An Analysis Of The Translation Of Metaphors In The Ghost, A Novel Written By Danielle Steel

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

By

SRI RAHAYU MUNTAHA 107026000437

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA 2014

Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2014.

In this research, the writer aimes at finding out the types of metaphors found in The Ghost and the procedure used by the translator in translating them. Descriptive-qualitative method is applied in conducting the research. The metaphors are classified based on Larson’s, and then the translations are analyzed based on translation procedure proposed by Newmark. The writer employs herself to collect data; by reading the novel and its translation, marking the metaphor words, classifying, selecting and analyzing them based on the theories of translation procedure and translation strategy which are taken from some relevant references.

According to this research, it can be concluded that dead metaphor and live metaphor are found in the novel. While of the translation procedure, reduction procedure is mostly used by the translator in translating these metaphors since the percentage is 20.29% Metaphors are important enough in the text and the translation which changes the meaning of the text reduction procedure can be applied.

another person nor material which substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, October 2014

Sri Rahayu Muntaha

All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of the Universe, Alhamdulillah, with His amazing guidance, the writer can accomplish the process of making this thesis. The blessing and salutation are delivered to the most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad SAW, who has guided people to be a great follower in the way of Allah.

The writer would like to say her gratitude to:

1. Prof.Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M. Hum, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department. 3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of the English Letters Department. 4. Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd, the writer’s advisor, thank you very much for

his advices, patience, kindness and suggestion in finishing this thesis. 5. The examiners of this thesis namely Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, and M.

Agus Suriadi, M.Hum, thank you very much for their advise, kindness, suggestion, and motivation in finishing this thesis.

6. All lecturers of English Letters Department, who have taught and educated the writer during her studies at the campus.

7. The writer’s parents: H.Sukamto and Hj.Muayanah, who always give the writer unlimited love, support and pray to the writer in completing this

Zahra, Julia and Dita, Agita, Jampe, Danga, Gendon, Lugut, Kendor, Gapi, Oncom, Nyiur, Oma and Runer thank you so much for the time that have been spent together, in the sadness and happiness, the writer will always remember them.

9. The writer’s classmates and all of students of Translation 2007 the writer will miss them all.

10.And all people who helped the writer to finish this thesis that cannot be mentioned one by one, thank you for their kindness.

Jakarta, October 2014

The Writer

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLE ... x

LIST OF FIGURE ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Focus of the Study ... 2

