum., who have given the writer an opportunity and support to finish this thesis. The writer also very thankful to my great supervisor, Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H,M.A and his co- supervisor, Drs. Muhammad Syafi’ie Siregar, M.A who have given their time to teach and guide the writer so that he can finish this thesis. All your advice and motivations you have given to him are so precious and useful for his improvement. The writer’s thank to Bang Syamsul Khairsyam as the administrator staff of English Department for all of his help and contribution in finishing the administration matters.

Especially, the writer would like to give his special thanks to his beloved parents, his father, Anwir Bey, and his mother Happy Muchtar. Pa, Ma, thank you so much for your unconditional love, support, motivation, pray, either moral or material.

The writer also would like to thanks to his friends, 06 batch, especially for Mustakim, Tesen Siregar, and Disty, thank you so much for your help in completing this thesis and for all who has help the writer in finishing this thesis that the writer can not mention one by one.

Special thanks and appreciation to Riri Anisanti,S.kom who always ready to help the writer in finishing his thesis. Thank you for motivation and laugh that we share, for the great moments, and unforgettable memories during this 7 years.

Finally, the writer realizes there are still many weaknesses in this thesis. However he hopes this thesis can give some contributions to the others. The writer waiting for critics that help him to be better in the future.

Medan, July 2010 The Writer

Zulfikar Hanafi Reg.No 060705009

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Zulfikar Hanafi Reg.No : 060705009

Title : A Brief Description of Code Switching and Code Mixing in Novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa.

Qualification : S – 1 / Sarjana Sastra Department : English Literature

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion on the library of English Department Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Medan, July 20, 2010 As signed hereby,

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY OF

SARJANA’S THESIS

The undersigned,

Name : Zulfikar Hanafi Reg. Number : 060705009 Study Program : English Literature Faculty : Faculty of Letters

I declare that this thesis is original research undertaken for the English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara. All theories and findings which are not my own have been acknowledged in the text. Result and analysis in the thesis is my own original works and have not been submitted for any degree in this university or any other universities.

If later, it can be revealed that this sarjana’s thesis contains plagiarism of other’s intellectual work of any kind, I would readily accept the sanctions established by the university on this matter.

Medan, July 20, 2010 As signed hereby,

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul A Brief Description of Code Switching and Code Mixing in Novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa ini, berisi kajian sosiolinguistik yang menyangkut peristiwa alih kode (code switching) dan peristiwa campur kode (code mixing) yang mengaplikasikan dua pemilihan bahasa (language choice) dalam novel tersebut. Penulis mengkaji lima tipe alih kode dan tiga peristiwa campur kode berdasarkan teori Blomfield dan John.J Gumperz. Kemudian Kedelapan tipe ini ditentukan berdasarkan klasifikasinya masing-masing, setelah itu penulis menentukan tipe yang dominan diantara kedelapan tipe tersebut berdasarkan data yang diperoleh. Data yang dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kuantitatif, yakni dengan menggunakan rumus yang dikembangkan oleh Bungin (2005:40-41). Berdasarkan rumus ini ada beberapa langkah yang dilakukan dalam mengolah dan menganalisis data, yakni dengan mengumpulkan semua data berdasarkan sumber data dari bab-bab yang telah dipilih dalam novel, kemudian data tersebut diklasifikasikan menurut tipenya masing-masing, setelah itu mengidentifikasi data atau melakukan pengkategorian data dan memberikan penjelasan singkat dari analisis setiap data. Hasil analisis ditampilkan dalam bentuk angka/persentase dan dalam bentuk tabel serta grafik. Analisis difokuskan pada tipe peristiwa alih kode dan campur kode dan menemukan aplikasi kedua peristiwa pemilihan bahasa ini berdasarkan bab-bab yang telah dipilih secara acak dalam novel. Berdasarkan dari analisis data, disimpulkan bahwa penulis novel Divortiare, Ika Natassa menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dalam novelnya,ada 5 tipe peralihan bahasa dan 3 tipe pencampuran bahasa yang terdapat dalam novel ini,jenis peristiwa alih kode (code switching) yang paling dominan adalah proses inter sentential code switching dengan 30 kasus atau 40,50%, sedangkan untuk peristiwa campur kode (code mixing), jenis peristiwa campur kode yang paling dominan adalah code mixing dengan total 30 kasus atau 68,18%.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...………. i

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………...………….. iii

ABSTRACT ………... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS………… ……… vi

LIST OF TABLE………. vii

LIST OF GRAPHICS………. viii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Analysis …….…………...……. 1

1.2Scope of Analysis …….………... 8

1.3Problems of Analysis ………..… 8

1.4Objectives of Analysis ……….... 9

1.5Review of Related Literature ………... 9

1.6Significances of the Analysis………... 10

CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Sociolinguistics ……….. 11

2.1.1 The Study of Sociolinguistic..………..… 11

2.1.2 Relationship Between Language and Society.. 14

2.1.3 Speech Community (Masyarakat Bahasa)…... 15

2.1.4 Bilingualism and Multilingualism……… 17

2.1.6 Code………...……….. 20 2.2. Code Switching and Code Mixing.………….. 23

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method ………..……… 33 3.2 Data Collecting Method…….……… 33 3.3 Method of Analysis Data……… 34

CHAPTER IV : FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Analysis of Data……….……… 35 4.2 The Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in novel “Divortiare” by Ika Natassa.……… 77 4.3 The Frequency of Code Switching and Code Mixing of Each Chapter (twelve selected chapters) in Table and Diagram Form……… 78

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ………. 88 5.2 Suggestion ………. 89

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 The Frequency of Code Switching in the Conversations found in twelve selected chapters in novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa………... 78 Table 4.2 The Frequency of Code Mixing in the Conversations found in twelve selected chapters in novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa ………... 79 Table 5.1 Process Type of Code Switching and Code Mixing in novel “Divortiare” ………...……… 88

LIST OF GRAPHICS

Graphic 4.1 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 1 “Insomnus“………..80 Graphic 4.2 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 2 “Noli Me Tangere“………..81 Graphic 4.3 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 5 “Meminerunt Omnia Amantes”………. 81 Graphic 4.4 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 9 “Nunc Scio Quid Sit Amor”………82 Graphic 4.5 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 10 “Verbum Satienti”……….82 Graphic 4.6Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 11“Prima Facie”……….83 Graphic 4.7 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 12 “Ab Imo Pectore”………83 Graphic 4.8 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 14 “Visum et Repertum”………84 Graphic 4.9 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 15 “Amantes Sunt Amantes”………. 84 Graphic 4.10 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 16 “Ad Oculos”………85 Graphic 4.11 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 18 “Cum Tacent, Clamant”………..85 Graphic 4.12 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in Chapter 19 “Amor Animi Arbitrio”………86

