Background of the study

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. The English word novel derives from the Italian word novella, meaning a tale, a piece of news. The novel is longer 40,000 words and onwards and more complex than either the short story and the novella, is not bound by the structural and metrical restrictions of plays and poetry, and is not usually composed of the traditional plots of myth and legend contrast with romance. In many cases a novel is about characters and their actions in everyday life often the writers present, with emphasis on the novelty of the narrative. 1 Meanwhile, in other meaning novel is one of media to express literary work that can be categorized as a discourse. At this time, there are so many kinds of novel that circulate in the market. It’s even also all kind of types. If first maybe more novels or story books that lift heroism story, history and other legendaries story, now novel type already rapidly grow. Start in 1990s many novels appear with family theme, friendship, love and the other. But not only have that, for devoted literature lovers, quite a few other novels that more ‘contain’ from simply only discussed love problem. 1 http:www.wordiq.comdefinitionNovel 1 2 In vampire literature covers the spectrum of literary work concerned principally with the subject of vampires. The vampires novel first appeared in eighteenth century poetry, before becoming one of the stock figures of gothic fiction with the publication of Polidoris The Vampyre 1819, which was inspired by the life and legend of Lord Byron. Later influential works include the penny dreadful Varney the Vampire 1847; Sheridan Le Fanus tale of a lesbian vampire, Carmilla 1872 and the masterpiece of the genre: Bram Stokers Dracula 1897. In later years, vampire stories have diversified into areas of crime, fantasy, science fiction or even chick-lit. As well as the typical fanged revenants, newer representations include aliens and even plants with vampiric abilities. Others feed on energy rather than blood. 2 A milestone in vampire literature was Elizabeth Caroline Greys The Skeleton Count, or The Vampire Mistress 1828, believed to be the first vampire story published by a woman. 3 An important later example of 19th century Vampire fiction is the penny dreadful epic Varney the Vampire 1847 featuring Sir Francis Varney as the Vampire. In this story we have the first example of the standard trope in which the vampire comes through the window at night and attacks a maiden as she lies sleeping. 2 http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiVampire_literature 3 Peter Haining. The Vampire Omnibus. Orion mass market paperback July 17, 1995. 3 Fascinating erotic fixations are evident in Sheridan le Fanus classic novella Carmilla 1872 which features a female vampire with lesbian inclinations who seduces the heroine Laura whilst draining her of her vital fluids. Le Fanus story is set in the Duchy of Styria. Such central European locations became a standard feature of vampire fiction. Another important example of the development of vampire fiction can be found in three seminal novels by Paul Féval: Le Chevalier Ténèbre 1860, La Vampire 1865 and La Ville Vampire 1874. Marie Nizets Le Capitaine Vampire 1879 features a Russian officer, Boris Liatoukine, who is a vampire. 4 Then, in Twentieth century Though Stokers Count Dracula remained an iconic figure, especially in the new medium of cinema, twentieth century vampire fiction went beyond traditional Gothic horror and explored new genres such as science fiction. An early example of this is Gustave Le Rouges Le prisonnier de la planète Mars 1908 and its sequel La guerre des vampires 1909, in which a native race of bat-winged, blood-drinking humanoids is found on Mars. One of the first scientific vampire novels, which also becomes another influential example of vampire science fiction was Richard Mathesons 1954 I Am Legend which as been used as the basis for the films The Last Man on Earth 1964, The Omega Man 1971, and I Am Legend 2007. 4 Gliši ć, Milovan, Posle devedeset godina, 2004. 4 The latter part of the twentieth century saw the rise of multi-volume vampire epics. The first of these was Gothic romance writer Marilyn Rosss Barnabas Collins series 1966–71 loosely based on the contemporary American TV series Dark Shadows. It also set the trend for seeing vampires as poetic tragic heroes rather than as the traditional embodiment of evil. This formula was followed in the popular Vampire Chronicles 1976–2003 series of novels by Anne Rice and Chelsea Quinn Yarbros massive Saint-Germain series 1978–. Ross, Rice and Yarbro set the trend for multi-volume vampire sagas which are now a stock feature of mass-market fiction see below for list. Rices work also saw the beginning of the convergence of traditional Gothic ideas with the modern Gothic subculture and a more explicit exploration of the transgressive sexualities which had always been implicit in vampire fiction. The 1981 novel The Hunger adapted as a film in 1983 continued the theme of transgressive sexuality and examined the biology of vampires, suggesting that their special abilities were the result of physical properties of their blood. The novel suggested that not all vampires were undead humans, but some were a separate species that had evolved alongside humans. This interpretation of vampires has since then been used in several science-fiction stories dealing with vampires, most famously the Blade movie series. 5 Kim Newmans Anno Dracula series 1992– returns to Stokers Count Dracula and gives the genre a somewhat post-modern spin. Post-Colonial perspectives on the vampire legend are provided in Nalo Hopkinsons novel Brown Girl In The Ring 1998, which features the Soucouyant, a vampire of Caribbean folklore, and in Tananarive Dues My Soul to Keep 1995 and its sequel The Living Blood 2001. Many books based on vampires are still being published, including several continuing series. Anne Rices Vampire Chronicles ended after many years, but many others have started up in the meantime. Paranormal Romance , inspired by Rice but mostly dropping the transgress sexuality of her characters in favors of more conventional sexual roles, is a remarkable contemporary publishing phenomenon. In many popular legends, a vampire describes as a bloodsucking creature that rises from its burial place at night, sometimes in the form of a bat, to drink the blood of humans. By daybreak it must return to its grave or to a coffin filled with its native earth. Vampires are supposedly dead humans originally suicides, heretics, or criminals who maintain a kind of life by biting the necks of living humans and sucking their blood; their victims also become vampires after death. These undead creatures cast no shadow and are not reflected in mirrors. They can be warded off by crucifixes or wreaths of garlic and can be killed by exposure to the sun or by an oak stake driven through the heart. 6 The most prominent new exponent of this sub-genre is Stephenie Meyer with her Twilight Saga. Other romances with handsome vampires as the male lead include Lynsay Sands Argeneau family series 2003–, Charlaine Harris The Southern Vampire Mysteries series 2001–, and Christine Feehans Carpathian series 1999–. However, Laurell K. Hamiltons Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series has again shifted the genre boundaries from romance back toward the territory of erotica. Related to the number of English novel that now frequently circulate in Indonesia, which have story quality that also jolly good, this matter inspires me to use novel as the object in my research. This, I select Twilight novel the works of Stephenie Meyer that also become first novel from tetra logy Twilight saga. In Twilight novel, Stephenie Meyer tries to represent a new image of vampire. The novel represents vampire as a creature who has a good side and act besides their images which we have ever known before, as a devil, horrible creature, need a human blood to survive, and so on. Actually, vampires 5 are mythological creatures, the existence of which science has not yet been able to prove. But there is a large amount of untested evidence directed towards the fact that vampire tendencies are a possibility among humans. The different representation of vampire in Twilight novel with the real one raises many questions of what the novel actual intention is. 5 http:www.articlesbase.comart-and-entertainment-articleshow-to-identify-a-vampire-the- characteristics-of-a-creature-of-the-undead 7 By analyzing how vampire is represented in the novel, it reveals the ideology of the book represent such description.

B. Focus of the Study