C. Research Questions ... 2

D. Significance of the Study ... 3

E. Research Methodology... 3

1. The Objective of Research ... 3

2. The Method of Research ... 3

3. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 4

4. The Instrument of Research ... 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ... 5

A. Definition of Translation ... 5

B. Translation Process ... 8

C.Metaphor……… . 10

b. Live Metaphor………. 14

3. Analyzing Metaphor………... 15

D. Translation Procedure... ... 15

a. Literal... 16

b. Transference... ... 16

c. Naturalization... 16

d. Cultural Equivalent... 17

e. Functional Equivalent... 17

f. Descriptive Equivalent... 17

g. Synonymy... 18

h. Trough Translation... 18

i. Modulation... 18

j. Shift or Transposition... 19

k. Recognized Translation... 19

l. Translation Label... 19

m. Compensation... 19

n. Componential Analysis... 20

o. Reduction... 20

p. Pharaphrase... 20

q. Couplets... 21

r. Notes, Addition, Glosses... 21

1. Dead Metaphor ... 23

2. Live Metaphor ... 25

B. The Data Analysis ... 27

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 50

A. Conclusion ... 50

B. Suggestion ... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 52

APPENDICES ... 55

Table 2 : The Data of Live Metaphors ... 25

Table 3 : The Data of Translation Procedure……… .. 27

Table 4 : Translation Procedure of Reduction……….. 28

Table 5 : Translation Procedure of Paraphrase………. 31

Table 6 : Translation Procedure of Couplet……….. 34

Table 7 : Translation Procedure of Addition………. 36

Table 8 : Translation Procedure of Modulation……… 39

Table 9 : Translation Procedure of Transposition……… ... 41

Table 10 : Translation Procedure of Transference……… 42

Table 11 : Translation Procedure of Synonymy……… 43

Table 12 : Translation Procedure of Literal……… 44

Table 13 : Translation Procedure of Triplet……… 46

Table 14 : Translation Procedure of Naturalization……… 47

Table 15 : Translation Procedure of Compensation……… 48

Table 16 : Translation Procedure of Cultural Equivalent……… 49

Figure 2 : The Process Translation by Nida and Taber……….9

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Translation is an instrument of transfer the message or meaning of the written text into another language. By translation, people around the world can share their feeling and thought. The diversity of language around countries will not be the problem anymore. Therefore, translation is an excellent device for accommodating communication among human being so that people can understand what they mean. In other words, translation is a bridge that connected people of the world.

Translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in

the way that the author intended the text”.1

One of them can translate articles, journals, textbooks and even literary works such as short story and novel.

Nowadays, we can find many translation books especially novels. In Indonesia we can find many English novels that have been translated into Indonesian. It is “The Ghost”, a best seller novel written by Danielle Steel that published in 1997. The Ghost novel tells about a man named Charles Waterston that decided to drive through New England after his divorce with the woman he loves, Carol. And Sarah, the beautiful young woman who lived and died in his next exquisite lakeside château hidden deep in the woods two centuries ago.

1

Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988),P.5

In this novel the writer find a phenomenon of language such as figurative language, especially the figure of comparison such as metaphor. Metaphor is the most significant translation problem, may occur at all levels – from word to text – at which level it becomes an allegory or fantasy. In accordance with translation, these figurative of comparison must be translated carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding.2 If metaphors from source language are translated literally into the target language, they will often be completely misunderstood.3 Because the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original.

For the reason above, the writer is interested in analyzing the translation of

metaphors expressed in the novel entitled “The Ghost” written by Danielle Steel and find out the strategies used by the translator (Widya Kirana “Belenggu Masa

Silam”) in translating that by conducting a research “An analysis of the translation of Metaphors in The Ghost, A novel Written by Danielle Steel.”

B. Focus of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, this research focuses on analyzing the metaphors that is expressed in The Ghost novel written by Danielle Steel and finds the procedures that is used by translator in translating these metaphors.

C. Research Question

The problem will be discussed in this study as formulated through the following questions:

2

Ibid, P.8

3

Larson M, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Cultural Language Equivalent. (USA: University Press of America,1984), P. 250.

a. What types of metaphors that are expressed in novel The Ghost? b. How are the translation procedure of metaphor in the novel The

Ghost?

D. Significance of the Study

The result of this research is expected to be used by students to increase their knowledge about translation of figurative language, especially on metaphors and to provide input about the strategies applied in translating metaphors. This research also supposed to expand our horizon in translation field and open our mind to become alert of the importance of that translation theories and its practice.

E. Research Methodology 1. The objectives of Research

Based on the research questions formulated above, the aims of the research are:

a. To find out the types of metaphors expressed in novel The Ghost.

b. To know the translation procedure of metaphor in the novel The Ghost

2. The Method of Research

In this research, the writer uses qualitative method and descriptive analysis technique. Here, the writer wills explore about metaphorical language and compare with the translations of metaphor procedure by close reading, check the translation in the Indonesian language novel, classify them into types of metaphor language. Then, when the data was

completed, the writer wills analyze the procedure translation of those metaphors based on the theory from Peter Newmark Book of Translation. 3. The Technique of Data Analysis

The writer uses descriptive analysis technique which is supported by the relevant theories. The writer uses the following steps, first reading

The Ghost novel by Danielle Steel, published in London, United Kingdom in 1997 by Corgi Books publisher. Second is identifying and underlining each sentences or quotations that are related to the topic of the research. Then data that have been underlined are quoted. Then this research will be written descriptive –analytically.