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul A Brief Description of Code Switching and Code Mixing in Novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa ini, berisi kajian sosiolinguistik yang menyangkut peristiwa alih kode (code switching) dan peristiwa campur kode (code mixing) yang mengaplikasikan dua pemilihan bahasa (language choice) dalam novel tersebut. Penulis mengkaji lima tipe alih kode dan tiga peristiwa campur kode berdasarkan teori Blomfield dan John.J Gumperz. Kemudian Kedelapan tipe ini ditentukan berdasarkan klasifikasinya masing-masing, setelah itu penulis menentukan tipe yang dominan diantara kedelapan tipe tersebut berdasarkan data yang diperoleh. Data yang dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kuantitatif, yakni dengan menggunakan rumus yang dikembangkan oleh Bungin (2005:40-41). Berdasarkan rumus ini ada beberapa langkah yang dilakukan dalam mengolah dan menganalisis data, yakni dengan mengumpulkan semua data berdasarkan sumber data dari bab-bab yang telah dipilih dalam novel, kemudian data tersebut diklasifikasikan menurut tipenya masing-masing, setelah itu mengidentifikasi data atau melakukan pengkategorian data dan memberikan penjelasan singkat dari analisis setiap data. Hasil analisis ditampilkan dalam bentuk angka/persentase dan dalam bentuk tabel serta grafik. Analisis difokuskan pada tipe peristiwa alih kode dan campur kode dan menemukan aplikasi kedua peristiwa pemilihan bahasa ini berdasarkan bab-bab yang telah dipilih secara acak dalam novel. Berdasarkan dari analisis data, disimpulkan bahwa penulis novel Divortiare, Ika Natassa menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dalam novelnya,ada 5 tipe peralihan bahasa dan 3 tipe pencampuran bahasa yang terdapat dalam novel ini,jenis peristiwa alih kode (code switching) yang paling dominan adalah proses inter sentential code switching dengan 30 kasus atau 40,50%, sedangkan untuk peristiwa campur kode (code mixing), jenis peristiwa campur kode yang paling dominan adalah code mixing dengan total 30 kasus atau 68,18%.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Analysis

In our daily life, language has a big role. Every human kind, society, or nation in this world has their own languages. In the other words we may say that no human kind and no society live without language, because we know that language is a part of human being. In simple definition language as a means of communication, some people also agree that language is a medium to conveys or share our ideas, thoughts, intentions, etc. Noam Chomsky's opinion on the human's language is as quoted below: “when we study language, we are approaching what some might call the ' human essence ', the distinctive qualities of mind so far as we know, unique to man". (Noam Avram Chomsky, 1968, in Jendra,2010:1)

Based on Pringgodigdo and Hasan Shadily Dictionary, 1997: (633-634), linguistics is the language analysis scientifically, and its purpose is to analyze a language descriptively. Ronal W. Langacker (1973: 5) and John Lyons (1975: 1) states : linguistics is the study of human language. So it can be concluded that language is the object of linguistics.

What is sociolinguistics? Harimurti Kridalaksana (1974) states: "Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which tries to describe characteristics of language variations and determine its characteristics toward social phenomenon."

According to C. Criper and H.G Widdowson (in J.P.B. Allen and S. Pit Corder Ed, 1975 : 156) says: " Sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation, its purpose is to investigate how the conventions of language use related to other aspects of social behaviors".

While G.E Booj,J.G Kerstens, H.J Verkuyl (1975 : 139) say : " sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies about social factors in language use and its correlation in interactions".

Then Renne Appel, Gerrad Hubers and Greus Meyer (1976 : 10) define sociolinguistics as a science which focuses on a language and language use in social and cultural aspect. So based on the three definitions above we can conclude that sociolinguistics discusses about language use and its relationship to the society viewed from social and cultural aspects.

And Nancy Parrot Hickerson (1980: 81) argues that “Sociolinguistics is a developing sub field of linguistics which takes speech variation as its focus, viewing variation or its social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variations (social factors in this case are age, religion, sex/gender and occupation) ".

From the explanation above, there are some points that can we get about sociolinguistics itself (Joshua A.Fishman ,1957 :4) :

Sociolinguistics can be defined as:

 a branch of linguistics

 study about language and language use

 social and cultural context study Or sociolinguistics discusses about:

 Who speaks ( who writes )

 What language ( or what language varieties )

 To whom

 When

 To what end,

Sociolinguistics analyzes the language and language use and its relationship toward social and cultural aspects. That is why we have to understand

the role of a language in social interaction. It is clear now that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language and the relationship with society as the object of study. It is distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology and phonology handle it. It is a field that analyzes language as a part of social property. The study explores the functions and the varieties of language, the contacts between different languages, attitudes of people toward the language use and language users, or language changes.

The term of “Sociolinguistics”, actually consist of two disciplines of knowledge; Sociology and Linguistics as the writer described at the beginning of this thesis about what linguistics is. Now we talk about sociology or society. Are there any differences between sociology and society and what are the correlations of them toward the languages among people in a society?

Pitirim Sorokin (in Soejono Soekanto - free translation from Pitirim Sorokin, Contemporary Sociologycal Theories, New York: Harper and Row, 1982: 760-761) gives the definition of sociology as follow:

a. Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara aneka macam gejala sosial ( misalnya gejala ekonomi dengan gejala agama,keluarga dengan moral, hukum dengan ekonomi, gerak masyarakat dan politik dan lain sebagainya ).

b. Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara gejala sosial dengan gejala non-sosial ( gejala biografis, gejala biologis dll ).

c. Ciri-ciri umum semua gejala sosial.

According to J.L Gillin and J.P Gillin (in Kuntjaraningrat, 2000: 146), society means “the largest grouping in which common in custom, traditions, attitudes and feeling of unity are operative". While Kuntjaraningrat (2000: 146) clarifies society:

" Masyarakat adalah kesatuan hidup manusia yang berinteraksi menurut suatu sistem adat istiadat tertentu yang bersifat berkelanjutan ( continue ) dan yang terikat oleh suatu rasa identitas yang sama ".

From some definitions above we can conclude that sociology is a scientific study which talks about human being as the member of society and their relationship with the others in society. A society consist of a group of people who come from the same identity, with particular customs and interact continually

Language and society are close and correlates each other. A language exists because of social interactions. Language and society are not static, but dynamic. The dynamism of language caused of that society is also dynamic. That is why this situation will make some changes especially in language choice, vocabularies or in the other aspects of language. Even nowadays we can find so many facts that show us especially among people in Indonesia, that there is a tendency that many people use more than one language when they have conversations with others, or sometimes they change a language or mix a language into other language when they speak. Just take for example in television program, such as music program (MTV), we can also find these cases in literary works such as in Indonesian novels, newspapers or magazines.

In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes (language) has to be made. In the situation the bilinguals may want to consider for example, who speaks to them, in which language or variety, and when or where the conversation takes place, Joshua Fishman, 1965.

In 1964, Dell Hathway Hymes, one of the most noted world sociolinguists, suggested 8 factors that bilingual, multilingual, monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely speaking, which stand for Setting and Scene, Participants, ends, Act Sequence,

Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of Interactions, and Genre. (Dell Hymes 1964 in Pier Paolo Giglioli, ( ed ) 1972) .

In this case, Divortiare is a novel which includes the dialogues containing English. The characters in this novel often mix bahasa Indonesia with English or even switch from bahasa Indonesia into English, Sometimes they also use ethnic language such as Javanese or Bataknese. Wardhaugh (1986: 100) suggests that people are usually forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes. This kind of situation may be called code switching and code mixing.

Code-switching is a situation where the speakers deliberately change a code being used, by switching from one to another. Among several definitions of Code-Switching, the following definitions should give clarity needed to understand the concept.

“Code-Switching has become a common term for alternate use of two or more languages, or varieties of language, or even speech styles ".(Dell hymes, 1875). While Gal (in Wardough 1986 : 103) defines Code-Switching as a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries ; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations. Then Abdul chaer and Leonie Agustina (1995: 140) in their book " Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal " states : Code-Switching adalah peristiwa pergantian atau berubahnya dari ragam santai menjadi ragam resmi, atau juga ragam resmi ke ragam santai, inilah yang disebut peristiwa alih kode dalam sosiolinguistik.

It means that in code-switching, we will find case that someone who have a conversation with other, with a case (problem) move to other code with other case (topic discussion), even sometimes he/she usually use formal and informal language in that conversation.

In another manner, Gardner-Chloros (in Coupland and Jaworski, 1997: 361) states that “code switching can be defined as the use of two or more

languages in the same conversation or utterances". In daily conversation, spoken or written language, formal or informal situation, realized or not, people usually use code switching and code mixing. For example the conversations below:

An Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English, e.g : jangan lupa ya, it's really hot and absolutely gorgeous. Kamu pasti puas.

