the participants must fill the four maxims, with the result: 1.
Maxim of Quantity This maxim directly correlated more or less of the information
gave to speaker. This maxim forces the speaker in giving sufficient information to the listener.
23
The participants must contribute as is required and make the conversation to be connected. The speaker is
not less and over in giving the information. Therefore, Grice explains that the maxim forces the participants to:
a. Make their contribution as informative as is required.
b. To be not making their contribution more informative than is
required.
24
2. Maxim of Quality
The maxim forces the speaker in giving the relevant information. Both of the speaker and listener must make a satisfactory
in fulfillment the appropriate information. With the specific sub maxim:
a. Do not say what you believe to be false
b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
3. Maxim of relevance
The maxim forces the participants to be relevant.
25
On the other words, the participants must give relevant information to each other.
4. Maxim of Manner
The maxim force to utter what have to say does not have to be formulated by the speaker. With the subsequent sub-maxim below:
a. Avoid obscurity of expression
b. Avoid ambiguity
c. Be brief avoid unnecessary prolixity
d. Be orderly.
26
4. The disobedience of the cooperative Principle
23
Kushartanti 1993, op. cit.107.
24
Grice, H.P 1975, op. cit. 46
25
Ibid.
26
Ibid.
10
Listener and speaker sometimes fail to follow the rules and sometimes they break the cooperative principle. At this stage, they fail to fulfill a maxim
in some ways: 1.
He may quietly and unostentatiously violate a maxim. If the speaker does it, it will make the listener have a wrong
idea or he will not pay attention to what he said. 2.
He may opt out from the operation both of the maxim and of the Cooperative Principle.
On this case, the speaker does not plan to cooperate in the way the maxim requires.
3. He may be faced by a clash another maxim.
The speaker is unable to fill one of the maxims and turns to violate the other maxim. Further, when a speaker gives a statement; he
may not contribute in completing the requirement of the first maxim. In short, he gets a clash with the second maxim.
4. He may flout a maxim.
Here, the speaker is able to fulfill the maxim and to do it without having any violation with another maxim. It actually fails to
contribute the maxim but it is being exploited.
5. Context
Listener must be able to interpret one remark to one another intention. He must care to what is being constructed inside the remark and the utterance
told by the speaker. He must also consider about the situation like the time when it was stated or how it was stated. The reason of participants
consideration is because of the language use is separate from the use of a context. Further, David states that context refers to the situation giving rise to
the discourse, and within which the discourse embedded.
27
It exists because when speaker is saying something they have a reason and some aspects that
forming the background of an utterance being stated. The contextual factors can influence each of utterance. If the listener
can concerns the contextual factors, it will be a start look to listener to know
27
Nunan, David, Introducing Discourse Analysis London: Penguin Books. 1993, p. 7
11
about the meaning of the speaker’s utterance.
6. Drama