4. The Instrument of Research

The writer is the instrument of the research to get data in the research by reading, marking, classifying, and selecting the data and any other necessary thing for the research.

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Definition of Translation

Translation is a transfer of the meaning of the source language into the target language through the procedures set out systematically. The process can be described as follows:

Source language Target Language

re-measuring the meaning

Figure 1: Translation Process by Mooryati Sudibyo

In the diagram above shows that meaning is paramount in translating activities. Translation is the meaning of re-disclosure by the translator according to the language of the intended target. Understanding translation according to Newmark cited in Mooryati Sudibyo: Analisis Kontrastif: Kajian Penerjemahan Frasa Nomina, suggests that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language. Each exercise involves some kind of loss of meaning, due to a number of factors. It provokes a continuous tension,

Translated Text

Meaning

dialectic, an argument based on the claims of each language. The basic loss is on a continuum between over translation (increase of detail) and under translation (Increased generalization)4.

Regarding the definition set forth Newmark above there some understanding that the writer can learn that, first; the translation is an activity requiring skill or skills. This shows that the translation can be done by anyone who has the ability or skills, and activities will translate into better if the ability or skill a translator is better anyway, second, translation is revealing the meaning or message packed in a source language into the target language. Third, because the shape of the source language is different from the language of the target, meaning try again disclosed by an experienced translator deviation from original meaning. It can be seen from the addition and subtraction of information on language translation. In this concept shows that the interpreter will not reach perfection in translating something, so it can be said that the activities of translating not only the translation of the source language into the target language, but an attempt delivery of messages to the reader in accordance with the language that can be understood by the reader.

As Frans Sayogie‟s book entitled Teori Dan Praktek Penerjemahan (Bahasa Inggris Kedalam Bahasa Indonesia), the notion of translation he quotes from Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation Helps for Translators, argued that the translation is "consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent message of the source language, first in

4

Mooryati Soedibyo, Analisis Kontrastif Kajian Penerjemahan Frasa Nomina. (Surakarta: Pustaka Cakra Surakarta, 2004) p. 18

terms of meaning and Secondly in terms of style ". Thus, translation is essentially an effort to reveal the return message from one language into another language. Frans Sayogie adding that the translation is right or wrong depends also on the "for what purpose" translation is done.5

Basically in expressing the definition of translation is not too different experts provide concept, extending just over what the meaning of the translation itself is based on the theories that they see themselves possess. The substance is the same, meaning that transfer messages or information found in the source language into the target language in order to more easily understand the reader in accordance with the language they use. In addition, Hatim and Mason the writer also quoted in the book of Frans Sayogie, defines translation as "an act of communication roomates Attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication, (which may have been intended for different readers and different pruposes / hearers).6

Frans Sayogie an opinion about this translation by stating that the translation in this case is the receiver (message) in the original language (called the source language) and then, when translating it to act as the writer as the sender (messages) in English translation (called the target language).

In this case means the translator has two functions namely receiver and transmitter of the message, making it perfect or whether the message was the author or the author of a text translation is highly dependent on the quality of the

5

Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan: Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negri, 2009), p. 7

6

translator to understand the message the author to the reader that there is no error messages received by readers.

B. Translation Process

In translating, the reader cannot simply transfer the message from the source language into target language. Of course there is a process that the reader should do to translate a message or a text. Before do the translation process, it is better to know the nature of the translation process it self.

While the reader dealing here is not with an isolable process but rather with a set of processes, a complex series of problem-solving and decision-making processes performed by translator will attempt a different process. There are three basic translation processes:

a. The interpretation and analysis of the source language text.

b. The translation procedures, which may be direct or based on source language and target language corresponding syntactic structures. c. The reformulation of the text in relation to the writer‟s attention, the

reader‟s expectation and the appropriate norms of target language.7 Translation process consist of three steps. First, analyze the text. Second, determine its meaning. Third, reconstruct the meaning in receptor language.