A Spanish bilingual switches from Spanish into English, e.g : No se, porque I never used it. ( Francois Grosjean, 1982).

Code-Switching as above can be classified into two different classifications. They are grammatical and contextual classification. The grammatical classification is based on where the code switching appears in the sentence or utterance, while the contextual classification is based on the reasons why a bilingual switches.( Bloomfield and John J.Gumperz 1971, ( in Jendra,2010:75 ).

The grammatical classification is divided into three types of code switching: tag-Code-Switching, Inter-Sentential Code-Switching, and Intra-Sentential Code-Switching.

Unlike the grammatical classification, which is based on the position of the different codes found in utterances, the contextual classification is based on the reasons why people switch. The classification is divided into two types of code-switching, namely the situational and metaphorical code- switching.

While the concept of Code- Mixing is used to refer to a more general form of language contact that may include cases of code-switching and other forms of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. This definition is found in the following excerpt:

"I am using the term Code-mixing to refer to all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence ". (Pieter Muysken, 2000).

Code Mixing is the mixing of pieces of a word or phrase from a language into the other language in a bilingualism and multilingualism. The bilingual or multilingual usually mix their language because of the social factors. Anyway, we sometimes do not aware when we mix our language with pieces of words or phrase from other language.

R. A Hudson (1996: 53) in his book" Sociolinguistics” says that: “in code- switching the point at which languages change corresponds to a point where the situation changes, either on it own or precisely because the language changes. There are other cases, however, where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the situation. This kind of alternation is called Code-Mixing. The purpose of Code-Mixing seems to symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right ".

It means that in code-mixing we will find the case that a bilinguals or multilingual usually inserts phrases or words from other language when he/she has a conversation, they mix a language with the other language.

The sentences below are the samples of Code Mixing cases of bilinguals single utterances in which a form of Code Mixing involving Indonesian, English, Spanish, Japanese.

 A Spanish bilingual mixes Spanish with English,e.g :

No van a bring it up in the meeting. ( Pfaff 1979 ( in Ronal wardough,1984 )

 A Japanese bilingual mixes Japanese with English,e.g :

Watashi was waseda graduate shimashita. (in Azuma, 1993) in Pieter Muysken, 2000).

Based on the explanation above, the writer is interested in finding the cases (mixing and switching code) and analyzes them. So the writer chooses a novel, written by Ika Natassa, untitled “Divortiare” as the source of data for his proposal.

This study investigates the code mixing and code switching cases which occur or happen in the dialogues or conversations in this novel, and analyzes them. Then writer will try to find out what are the causal factors which caused the code switching and code mixing are happens.

1.2. Scope of Analysis

In doing this analysis, the writer focuses his analysis which deals with the code switching and code mixing cases in novel “ Divortiare “, and find out the dominant process which related to code switching and code mixing. Besides, the analysis only focuses on twelve selected chapters of the novel.

The writer also wants to find out and describe the sub-system (specification) of sociolinguistics such as bilingualism, multilingualism, or slang.

1.3. Problem of Analysis

In writing this proposal, the writer will analyze some cases or some processes related to the object of analysis, they are code switching and code mixing processes especially in the novel “ Divortiare “ by Ika Natassa. There are some questions to be raised as the problem of this analysis, they are:

1.What type of code switching and code mixing were found in novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa?

2.What is the frequency of code-switching and code-mixing in novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa?

1.4. Objectives of Analysis

By doing this proposal analysis, the writer wants to achieve some objectives that can be answered the problems of analysis. The objectives as follow:

1.To find out what type of code switching and code mixing found in the novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa?

2.To find out what is the frequency of code-switching and code-mixing in the novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa?

1.5 Review of Related Literature

In designing this thesis, the writer refers to some information available in some books to support the idea and the analysis, they are:

Pateda in his book "Sosiolinguistics", 1987 which discuss about all aspects in sociolinguistics (including language use, language variety, language change, language plan).

Siregar, in his book untitled " Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behavior ",1996, USU, which talk about Bahasa Indonesia-English Language Mixing which help the writer to find the data about Bilingualism or Multilingualism.

Jendra in his book “Sociolinguistics”: The Study of Societies' Languages, 2010. Which concentrate on analyzing about language, linguistics, and sociolinguistics and the components in it.

Wardough, Introduction to Sociolinguistics. This book provides information and knowledge about Sociolinguistics and Sociology of language, and the discussion of the relationship between language and society or the various functions of language in society.

1.6 Significances of the Analysis

The writer hopes that this thesis could enrich the study of sociolinguistics that can be used for further reference, especially dealing with the Code Switching and Code Mixing in Sociolinguistics. Besides that, the writer also expects that he could achieve some significance for the readers:

a. Through this thesis, the writer hope that this analysis can be advantageous and useful for the readers, especially to the students of English Department or who are interested in sociolinguistics.

b.Through this thesis the writer could share the information and facts to the readers especially about linguistics itself or what are the components of this study, or what are the correlations between language and society.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Sociolinguistics

2.1.1 The Study of Sociolinguistics

When people interact with others in society, anytime, anywhere they must be use a language. Without a language, people will find some troubles when they do their activities and toward the others. No people or no society without a language. The role of a language among the people in this life is very crucial.

A language is not only as a means of communication, but language also plays another role among the people in this life. Therefore, there are so many human behaviors deals with language. How the people speaks, or writes (active communication activity) or may be how the people listens and reads (passive communication activity), those cases are the study of sociology of language, (J.A Fishman in Pier Paolo Giglioli, 1980:45).

Sociology of language is emphasizes its notice toward both of activities above, even active and passive communication activity and also studies about the language social organization which reflected in human’s behavior in communicate to others and language attitudes. From the explanation above we found the term of sociology of language. Since 1960 there was a new popular term to replace the term of sociology of language which called sociolinguistics.

The term of sociolinguistics for the first time was used by H.Curee in an article untitled A Various Language. However, J.A Fishman differentiates these two terms, sociology of language and sociolinguistics. According to Fishman, the term of sociolinguistics is more qualitative, while sociology of language is more quantitative. Sociolinguistics is qualitative deals with the using of a language

among individuals in social context, while sociology of language deals with the language varieties as the impact of social stratification in society.

Some investigators have found it appropriate to introduce a distinction between sociolinguistics and sociology of language. In this distinction, sociolinguistics will be concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language will be to discover how social structure can be understood through the study of language. Hudson (1980:4-5) has described the differences as follows: sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society”, whereas sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language”. From that explanation we can say that in sociolinguistics, we study society in order to find out as much as we can understand about what kind of thing language is, while in sociology of language we reverse direction of our interest.

So, what is sociolinguistics? Harimurti Kridalaksana (1978:94) in (Fishman) states: “sociolinguistics as the study which focuses on the characteristics and variety of language and the relationship of linguists with the correlation of its characteristics and variety and also the function of language in society”. Then C.Criper and H.G Widdowson (in J.P.B Allen and S.Pit Corder Ed, 1975:156 says: “Sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation, its purpose is to investigate how the conventions of language use relate to other aspects of social behavior”. While G.E Booij,J.G.Kerstens,H.J Verkuyl (1975:139) argues that :

“Sociolinguistiek is subdiscipline van de taalkunde, die bestudeert welke social factoren een rol spleen in het taalgebruik er welke rol taal spelt in het social verkeer”.( sociolinguistics is the subfield of linguistics which studies of social factors of its role in language use and its role in interaction”.

And Nancy Parrot Hickerson (1980: 81) argues that “Sociolinguistics is a developing sub field of linguistics which takes speech variation as its focus, viewing variation or its social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the

correlation between such social factors and linguistics variations (social factors in this case are age, religion, sex/gender and occupation) ". Then Fishman’s opinion (1975:4) on the sociolinguistics is as quoted below: “Sociolinguistics is the study of characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community”.

