also how the meaning is produced.”
40
For this kind of purpose it is better to teach the students from a shorten text and develop step by step to a longer one. This
called also reading for accuracy.
b. Extensive Reading
“An extensive reading is suitable for reading to have a general idea of a text. The skimming process takes a prominent role.”
41
Usually skimming relates to longer text, where there are words that need special attention. It is appropriate in
reading a novel, magazine, or another text, which does not need full attention to a word or a sentence.
Intensive reading and extensive reading are complementary and both are necessary, as well as other strategies, which perhaps fit into neither category. The
labels indicate a difference in classroom procedures as well as a difference purpose.
42
Thus, in mastering the kind of reading including intensive reading and extensive reading the reader should exercise their reading more and more. In order
to exercise their reading they should know the technique in reading. These techniques help them to get better comprehension of the passage.
Meanwhile, A.H. Urquhart and C.J Weir distinguish reading became five kinds. They are Search reading, Skimming, Scanning, Careful reading at the
global level and Browsing.
43
1. Search reading.
2. Skimming.
3. Scanning.
4. Careful reading.
5. Browsing.
In the following, the writer would like to explain concerning the five reading differences above; First, is search reading. It is used to locate information
40
Ibid. p.38.
41
Ibid. p.38.
42
Ibid. p.23.
43
A.H Urquhart and C.J Weir, Reading in a Second Language: Process, Product and Practice, London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1998 pp. 101
—103.
on predetermined topic.
44
to grasp the meaning of the text, a reader is sought to gain the ability in interpreting the text meaningfully where he needs prior
knowledge to assist him in making sense of the author‟s message. Second, is skimming
. Skimming is viewed as “the ability to process large quantities of materials very rapidly in order to read for a specific purpose, the
location of the main idea.”
45
Skimming is a quick reading for the general drift of a passage. It is an activity which is appropriate when there is no time to read
something carefully or when trying to decide it careful reading is merited. It is also a great way to review material that the reader read before.
Third, is scanning . “Scanning is an excellent technique for reviewing to
make sure that you have mastered and understood the relevant supporting details.”
46
For example, in finding out the supporting details of a text, we need to focus on the facts we want and locate them quickly with a minimum effort.
Fourth, is careful reading. This is the kind of reading favored by many educationalists and psychologists to the exclusion of all other types.
47
Actually, it is involved non-fixion reading types to select the printed materials to gain specific
knowledge or study. And the last but not least is browsing in which it is to describe the sort reading where goals are not well defined and parts of text may be
skipped fairly randomly.
48
In the reality, browsing can be carried out through internet just by inserting the keywords and just looking the highlights then it can
be found many kinds of reading text. In conclusion, the kinds of and purposes of reading will ease the readers in
reading appropriate text. That is why they have to decide and know exactly what kinds of reading text they would like to read because in one reading text may have
multiple purposes in which for each purpose has its own reading technique. Indeed, the kinds of reading texts have close relationship with its purposes to
encounter variety of reading technique.
44
Ibid. pp. 101 —103.
45
Martha J. Maxwell, Skimming and Scanning Improvement: Section 2 Exercises, Berkeley: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2000, p. 1.
46
Ibid. p. 2.
47
A.H Urquhart and C.J Weir, Reading in a Second Language: Process, Product and Practice, pp. 101
—103.
48
Ibid. p. 101.
C. Mind Mapping
1. The General Concept of Mind Mapping
There are many ways to teach genres. Mind mapping is one of good techniques for students or the readers to grasp easily the meaning of the text or
would like to recall the information about the text. Actually there are some definitions about mind mapping. But before that,
we have to know previously what the “min mapping” terminology. Based on Oxford dictionary, mind is the thoughts, interest, etc.
49
In other words, mind is defined as the ideas or opinions. Map is a drawing to describe or give information
about something especially the way it is arranged or organized.
50
Furthermore, A.S. Hornby said that:
Mind mapping involves the left and the right brain which is in the left brain mind mapping involves some aspects that should be
mastered such as word, number, logic, detail, etc. In the right brain mind mapping involves imagination, daydreaming, rhythm, etc.
51
So that, the writer concludes that mind mapping can be ensured as a creative note taking that draws the correlation ideas which make one united
through picture, symbol, keyword, and color. Indeed, mind mapping can solve the learning problems that sourced from the ineffectiveness of the use both brains. It
involves student‟s brain to identify the keyword and to recall what have been written.
Meanwhile, Tony Buzan says that Mind Mapping is a creative note taking, effective, basically it means map someone‟s ideas.
52
Its form is a diagram to represent the ideas, words, or other items which are correlated and arranged
around a central keyword. Tony Buzan‟s statement is in line with the linguist Sutanto Windura who said that mind mapping, is a graphic technique which
allows the writer to explore the whole brain ability for the needs of thinking and
49
A.S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, New York: Oxford
University Press, 2003, p.844.
50
Ibid. pp. 815 844.
51
Sutanto Windura, BLI, Mind Map Langkah Demi Langkah, Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, 2008, p. 5.
52
Tony Buzan, Buku Pintar Mind Map, Translt. From The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps by Susi Purwoko, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2010, P.4.