There are three stages of translation process. The process can be described as follows:

7

Analysis Reconstruct

Transfer

Figure 2: The Process of Translation by Nida & Taber

The stages of the translation proposed by Nida are:8 a. Analyzing the message in the source language text b. Transferring the messages

c. Restructuring of the transferred message in the target language.9

The translation process or the result of converting information from one language into another is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language by finding its equivalent in the target language and at the same time, all the information in the source language text must be retained.10 The process of transformation itself takes place within memory:

a. The analysis of the source language text into a universal semantic representation,

8

E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill,1982), p12.

9

Munday J. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Application (London : Routledge, 2001) P.40

10

Bell T. Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice. (London : Longman, 1991)

SOURCE LANGUAGE

TARGET LANGUAGE

b. The synthesis of that semantic representation into the target language text.

C. Metaphor

1. Definitions of Metaphor

The word „metaphor‟ comes from Greek metapherein, meaning „to transfer‟ or „to carry over‟. The word metaphor as a novel or poetic linguistic expression where one or more words for a concept are used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept.

Metaphor is a kind of analogy which compares two things directly, but in simple form.11 The purpose of metaphor itself is to describe entity and in a more complex way than possible by using literal language. Usually the comparison is

made without using word such as „like‟ or „as‟. It is also to appeal to the senses, to

interest, to please and to delight.12

Metaphor is the use of a certain term, phrase or word in a sentence where the term, phrase or word do not convey their literal meaning. Keraf says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word: like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.13

Example: Mike Tyson is a lion in the ring.

11

Ibid, . P.139

12

Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation (Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1982) p. 84

13

The metaphor of this word is “ lion“ . Mike Tyson is directly compared

with a lion in the boxing ring that defeat his enemy by knocking out quickly. Therefore, Tyson is considered as a lion.

The reader must remember that the words being replaced must have the

same characters, for example time is money in this case „time‟ is metaphorical used. The word „time‟ is described in the term of money. The reader have to understand that is characterizes of the money has high value, it happens to time as the writer. Time is important, it is supposed to be the same as money. The sentence can be interpreted time is valuable.

Metaphor is pervasive in language, and there are two principal ways in which it is important. First, in relation to individual word: metaphor is a basic process in the formation of word and word meaning. Second, in relation to discourse: metaphor is important because of its function – explaining, clarifying, describing, expressing, evaluating, entertaining.

According to Newmark, metaphor is one of figurative language, which is applied in the text aims to compare two different unrelated object, it is also reflected in our daily language and liven up some text of language to make them more colorful and dramatic. Peter Newmark stated that metaphor is expression, the transferred sense physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what it does not literally donate to describe one thing in term of another.14 Metaphor is different with another figurative language, that statement was said by John R. Searle in Teori Semantik by Jos

14

Daniel Parera, Which questioning about metaphorical term. He said that:15 In additional, Victoria Fromkin and her friend state that metaphor is an expression that ordinarily designates another concept, thus creating an implicit comparison.16Beside it, the dictionary defined the meaning of metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe somebody or something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show them to things pot he writer full.17

Metaphor does not only appear as nouns, but also as verbs and adjectives.

In the expression „The police dug up enough evidence to send him to prison‟, the

metaphorical phrase is a verb, dug up. The verb phrase dig up literally means „to

take something out of ground‟ but metaphorically means „to investigate and collect the evidence carefully‟. The original sense of the adjective sour is „having

the acid taste; however the writer in the following expression, „My relationship between me and her has turned sour‟, the metaphorical sense is „unfriendly, not

harmonious any more‟.