Sociolinguistics actually is not discuss about structure of a language, but it focuses on how a language is used, so it (language) could play its function well. So from this statement we can get a description that people also face language conflicts before sociolinguistics appears. So it is clear now that the role of sociolinguistics is to manage a language as its functions in society, or in other words sociolinguistics deals with a language as a means of communication.

In using a language, there are some factors which determine it in communicate with others. Those factors were described by D.Hymes (in Pier Paolo Giglioli, 1980:22-23), they are:

1. Speakers ( senders, addressors, spokesman) 2. Listener (receivers, addressers, interpreters) 3. Instrumentals

4. Settings

5. Message forms

6. Topic of conversations 7. Speech event

Sociolinguistics analyzes the language and language use and its relationship toward social and cultural aspects. That is why we have to understand the role of a language in social interaction. It is clear now that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language and the relationship with society as the object of study.

This study explores the functions and the varieties of language, the contacts between different languages, attitudes of people toward the language use and language users, or language changes.

The term of “Sociolinguistics”, actually consist of two disciplines of knowledges; Sociology and Linguistics as the writer described at the beginning of this thesis about what linguistics is. Now we talk about sociology or society. Are there any differences between sociology and society and what are the correlations of them toward the languages among people in a society?

2.1.2 Relationship between Language and Society

There is a variety of possible relationship between language and society. One is that social structure may influence or determine linguistics structure or human’s behavior. Certain evidence may be adduced to support this view : the age-grading phenomenon, that young children speak differently from older children, and in turn, children speak differently from mature adults. Studies which show that the variety of language that the speakers use reflect such matters as their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their sex, and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, rules for conversing are determined by certain social requirements.

A second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistics structure or behavior may either influence or determine social structure. The third possible relationship is that language and society may influence each others.

We must therefore be prepared to look into various aspects of the possible relationship between language and society. It will be quite obvious from doing so that the correlational studies must from a significant part of sociolinguistics work. Gumperz (1971:223) has observed that sociolinguistics try to find the correlations between social structure and linguistics structure and observe any changes that

occur. Social structure itself may be measured by reference to such as factors like social class and educational background, and behavior and performance may be related to these factors.

2.1.3 Speech Community (Masyarakat Bahasa)

Language is both an individual possession and a social possession. Form this statement we can conclude that a person or a society has their own languages which different with other. In fact, so many cases that show us the variations of language is something we cannot deny. Even, there are so many facts that show us this variety caused some problems or conflicts when someone interacts with others. Why? It is because people have their own style in using a language, or in other words they come from different languages.

On the other side, however, we sometime able to built a good communication with people around us because we came from the same variety of language. So, there are two important points that can we get, first, languages in this world are not same, second, there is a term for the same language (language variety) in a society, and the second point is most popular known as speech community. There are so many definitions deal with speech community, Corder (1973:50) defines speech community: “is a group of people who can understand each other when they speak”. From Corder’s definition about speech community, it is clear for us that the same people who came from the same language and they understand each other in interact using a language called speech community. While Fishman (1972:22) state that speech community;

“Is one, all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and the norms for it appropriate use. A speech community may be, as a small as single closed interaction network, all of whose members regard each other in but a single capacity.”

From definition above we can conclude that speech community is a unit of a society who has at least one language variety, and all of whose members (society) are in the same capacity in using a language. Then Bloomfield’s opinion

on speech community is as quoted “A group of people who use the same system of signals is a speech community”.(Bloomfield, 1933: 29). While Lyons (1970: 326) give a simple definition of a ‘real’ speech community: ‘all the people who use a given language (or dialect)’. So, Lyons emphasizes the speech community toward the dialect of a group of people, because one dialect must be different with other. It is really quite easy to demonstrate that a speech community is not coterminous with a language, for example English language is spoken in many places throughout the world, we must certainly recognize that it is also spoken in a wide variety of ways, such British English which different with American English, or English in Canada, Africa etc. In fact, they has own characteristic in speak in English especially even though they use the same language, that is English, however they are different in ways in speaking.

Different speech communities living in different regions normally speak different languages. However, the same language can be also spoken in different regions. When this situation takes place, the regional varieties of the language then exist. The varieties mainly develop after the people speaking the same language leave their homeland and separate themselves from one another in the new regions. Regional varieties of a language have been referred to as dialects. (Wardough,1976).

Just take for example the language of Malay; it has been growing into several different dialects, including the ones found in the southern provinces of Thailand, in East Timor, as well as among people living in the Cocos Keeling Island in the Indian Ocean. It is reported to be at least understood very well by some people in the Southern Philippines, in Sri lanka, South Africa and some other places. George Quinn (in http:/www.hawaii.edu/indolang/malay.html)

In a speech community, for sure there is a speech acts. Chaer and Agustina defines speech act as terjadinya atau berlangsungnya interaksi linguistic dalam suatu bentuk ujaran atau lebih yang meilbatkan dua pihak, yaitu penutur dan lawan tutur, dengan satu pokok tuturan, di dalam waktu, tempat dan situasi

tertentu. (“a linguistics interaction in one or more speech form, involving two person, speaker and listener, with a particular topic, in a particular time, place and situation).” (1995: 46).

Each individual therefore is a member of many different speech communities. It is in the best interest of most people to be able to identify themselves on one occasion as members of one community. One of the consequences of such intersecting identifications is, of course linguistic variations: people do not speak alike, nor does any individual always speak in the same way on every occasion.

2.1.4 Bilingualism and Multilingualism

Bilingualism can be regarded as the ability to communicate in two languages, but with greater skills in one language. While the people which interrelated in, it called bilingual. In many parts of the world an ability to speak more than one language is not at all remarkable. In fact, a monolingual individual would be regarded as a misfit, lacking an important skill in society. In many parts of the world it is just a normal requirements of daily living that people speak several languages, perhaps one or more at home, another in village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside world of wider social or political organization.

Nababan (1993: 27) differs bilingualism and bilinguality. According to him, bilingualism is a habitual to use two languages to interact with other people. Bilinguality is an ability to use two languages. So, we can conclude that bilingualism is a habitual; bilinguality is ability and bilingual is the person.

Furthermore, Bloomfield (1933:56) defines the bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in using two languages, in case the using of first language as good as the second language”. According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if she/he able to use the first language as well as the second language. However, many

arguments toward Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism. First it is not easy to measure the ability of the speaker in mastering two languages that they use, second, is there any speaker that using the second language as well as first language, and it is rarely to find someone who master in two languages as well.

2.1.5 Diglossia (Diglosia)

A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is one employed in one set of circumstances ((H), i.e. has high prestige) and the other in an entirely different set ((L), i.e. has low prestige). For instance, Javanese language has the form of diglossia since it has the (H), i.e. Krama Inggil and also the (L), i.e. Ngoko. Ferguson (1959:336) has defined diglossia as follows:

Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation. On the other hand, Fishman (1972: 136) defines diglossia as “the phenomenon in which one language is considered higher than another”. Fishman (1967) introduced the notion that diglossia could be extended to situations found in many societies where forms of two genetically unrelated (or at least historically distant ) languages occupy the H and L norms, such that one of the languages (e.g. Latin in medieval Europe) is used for religious, educational, literacy and other such prestigious domains, while another language (in the case of medieval Europe, the vernacular languages of that era) is rarely used for such purposes, being only employed for more informal, primarily spoken domains.