Metaphor is the cornerstone of meaning and thought, not merely a stylistic device. A remarkable appeal of metaphor is that it makes an idea vivid. It is slightly difficult to grasp the thread of an abstract thought; nevertheless when the idea is described in a concrete way, it comes to life. Besides, metaphor can also put on more the write right of meaning in a literary work. Through metaphor, a writer can convey extensive ideas by using a small number of words. For

example, in the expression „Life is a journey'; the writer uses the word journey as

15

Jos Daniel, Teori Semantik (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004) p. 132

16

Victoria Fromkin, et al, An Introducing to Language. (United State: Michael Rosernberg, 2003), p. 204

17

A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition, (oxford: Oxford University press, 2005), p. 936

an analogy to life. A human sets out at birth, travels through various regions (passes through many phases in life, from baby to adult) and arrives at the destination of death. The example proves the writer of metaphor of how to convey an extensive idea by using only a few words.

2. Types and Translating of Metaphor

As what the writer said before that the writer just concern about the theory of Metaphor Translation from Peter Newmark. As Newmark said, the main and one serious purpose of metaphor is to describe an entity, event or quality more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way then is possible by using a literal language. One appears to be telling a lie; original metaphors are often dramatic and shocking in effect, and, since they establish points of similarity between one object and another without explicitly stating what these resemblances are. Good writers use metaphors to help the readers to gain a more accurate insight, both physical and emotional, into, say, a character or a situation.18

In Approaches to Translation book, Newmark divided metaphor into five types: dead, cliché, stock, recent and original. But, in his other book A Text Book of Translation he distinguished six types of metaphor. He adds adapted metaphor and deletion for his one last strategy which include in standard metaphor. He says that deletion can be justified only on the ground that the metaphor‟s function is being fulfilled elsewhere in the text. So, here the writer will combine from both of Peter Newmark book and discuss their relation to their contextual factors and translation process.

18

a. Dead Metaphor

Dead metaphor is a simple metaphor, this type is easy to understand when it common to apply in daily language. In translating dead metaphor, the translator may translate directly without any affliction to keep the metaphorical image distinctive interpretation based on the context and it message.

Example: leg of table  kaki meja foot of mountain  kaki gunung

It is easy to compare between the leg of human and the leg of something

(table and mountain). Although the word “leg” and “foot” of “table” and “mountain” has same meaning with “leg” and “foot” of human but the message of

that word is different.

Dead metaphor is one hardly conscious of the image, frequently relate to universal terms of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities: for English, word such as: „space‟,

„fields‟, „line‟, „top‟, „bottom‟, „foot‟, „mouth‟, „arm‟, „circle‟, „drop‟, „fall‟, „rise‟,

etc., they are particularly used graphically for concepts and for the language of science to clarify or define. Normally dead metaphors are not difficult to translate, but they often defy literal translation, and therefore offer choice.19

b. Live Metaphor

It is belongs to those which are constructed on the spot by the author or speaker to teach or illustrated. Since the reader still catches and determines the lexical meaning from its used connotation the metaphor still live.20

I.e. they were planets in separate orbits. (The Ghost, p.9)

Metaphor shown above is based on two propositions.

19

Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: The Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 106

20

Mildred LLarson. Meaning Based Translation: a Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. (New York: University Press of America, 1984). p.246

1. They were (….) 2. Planets were (….)

From the figure of speech above, the topic of the metaphor they, in this case Charlie and Carole, is being compared with planets as the image. But there is no point of similarity expressed that shows the comparison between them. The writer is expected to guess what is the similarity between them.

3. Analyzing Metaphor

Even though metaphor is figures of comparison, it does not mean that

metaphor is the same things. In English metaphor does not have „like‟ or „as‟. In

other word, metaphor states that A is B or substituted B for A.

In order to analyze the metaphor, we can state the sentence into two prepositions which are basic to the comparison explicitly, then analyze it by deciding the part of metaphor in semantic structure. Only then we can translate the

metaphor. the most important thing is not all sentence marked with „like‟, „as‟, or „to be‟ is a figurative language.21

Metaphor consist of some parts in semantic structure. They are as follow: a. Topic : the thing really being talked about.

b. Image : what it is being compared with.

c. Point of similarity : it is found in the comment of the propositions involved of the comment of the event propositional which has the image has topic.

d. Nonfigurative equivalent: when the proposition containing the top

21

D. Translation Procedure

Translation Procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language. The translation procedures into:

a. Literal

When source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context, the procedure is called literal. It ranges from one word to one word, group to group, clause to clause or sentence to sentence, 22 i.e. a place of furniture

is translated into sepotong perabot.

b. Transference

Transference (loan word or transcription) is the process of transferring the source language word to target language text. It includes transliteration, which relates to the conversion of different alphabets. Names of living, geographical and topographical name, names of periodical and newspaper, titles, name of private company, and addresses are normally transferred.23

One example of this procedure can be seen in he felt like some kind of hooligan barging in on her without warning or invitation. (The Ghost, p.75).The underlined word hooligan is translated just into hooligan, without any change whether the change in morphological or phonological.

c. Naturalization

22

Peter Newmark. A Text of Translation (Newmark : Prentice Hall, 1988) p.81

23

This procedure succeeds transference and adapts source language words first to the normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology of target language.24 Here is the example of naturalization.

SL: and nothing short of dynamite would have opened it before the appointed hour. (The Ghost, p.150)

TL: dan hanya bisa dibuka dengan ledakan dinamit pada saat yang tepat.(Belenggu Masa Silam, p.150)

From the example above, we can see that dynamite is translated through the normal pronunciation and to the normal morphology of the target language into dinamit.

d. Cultural equivalent

Cultural equivalent is approximate translation. Usually a source cultural word is translated by target language cultural word. 25 For example,

prince of Unknown is translated into pangeran dari negeri Antah Berantah.

e. Functional equivalent

It is applied to cultural words, requires the use of culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term. It is the most accurate way of translating i.e. deculturalising word.26

The example of functional equivalent is samurai. Through this procedure samurai is translated into a Japanese traditional weapon to fight.

24

Ibiid, P.82

25

Ibid.,

26

f. Descriptive equivalent

In translation, description sometimes has to be weighed against function. The writer translated the word by giving its description. 27The example is the word samurai. In functional equivalent, it is translated by its function into

Japanese traditional weapon to fight, while through descriptive equivalent, the word is translated by its description into the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth century

g. Synonymy

This procedure is used for a source language word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent; and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjective or adverb of quality.28 It is only appropriate where the literal translation is not possible and because the word is important enough for componential analysis, i.e. Saturday night. The nearest target language of

Saturday night is Sabtu malam but the translator prefers to translate it into another target language equivalent, malam Minggu.

h. Through translation

It is the literal translation of common collocation, names of organizations, component of compound phrases. Normally, through translation should be used only when they are already recognized the terms.29

i.e. UN-PBB

i. Modulation

It is the variation through a change of view point, of perspective and very often of category of thought. Besides, it can also change in abstract for

27

Ibid.,

28

Ibid, P.84

29

concrete, active for passive or vice versa, or even change of symbols. It is used when the target language reject literal translation which means virtually always.30

In Danielle Steel‟s novel, this procedure can be found in the translation it was like torturing a life you had been unable to save (The Ghost, p.70). Here, a life is translated into perkawinan.

j. Shift or transposition

A shift or transposition is translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from source language to target language. It illustrates a frequent tension between grammars and stress and most translators make transposition intuitively. It can be changing from singular to plural, in the position of the adjective, neutral adjective as subject, or complex sentence to simple sentence.31 For example, the plural rocks is translated into singular form batu.

k. Recognized translation

In recognized translation normally used the official or general accepted translation of any institutional terms.32

i.e. wait a minute – tunggu sebentar

l. Translation label

This is provisional translation, usually a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation.33

i.e. language heritage is translated into „bahasa adat‟

30

Ibid, P.85

31

Ibid.,

32

Ibid, P.86

33

m. Compensation

This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of sentence is compensated in another part, or in contiguous sentence.34 For example, I do is translated into saya bersedia.

n. Componential analysis

This is splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense component, often one-to-two, or –three, -four translation. Usually, the translation is present as

diagrams which are useful in showing up the lexical gap, for example, dinner.