Diglossia is the presence in a language of two standards, a ‘high’ language used for formal occasions and in written texts, and a ‘low’ used to colloquial conversation, e.g. in Swiss German, Arabic, etc. in certain situations, a middle language between the high and the low standard may be appropriate. From the explanation above we can conclude that diglossia is a matter between two dialects of one language. In a particular society, the speakers may use two or more language varieties in a particular situation. Just take for an example in Java, there are two kinds of Javanese that show us diglossia’s cases, kroma inggil and ngoko. In fact, krama inggil only used by the people who come from upper class (orang kerajaan) while ngoko is used by the people in Java who came from common people or the people out of the kingdom (lower class).

As the writer state above that diglossia is used to refer to a situation where a language is formally stratified into upper and lower class (variety). In addition to these varieties, there is also sometimes a middle variety. For the situation where more than two stratified varieties are found the term polyglossia may be applied. (Donal Winford,2003). The Balinese and Javanese vernaculars are two languages with polyglossia. Thus, in Balinese or Javanese the traditional speakers of the languages are socially stratified into social-classes and their language into the speech-leveled varieties. For example in Balinese an English phrase “come home” may correspond to three different words, namely mantuk, budal or mulih. The first word ‘ matuk’ and the second one ‘budal’ are from higher variety and supposed to be used by lay people when addressing those who are socially respected or traditionally honored, whereas ‘mulih’ is variety normally used among common people or between close mates in everyday social encounters. Actually sociolinguistics introduces two types of diglossia, they are the formal and non-formal one. A non-formal diglossia is associated with the non-formally stratified status of the users, as in the case Balinese or Javanese described above, while the non-formal diglossia is associated with the social and economic condition of the users. The formal diglossia is also sometimes referred to as the traditional diglossia and the informal diglossia as the modern diglossia.

Then Holmes (2001:30) states that “diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals”. Holmes also explains that individuals may be bilingual, societies or communities are diglossic. In other words, the term of diglossia is used to describe societal or institutionalized bilingualism. The criteria which identity diglossic communities were initially interpreted very stringently, so that few communities qualified as diglossic. Holmes (2001:27) has described three crucial features of diglossia, they are:

1. Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high or (H) variety and the other as a low (L) variety.

2. Each of variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.

3. No one use the H variety in daily conversation.

2.1.6 Code

According to Marjohan (1988:48), “code is a term which refers to a variety”. Thus a code may be an idiolect, a dialect, a sociolect, a register or a language. A speaker has a linguistics repertoire which consists of various codes. In a monolingual situation, the use of different codes depends on the variability of language. In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes (language) has to be made. In the situation the bilinguals may want to consider for example, who speaks to them, in which language or variety, and when or where the conversation takes place, Joshua Fishman, 1965.

Why do people choose to use one code rather than another, what brings about shifts from one code to another, and why do they occasionally prefer to use a code formed from two other codes by mixing the two? Such questions as these assume that there are indeed few single-code speakers, that is, that people are always faced with code choices when they speak. Very young children may be

exceptions. In general, however, when we open our mouth, we must choose a particular language, dialect, style, register, or variety in built a communication with another.

The skill of choosing the language is classified as a communicative competence and it is basically developed by observing factors found in the social context of language uses.

In 1964, Dell Hathway Hymes, one of the most noted world sociolinguists, suggested 8 factors that bilingual, multilingual, monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely speaking, which stand for Setting and Scene, Participants, ends, Act Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of Interactions, and Genre. (Dell Hymes 1964 in Pier Paolo Giglioli, ( ed ) 1972) .

 Setting and Scene

The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing a code. People may consider a more formal variety of a language when they talking in an office than when talking in a picnic place. Or a teacher will use a formal language when she/he gives some materials for their students than talking in a supermarket.

 Participants

The participants are the people involved in the communication found in setting. A good public speaker for example, wants to know about his/her audience (participants) before performing a speech. He/she may think of considering what kind of jokes he/she should tell or whether he/she speak in more casual way or formal one after considering the audience.

 Ends

The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he/she wishes to persuade the crowd

before him/her in order to get support for the election. Therefore, for the different ends or occasions, people may choose different codes.

 Act Sequence

The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, is it narrative, a conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example, is set carefully with an opening expression, followed with an introduction, a story before entering the main topic.

 Key

The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the voice or manner of a speaker. The spirit or the feeling may be sincere, modest, or low.

 Instrumentalities

The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one.

 Norm of Interaction

The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.

 Genre

The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is on the poem form, proverb form, a prayer form, a lecture etc. the factors described above have been one of the most important foundations in the general study of code

choices. They are popularly known as the components of the ethnography of speaking. In a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. The certain degree these factors in choosing a code might be also helpful to describe factors that influence other forms of language contact phenomenon such as code switching, code mixing, or may be word borrowing.

2.2 Code Switching and Code Mixing

Code-switching is a situation where the speakers deliberately change a code being used, by switching from one to another. Among several definitions of Code-Switching, the following definitions should give clarity needed to understand the concept.

“Code-Switching has become a common term for alternate use of two or more languages, or varieties of language, or even speech styles ".(Dell hymes, 1875). While Gal (in Wardough 1986 : 103) defines Code-Switching as a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries ; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations. Then Abdul chaer and Leonie Agustina (1995: 140) in their book " Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal " states : Code-Switching: “Peristiwa pergantian atau berubahnya dari ragam santai menjadi ragam resmi, atau juga ragam resmi ke ragam santai, inilah yang disebut peristiwa alih kode dalam sosiolinguistik”.

It means that in code-switching, we will find case that someone who have a conversation with other, with a case (problem) move to other code with other case (topic discussion), even sometimes he/she usually use formal and informal language in that conversation.

In another manner, Gardner-Chloros (in Coupland and Jaworski, 1997: 361) states that “code switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterances". In daily conversation, spoken

or written language, formal or informal situation, realized or not, people usually use code switching and code mixing. For example the conversations below, which taken from novel Divortiare:

Wina membenamkan kepalanya di bantal. “damn,Lex, this is frustrating. Sama frustrating-nya dengan tadi malam waktu riza….well, Lex, you never told me that it hurt like hell the first time”.

From the conversation above, we can see that the participants deliberately switch the language being used, from Indonesian into English. The base language actually in Indonesian, however switch into another language. Based on Gardner-Chloros’s statement from the sample above we can see the using of two languages in the same conversation or utterances.

Another example is taken from the dialogue in novel Divortiare as follows:

“I also lived here two years ago, remember? Aku masih punya kuncinya,” Beno langsung duduk disamping tempat tidurku dan mengeluarkan stetoskop.

Code-Switching as above can be classified into two different classifications. They are grammatical and contextual classification. The grammatical classification is based on where the code switching appears in the sentence or utterance, while the contextual classification is based on the reasons why a bilingual switches. ( Bloomfield and John J.Gumperz 1971, ( in Jendra,2010:75 ).

The grammatical classification is divided into three types of code switching: tag-Code-Switching, Inter-Sentential Code-Switching, and Intra-Sentential Code-Switching.

A tag code switching happens when a bilingual inserts short expression (tag) from different language at the end of his/her utterances. Here the examples below are taken from the dialogues in novel Divortiare:

“siapa’?

“Wina,” jawabku. “bentar ya, Den. Hai, Win, kenapa?..Nggak..,gue ntar lagi juga udah balik kok..halah,..kebiasaan..Ya udah, ntar gua tungguin de, tapi jangan kelamaan ya? Salam buat Riza…Bye..

From the utterances above, it is clear for us that the conversant insert short expression from another language (English) at the end of his/her utterances, and this case is classified into Tag code switching.

“aku memejamkan mata, berusaha menahan amarahku yang siap meledak. “ just shut up, Ben.”

From the sample above, we can see that the conversant also inserts short expression at the end his/her utterances by using the word from another language, in this case is English “just shut up, Ben”.

2. Inter sentential code switching

An inter sentential code switching happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. Two examples of this type of switching below are taken from novel Divortiare:

a. “Denny juga berarti buat gue,” potongku. “You can’t always see things in black and white, Win. Bukan berarti karna Denny punya makna buat gue, lantas beno nggak.

b. Yan, gue Cuma nggak suka aja wina nuduh-nuduh gue selingkuhin Denny dengan Beno, terus bilang gue better off tanpa Beno. You never say that you’re better off without someone. Itu sama aj dengan bilang kalau dulu gue itu bodoh banget sampe jatuh cinta dan mau nikah dengan Beno”.

From the two examples above, it is clear for us that the conversant switches Indonesian as the base language into another language (English)

in their conversation. The English is uttered between two sentences in a base language (Indonesian). These classifications called inter sentential code switching

3. Intra sentential code switching

Intra sentential code switching is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. Two examples are as the following, which taken from (Rene Apel and Pieter Muysken, 1987):

a. An English bilingual switches from English to French; the hotel, il est grand, is really huge and unbelievably majestic. b. A Tanzanian bilingual switches from Swahili to English, e.g:

lle accident llitokea alipose control Na Aka overturn and landed in a ditch.

Unlike the grammatical classification, which is based on the position of the different codes found in utterances, the contextual classification is based on the reasons why people switch. The classification is divided into two types of code-switching, namely the situational and metaphorical code- switching.

1. Situational code switching

A situational code switching appears when there is a change in the situation that causes bilingual switches from one code to another. In regard to the factors of choosing a code suggested by Hymes (1964) , (in Jendra,2010:76), the changing of the situations involved could be the settings, participants, or the norm of interaction. The following short dialog describes an example of a situation when Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian into English because of the presence of an English native-speaker friend, participant influence in change a code).

Agus : gimana kalo liburan nanti kita ke pantai Sanur Her?... Hery : hmmm….gimana ya..?

Mark : hi, guys…what are you doing there?

Agus : eh, how are you Mark? Hmmm.. Nothing, we just discuss our plan to go to the Sanur beach next week.

Mark : wow…I like beach very much. I’m joining you guys.. Hery : ok. See you next week. I got to go now.

2. Metaphorical code switching

A metaphorical code switching occurs when there is a change in the perception, purpose or the topic of conversation. This kind of switching is influenced by the Ends, Act sequence, or Key. However the situation is not including in this process.

While the concept of Code- Mixing is used to refer to a more general form of language contact that may include cases of code-switching and other forms of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. This definition is found in the following excerpt:

"I am using the term Code-mixing to refer to all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence ". (Pieter Muysken, 2000).

Code Mixing is the mixing of pieces of a word or phrase from a language into the other language in a bilingualism and multilingualism. The bilingual or multilingual usually mix their language because of the social factors. Anyway, we sometimes do not aware when we mix our language with pieces of words or phrase from other language.

R. A Hudson (1996: 53) in his book" Sociolinguistics” says that: “in code- switching the point at which languages change corresponds to a point where the situation changes, either on it own or precisely because the language changes. There are other cases, however, where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the situation. This kind of alternation is called Code-Mixing. The purpose of Code-Mixing seems to symbolize a somewhat

ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right ".

It means that in code-mixing we will find the case that a bilinguals or multilingual usually inserts phrases or words from other language when he/she has a conversation, they mix a language with the other language.

The sentences below are the samples of Code Mixing cases of bilinguals single utterances in which a form of Code Mixing involving Indonesian, English, Spanish, Japanese.

 A Spanish bilingual mixes Spanish with English,e.g :

No van a bring it up in the meeting. (Pfaff 1979 (in Jendra, 2010:81)

 A Japanese bilingual mixes Japanese with English,e.g :

Watashi was waseda graduate shimashita. (in Azuma, 1993) in Jendra, 2010:81).

Types of Code Mixing Based on the Juncture or the Scope where Language Takes Place (Hoffman 1991: 112):

1. Intra-sentential code mixing

This kind of code mixing occurs within a clause or sentence boundary, as when a Yoruba/English bilingual says: Won o arrest a single person (won o they did not).

2. Intra-lexical code mixing

This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in shoppã (English shop with the Panjabi plural ending) or kuenjoy (English enjoy with the Swahili prefix ku, meaning ‘to’).

Reasons for Bilinguals to Switch or Mix their Languages (Hoffman, 1991:116):

People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.

2. Quoting somebody else

People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures. In Indonesian, those well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then, because many of the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous expressions or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.

3. Being emphatic about something

Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. Or, on the other hand, there are some cases where people feel more convenient to be emphatic in their second language rather than in their first language.

4. Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)

Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.

5. Repetition used for clarification

When a bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance (the utterance is said repeatedly).

When bilingual talks to another bilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his/her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the hearer.

7. Expressing group identity

Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. As it has been mentioned previously, the way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups. In other words, the way of communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community (Barnett, 1994: 7).

Additional Reasons Given by Saville-Troike (1986: 69):

1. To soften or strengthen request or command.

For Indonesian people, mixing and switching bahasa Indonesia into English can also soften a request because English is not their native tongue so it does not sound as direct as bahasa Indonesia. However, code mixing and code switching can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel more powerful than the listener because he/she can use a language that not everybody can.

2. Because of real lexical need

The most common reason for bilinguals to switch or mix their languages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages. When an English-Indonesian bilingual has a word that is lacking in English, he will find it easier to say it in bahasa Indonesia. And vice versa, when he/she has a word that is lacking in bahasa Indonesia, he/she will use the English term.

3. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience. Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community they belong to. To avoid the other community or people

interfering their communication, they may try to exclude those people by using the language that not everybody knows/masters.

Actually, it is not easy to differentiate between code mixing and code switching. However, we can find some indicators related to the differences of these two sociolinguistics terms, code switching and code mixing. First, in code mixing, bilingual speakers seem to apply some words or phrases from foreign language (pieces of one language smaller than clause), while the other language (code) functions as the base language. Second, bilingual speakers are said to mix codes when there is no topic that changes, nor does the situation. (John J Gumperz 1986) in Jendra, 2010:79.

A different view proposed to separate the two said that if it involves changing into a foreign clause or a sentence, it should be defined as a code switching, but if it involves the use of foreign phrases or group of words, it is identified as a code mixing. Another view about how to define between code switching and code mixing is related to the formality of the situation. In code mixing, is said to be found in the less formal situation, while in code switching is possibly done in a formal one. As the addition, the bilingual’s level of fluency in the languages (code), usually fluent bilinguals can perform mixing well, while the less skilled ones may only do switching.

The table below presents summarized differences between code switching (cs) and code mixing (cm) according to the several views described here:

Points of view Code switching Code mixing Grammatical items

involved

Sentence & clause Phrase, word

Base language Clear Sometimes unclear

Topics May change Maintained

Situations Formal and informal More likely informal

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

In doing this thesis, the writer uses the library research namely by reading some related books to the subject of the thesis. Then, the writer reads the novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa many times.

There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research as library research, laboratory research and field research, (Bungin, 2005:40-41). In this thesis, the writer tries to apply the descriptive quantitative research method. In this method, there are some steps that the writer is going to do:

1. Collecting the data: picking out all the dialogue of the characters in the novel.

2. Classifying the data: classifying the important data based on the scope of the analysis.

3. Identifying the data: characterizing the utterance based on which belong to code switching and code mixing.

4. Describing the data: making a brief description of the final result of the research in the form of numbers or tables.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

Documentation method is used to collect the data. Documentation is applied in this thesis because the source of the analysis is written material that is Divortiare by Ika Natassa. The novel consists of 22 chapter and 322 in pages. The writer will analyze twelve selected chapters in this novel in order to get the code

switching and code mixing data. The writer only chooses twelve chapters of this novel because the writer does not have much time in completing this thesis.