Dinner is translated based on meals diagram.35

o. Reduction

It is rather imprecise translation procedure, practiced intuitively in some cases, ad hoc in anothers ; there is at least one shift to be born in mind.36 In other words, this procedure is an elimination some parts of the source language sentence or phrase to be translated, i.e.

she looked at him like a schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he smiled is translated into dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab

34

Ibid, P.88

35

Ibid, P.122

36

Ibid, P.89

Name Time Class Area Content

Dinner 1-2 p.m Working class UK Hot meal

Supper 8-11 p.m - UK Light meal

p. Pharaphrase

It is the amplification or explanation meaning of a segment of the text.

It is used in „anonymous‟ text when it is poorly written, or has important

implication and omission,37 i.e She was like a wounded animal deep in a cave is translated into Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang bersembunyi didalam gua dan orang-orang hanya bisa melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam gelap.

q. Couplets

It is combined two, three, or four translation procedures mentioned before respectively for dealing with single problem.38 They are particularly common for cultural words. You can see the example below.

SL :“I feel like Hansel and Gretelin the forest, “he said, and they both laughed. (p.95)

TL : “Kita ini seperti Hansel dan Gretel dihutan, “kata Charlie. Mereka tertawa. (p.94)

r. Notes, Addition and Glosses

Notes- supplying additional information in translation. It is normally cultural, technical or linguistic and is dependent on the requirement of them, as opposed to the original, readership. It can be applied within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter, or at the end of book.39

When the additional information is applied within the text, the procedure is called notes. And when it is put at the end of chapter or at the end of book, the procedure is called glosses. You can take a look on the example below.

37

Ibid, P.90

38

Ibid, P.91

39

SL :It’s a rotten deal. (p.28)

TL :Ini penyelesaian yang menyakitkan bagi kita berdua. (p.30)

E. Good Translation

The reader cannot simply reproduce the message and be the original. The result of translation can be good or bad it depends on how the translator works out the message. “ A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is completely transfuse into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by native of then country which that language belongs as it is who

speaks the language of the original work”.40 Nevertheless, a good translation must possess the potential of being evaluated and translation must “consciously attempt

the spirit of the original at the expense of the letter”.41

Meanwhile, translation is ideally should give the sense of the original, omitting nothing and adding nothing so the readers is unaware that he or she is reading a translation.42

In order suggests that a translator should “avoid the tendency to translate

word for word”. Since word for word translation can misinterpret the meaning of

the original text.43 Moreover, in other journal, claimed there is no such a thing as perfect translation-and even if there were, could not be sure it would satisfy the average client or critic.44

40

Peter Newmark . Approaches to Translation (Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1982) p.4

41

Ordudari M, Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.net

42

Simatupang M, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. (Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Dinas Pendidikan Nasional:2000)p.3

43

Ordudari M, Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.net

44

Noguira and Semolini, Twelve ways to Enhance Translation Quality. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.com

CHAPTER III DATA FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In the data description, the writer tabulates the selected data of metaphors which are taken from The Ghost novel. In this research, the writer will try to find out the types of metaphors expressed in the novel The Ghost and the strategy of translation that are used by the translator.

1. Dead Metaphor

A figurative of comparison is called a dead metaphor if the reader did not think primary sense of the word but thought directly about the idiomatic expression of the words. In “The Ghost”, there are some figurative of comparisons that belong to dead metaphors. The data can be analyzed as follows:

Table 1: Dead Metaphors

NO. DATA TYPE PAGE

1. And it was finished, it was spectacular, it was labor of love for both of them, and they filled it with beautiful things, and all the treasures they called.

Dead Metaphor 12

2. The “climate” you keep talking about is beginning to make me hot under the collar.

Dead Metaphor 49

3. He wondered if maybe she’d a rotten Christmas, or a rotten life, but actually, he decided as he looked at her, maybe she just a rotten person.

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