3.3 Method of Analysis Data

The data are analyzed by using descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods by Arikunto (2006:239) and applied some procedures or steps. First, the writer presenting all the data (dialogues) from the selected chapter of the novel. Second, the writer classifies the data and then identifying the data by characterizing the utterances which belong to code switching and code mixing. Third, the writer gives a brief description or explanation based on the category of each data, and also describes the data in table’s form of each chapters. For the last, after writer identifies and classifies the data by using Bungin’s formula in order to find out the dominant process of code switching and code mixing from the selected chapters of the novel.

In order to get the most dominant process, the writer uses the following formula from Bungin, (2005: 171-172).

Where, n = Percentage of types

Fx = Total types frequency of sub-category N = Total types of all categories

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Analysis of Data

Code Mixing and Code Switching Found in Chapter 1 “ Insomnus”

Dialogue 1

“Yang jelas, aku baru saja kembali dari on the spot ke salah satu perkebunan kelapa sawit nasabahku di Pekanbaru.”

The conversant (Lexy) in the utterance above is containing the code mixing case. Basically, the utterance is in Indonesian, but the conversant inserts a piece of word from other language (English) like “on the spot”, rather than “business visiting” within her utterance.

Description:

Dialogue 2

“Saat akhirnya aku berjalan menenteng carry on luggage-ku menuju terminal kedatangan, rasanya aku mau pingsan.”

From the statement above, the conversant (Lexy) involve in code mixing process. We can see that she inserts another word from another language, in this case, the word “carry on luggage”, which based on English and use the word “tas jinjing” in Indonesian, while we know that from the beginning of the utterance she uses Indonesian.

Description:

“Shut up! My company doesn’t pay for tattoo removal laser surgery.” Aku menepis jarinya. “Yeah, you heard me right?”

At the first sentence of conversation statement till the word ‘laser surgery’ constitute English utterance because the vocabulary and the grammar based on English. The code switching happens because on the next utterance, i.e. which started from the word ‘aku’ till the word ‘jarinya’, conversant uses Indonesian. Then the conversant switch again into English. Based on Blom and John J Gumpers (1971) in Jendra ( 2010:76) this case belongs to inter-sentential code-switching, because inter-sentential code-switching happens when there is a complete sentence in foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language.

Description:

Dialogue 4

“Asshole,” aku memaki pelan, sebelum ia (Beno) menghilang di balik pintu dan meninggalkan apartemenku.

From the sentence above, we can see that the conversant begins her utterance by using foreign language (English) with the word ‘asshole’, and then continues the sentence in Indonesia. This type of mixing called intra sentential code mixing. From the italic word as above, it directly describes an informal situation of the conversation. In sociolinguistics, it is called “Slang” language. The conversant use the word “asshole” while speak to Beno because they (Lexy and Beno) are very close in relationship, and its influence the conversant in mix her language in the conversation. The other indicators in code mixing are that usually code mixing cases occur in non-formal situation of the conversation.

Dialogue 5

“Pada tahun kedua pernikahan kami, we’re both lost! Kami hanya bilang ‘hai’ saat sarapan.”

At the first sentence, the conversant uses fully in Indonesian, but then the conversant continues the sentence by using English and close the utterance in Indonesian. This case is classified into inter-sentential code-switching. It because of the conversant switches the sentence from Indonesian to English.

Description:

Dialogue 6

“Maksud gue bukan sekedar hang out atau menikmati weekend doang, Lex.” Ujar Wina seperti bisa membaca pikiranku.

From the utterance above, we can see that the speaker (Wina) deliberately change a code (language) which being used, from Indonesian into English, by mixing from one to another. This type of case called code mixing, because we can find some words from another language (English) such as ‘hang out’ rather than “bersenang-senang’ and ‘weekend’ rather than ‘akhir pekan’ within her utterances.

Description:

Dialogue 7

“Catet ya, Win, gue nggak berhubungan sama dia. Gue cuma perlu sama dia karena dia itu dokter gue. That’s it.”

From the utterances, the speaker (Alex) switches her statement into another language (English). We can see that she inserts short expression at the end of her utterances by using English. It belongs to tag code switching, because in tag code switching, a bilingual inserts short expression (tag) from different language at the Description:

end of his/her utterances, and the word ‘that’s it’ is an example from the dialogue above.

Dialogue 8

“Dia meninggalkan elo sama Mc.Steamy, right?”

The utterance above belongs to tag code switching, because the speakers inserts short expression at the end of her statement.

Description:

Dialogue 9

“We did practically everything, mulai dari keliling-keliling di Canberra dari mall ke mall naek bus, berburu jaket atau T-shirt lucu-lucu di Vintage shops, terkadang malah niat naik train ke Melbourne dan Sydney.”

The utterances above is classify into code mixing. We can see it from the words mall, T-shirt, Vintage shops, and train. The conversant mixes her/his utterances from another language (English).

Description:

Dialogue 10

“Aku sedang pusing bikin paper untuk mata kuliah Venture Capital and Private Equity Finance (gila ya, masih ingat aja aku sama mata kuliah paling menyebalkan itu!), eh tiba-tiba si Wina masuk ke dorm room-ku sambil mengibas-ngibaskan dua tiket”

From the dialogue above, we can see that the speaker mixes her utterances from Indonesian with some words from English, such as ‘paper’, ‘Venture Capital’, and ‘dorm room’. She uses foreign phrase in her utterances. So it called code mixing.

Description:

Aku membuka mataku dan meraih ponselku di nakas, menatap nama-nama di speed dial contact-ku.

from the sentence above we can see that the conversant mixes her/his Indonesian into English by putting the word “speed dial contact’ rather than “daftar nama-nama panggilan’ and the conversant also insert the Indonesian suffix – ku rather than ‘my’ within that word. This case called Intra lexical code mixing.

Description:

Dialogue 12

“He’s such an asshole. Tapi dia masih jadi dokter pribadiku. It gives me a whole thing new meaning to playing doctor with your ex, doesn’t it”

In this example, the conversant (Lexy) uses English from the beginning of her utterance, then switches into Bahasa Indonesia, then completing the utterance in English again at the end of her utterance. We can found that there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language, English. This case is classified into Inter sentential code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 13

Asli, aku bukan pecinta meeting. Apalagi yang formal dan panjang kayak begini. Aku lebih suka jalan-jalan ketemu nasabahku, mengerjakan review sendiri.

In this example, the conversant mixes her/his Bahasa Indonesia into English and puts some words from another language (English) within her/his sentences as “meeting” and the word “review”.

Description:

Dialogue 14

“Dodol! Finding a good doctor is like finding a good hairstylist, once you find a damn good one, you’re not gonna let them go,” kataku mencoba berasionalisasi.

From the example above, the conversant opens her/his conversation in Bahasa Indonesia by using the word “dodol” then continues the conversation in English. Of course she/he does the code switching which called Inter sentential code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 15

“Masa iddah? Sejak kapan Wina- the sexy fashion editor who spends four nights a week clubbing dan mungkin kalau masuk mesjid langsung terbakar- jadi hafal hukum Al-qur’an begini?”

In this case, the conversant switches her/his Bahasa Indonesia into English which uttered between two sentences in a base language. This classification called Intra sentential code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 16

“Please deh ya..shopaholic dan fashionista mana yang tahan kalau mall time-nya dijatah-jatah seperti itu, belum lagi nightlife-nya yang practically non-existent.”

Based on the sample above, the conversant mixes her/his language with another language, in this case from English into Indonesian or/and the contrary by puts some foreign words such as shopaholic, fashionista, nightlife, etc. The conversant also inserts affixes ‘nya’ within the sentence in her/his statements. This case is classified into Intra lexical code mixing.

Description:

Code Mixing and Code Switching Found in Chapter 2 “Noli Me Tangere”

Dialogue 1

“Oh, shit. Rasanya kepalaku mau pecah saat aku membuka mata, dan….I’m in a Hospital?”

From the beginning of the utterance above, we can see that the conversant uses foreign language (English), then continues with the sentence using Indonesian, and it ends with foreign language too. Based on this case we can conclude that the conversant do the code switching because she/he switches the base language (Indonesian) with another code (English), and this classification according to Blom and John J Gumpers in Jendra (2010 : 76) belongs to intra-sentential code-switching, because we found word, phrase of foreign language within the sentences in a base language, they are the words ‘oh, shit’ and ‘I’m in a hospital?’.

Description:

Dialogue 2

“ Tapi aku nggak pa-pa kan?’

“Sejauh ini sih gejala fisik ngga ada masalah. Tapi abis ini kamu di-MRI dulu ya..?”

Aku menelan ludah. “MRI? Are you serious?”

“I’m very serious, Lex.” Beno meletakkan senter ke dalam sakunya. “ Cuma buat jaga-jaga aja, mastiin kamu ngga intercranical bleeding…”

From the conversation above between Lexy and Beno we can see that they mix Bahasa Indonesia into English by inserting special terms (medical terms) such as MRI, intercrenical bleeding…etc. This case is classified into Intra sentential code mixing, because we can found a word, a phrase of a foreign language within the conversation above in its base language, Bahasa Indonesia.

Description:

Dialogue 3

“Tapi aku ga mau di MRI, Ben. Kamu liat aku sekarang kan?” aku masih bisa ngobrol, masi bias berdebat sama kamu. I’m perfectly healthy.”

From the conversation above between Beno and Lexy we can see that the conversant inserts short expression at the end of the statements, “I’m perfectly healthy” rather than “saya baik-baik saja”. The case above belongs to Tag code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 4

“Now you’re just scaring me.” Aku balas menatapnya dengan penuh amarah. “I’m not.Okay?” jawab Beno.

In the example above, the conversant switches her/his utterance from English into Indonesian, that is why, it is classified into Inter sentential code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 5

“Iya, dari tadi kan aku bilang kamu nggak pa-pa, tapi kita harus tetap observasi dan MRI dulu. Jadi malam ini kamu harus nginap disini ya?” seru Beno.

“Ha? Ah, gila aja! No freaking way!”

Based on the utterances above, we can see that from beginning of the utterance is fully in Indonesian until the word ‘gila aja’ then the conversant add (inserts) the short expression at the end of the sentence by using another code, so the conversant switch the utterance from Beno’s statement with the word ‘No freaking way!’, which is from English. So it called tag code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 6

“Eh, gue nggak ganggu acara slumber party elo berdua kan?” Denny tersenyum. “Nggak kok Den masuk aja!” Wina langsung berdiri sambil senyam-senyum.

From the conversation above between Denny and Wina, we can see that Denny mixes his statement with another code, it’s English by using the word ‘slumber party’, however Wina answer his statement fully in Indonesian. So it belongs to code mixing.

Description:

Dialogue 7

“You still look gorgeous, Lex.” Denny memamerkan gigi cemerlangnya.

“Is flirting legal in a hospital? Hehehehe..becanda lo. Dari mana Den?” jawab Lexy.

At the beginning of the utterance, Denny uses fully in English, then the second conversant (Alex) answer Denny’s statement also in English, however she add statement in Indonesian at the ends of her utterances. This case might be called Situational Code-Switching, Blom and John J Gumperz 1971, in Jendra, 2010:76. It because of when Denny gives his statement in English, then Lexy also answer it in also in English.

Description:

Dialogue 8

“Aku juga tidak tahu kenapa aku mengiyakan ajakan Denny. I’m not so ready to do this.”

The conversant uses Indonesian at the beginning of her utterance, then she switch her utterance into English. Blom and John J Gumperz (1971) say that when we found a word, a phrase or a clause of foreign language within sentence in a base language, it called Intra-Sentential Code-Switching.

Description:

Dialogue 9

“Aku jadi tertawa lagi.” You’re funny, do you know that?” Denny tersenyun lebar.”One of my many admirable qualities.”

“I’m sure.” Aku meneguk ocha dinginku.

From the conversation above, the first conversant switches her utterance into English “You’re funny, do you know that?”, then the second conversant answer her utterance also in English. So it called Intra sentential code-switching However in the third utterance we can also find that there is also happen Code-Mixing process because the conversant uses the word “Ocha” in her utterance. Ocha means a kind of drink, but she chooses another term to replace that kind of drink. Description:

Dialogue 10

“How’s the date?” Wina mulai senyum-senyum nggak jelas. Aku tertawa kecil, “It’s not a date.”

“Fine, whatever. How was it?” Wina duduk di tempat tidurku. ‘Mau tau aja lo ya?”

From the conversation above we can see that the conversant switch their language each other. From Indonesian into English, or the contrary. When Wina asked to the first conversant “how’s the date?” then the first conversant answered “mau tau aja lo ya.”, we can see that there is a change of perception or the topic of conversation. This type of switching involves ends, because Wina doesn’t get any clear answer from first conversant deal with her question about “dating”. This case called metaphorical code switching.

Description:

Dialogue 11

“Nah lho, katanya not a date, tapi malah rahasia-rahasiaan,” “Hehehe, norak lo, Win.”

Graphic 4.1 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter 1“insomnus”

Graphic 4.2 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter 2 “Noli Me Tangere”

2

4

1

2

1

6

Types of code switching and code mixing

Tag Code Switching

Inter Sentential Code Switching Intra Sentential Code Switching Intra Lexical Code Mixing Intra Sentential Code Mixing Code Mixing

3 3

4

1 2

1 1

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing total number of case

Tag Code Switching

Inter Sentential Code Switching Intra Sentential Code Switching Situational code switching Metaphorical Code Switching Intra Sentential Code Mixing Code Mixing

Chapter 5“ Meminerunt Omnia Amantes”

Graphic 4.4 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter 9“Nunc Scio Quid Sit Amor”

3

1

2 2

6

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Inter Sentential Code Switching Intra Sentential Code Switching

Intra Lexical Code Mixing Intra Sentential Code Mixing Code Mixing

6

3

1

3 Total Number of Case

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Situational Code Switching

Metaphorical Code Switching

Chapter 10 “Verbum Satienti”

Graphic 4.6 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter11“Prima Facie”

3

1 1 1 1 1

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Total Number of Case

Tag Code Switching

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code Switching

Metaphorical Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code Mixing

Code Mixing

1 4

2

1 1 1

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Total Number of Case

Tag Code Switching

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code Switching

Metaphorical Code Switching

Intra Lexical Code Mixing

Chapter 12“Ab Imo Pectore”

Graphic 4.8 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter 14“Visum et Repertum”

2

1

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Total Number of Case

Intra Sentential Code Switching

Code Mixing

1 1

2

Total Number of Case

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code Switching

Chapter 15“Amantes Sunt Amantes”

Graphic 4.10 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter 16“Ad Oculos”

1

2

4

1 1

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Total Number of Case

Tag Code Switching

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code Switching

Intra Lexical Code Mixing

Code Mixing

1

3

1 1

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Total Number of Case

Tag Code Switching

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Metaphorical Code Switching

Chapter 18“Cum Tacent Clamant”

Graphic 4.12 Total Number of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in

Chapter 19“Amor Animi Arbitrio”

1 1 1

2

6

Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Total Number of Case

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code Switching

Situational Code Switching

Intra Lexical Code Mixing

Code Mixing

3 3

1

2

Total Number of Case

Inter Sentential Code Switching

Intra Sentential Code switching

Intra Lexical Code Mixing