DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FINAL EXAMINATION
COURSE
:
CONSOLIDATING LANGUAGE SKILLS /
PREPARATORY ENGLISH
COURSE CODE
:
BEL120/100
EXAMINATION
:
MARCH 2010
TIME
:
2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.
This question paper consists of two (2) parts :
2.
Answer ALL questions from both parts in the Answer Booklet.
3.
Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator.
4.
Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of:
i)
ii)
PART A (9 Questions)
PART B (1 Question)
the Question Paper
an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO
This examination paper consists of 8 printed pages
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
2
PART A: READING (15 MARKS)
Read the text below and answer all the questions in the answer booklet.
I
Sleeping practices and habits have cultural as well as biological causes. These
practices and habits differ greatly around the globe. For example, unlike
those from many other cultures, Balinese children and adults can fall asleep in
extremely noisy conditions. An explanation for this phenomena is that Balinese
parents often take their babies along when they attend the many spiritual
ceremonies which their society celebrates.
As these
5
ceremonies frequently
happen at night and continue into daybreak, the infants learn to go to sleep
despite the noise and music. This ability remains into adulthood.
II
Another aspect in matters of sleep has been noted by researchers. Some
communities find it normal for people
to share their
sleeping quarters or 10
sleeping space with others (a practice termed 'co-sleeping'); in other communities
individuals members or couples sleep in a space or room separate from others.
Here is an example of co-sleeping: Members of some communities in New
Guinea and Indonesia share their sleeping area with others because they feel
this practice gives spiritual protection to everyone concerned. "They believe you
15
go off into the spirit world when you sleep but you are pulled back into the
physical world by those who are with you in your sleeping area when you are
about to awake," explains Worthman. "If you sleep alone, you may not wake up."
III
An important area of sleep research which interests social scientists now is
whether it is better (or worse) for parents to co-sleep with their infants. 20
Anthropologist Gilda Morelli of Boston College has compared the baby-parent cosleeping arrangements in Western United States with those of the Mayan Indians
in Guatemala. Mayan infants are able to sleep in the cloth sling strapped to the
sides or backs of their mothers or even in their mothers' laps at any time of the
day or night. In addition, infants and children in the West are not 'prepared' by 25
their parents
for sleep. In contrast, in the United States, bedtime for infants
normally starts with a series of actions that involved a bath, specific bedtime
clothes and lullabies. Morelli suggested that these actions sometimes bring out
cries of resistance or protesting tantrums from the infants. These bedtime
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
3
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
preparations signal to the infants that they would soon be left to themselves.
30
Infants in the United States used objects such as soft towels, cuddly toys and
actions such as thumb sucking to deal with the worry. Mayan children who slept
close to their parents did not need these worry-reducing objects.
IV
Jodi Mindell, lecturer in psychology at St. Joseph's University, Philadelphia,
studied the slumber patterns of around 30,000 children under three years of age.
35
Early results showed that 86 percent of children in Asian countries sleep in their
parents' room, compared with 22 percent in the mainly Caucasian countries
though children in Singapore and Hong Kong share their parents' bed less often
than those in traditional countries such as Vietnam and India. "Some reasons are
clearly cultural," says Mindell. One Australian doctor said, "There's nothing to do
40
here after 7.30 pm which is why people put their babies to sleep earlier."
V
In Japan and Korea, on the other hand, babies do not go to bed until dad comes
home. Morelli's findings echoed this tendency, "In the communities I worked in,
children are part and parcel of the adult world. Only in Western societies is there a
feeling that babies should sleep apart from their parents, and need to be in bed at
45
seven because 'now I need time with my husband or wife'. However, even in
earlier Western societies, parent-infant co-sleeping was very much the norm. In
fact, families did not start to sleep in separate areas in the UK and US until the
Industrial Revolution and it was only by 1920 that it was actually desirable for
babies to sleep alone.
VI
50
There are various possible explanations for the change. Multiple-room homes
have only been common for the ordinary people in the last 200 years. There are
also theories that the church discouraged parent-infant co-sleeping when mothers
who were very poor confessed to priests that some of them had intentionally
suffocated their children and then claimed that they had done it accidentally in
55
their sleep. Thankfully, this horrific and desperate act is very rarely practised
today.
Others relate the separate sleeping arrangements for babies and their
parents simply with the value British and American societies put on personal
independence and privacy.
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
VII
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
4
Recent studies suggest that parent-child co-sleeping practices in traditional
60
societies improves infant survival. Infants receive cues from their resting parents
to help them
regulate their own breathing. These cues help them to survive
'breath control errors' that might play a role in sudden infant deaths that occur
while the baby is asleep. Furthermore, babies often wake and need to be fed
every four hours night or day for at least eight months of their lives. Their parents
65
therefore need to be nearby. Perhaps parents in modern societies should reevaluate their practice of having their
babies sleep alone.
community needs to ask this question: Is
Ultimately, any
the need to establish a sense of
independence and privacy in the young more important than to reduce threats to
them such as psychological trauma and the Sudden Death Syndrome deaths?
70
Sources:
Readers Digest, April 2009
Morelli, GA, Rogoff, B, Oppenheim, D, Goldsmith D. (1992). Cultural
Variation in Infants' Sleeping Arrangements: Questions of
Independence Developmental Psychology Vol 28 No.4 pp 608-613
Answer the following questions in complete sentences where appropriate.
1) What do the following words and phrase refer to?
a)
This ability (line 8)
b)
their (line 24)
c)
here (line 41)
d)
it (line 55)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
(2 marks)
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
5
2) Give the meanings of the following words as they are used in the passage,
a) matters (line 9)
i) views
ii) issues
iii) ideas
ii) exception
iii) acceptance
ii) admitted
iii) protested
b) resistance (line 29)
i) opposition
c) confessed (line 54)
i) denied
(114 marks)
3) Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
a) Balinese spiritual rituals usually last from midnight to noon.
b) Mayan babies sleep alone while in the US, parents sleep with their babies.
c) Priests are worried that poor mothers may suffocate their babies to death.
d) Sleeping alone will not help babies learn how to breathe correctly independently.
e) The writer concludes that parents in modern societies should ensure that their babies
are independent.
(21/2 marks)
4) As a general principle, how does the sleeping practice of the Gabra tribe differ from that
in the United States? Give one example to explain this principle.
(11/2 marks)
5) What is the topic sentence of paragraph III?
(1 mark)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
6
6) State a sleeping ritual practised with American babies which may actually make it more
difficult for these babies to fall asleep. Why do you think the ritual you mentioned makes
it difficult for the babies to sleep?
(2 marks)
7) State a reason present-day parents and their babies in the UK and US sleep separately.
(1 mark)
8) In the writer's opinion, is it better for an infant to sleep alone? What is the reason for your
answer?
(1 1>4 marks)
9) Complete the table with information from the passage.
Countries
New Guinea and
Indonesia
Guatemala
Sleeping Practices
a) People
for spiritual protection.
Babies sleep with their mothers all day and
Night.
Western US
b) Babies
Parents ritualize sleep through clothes,
lullabies, bathing and bedtime stories.
Singapore and Hong Kong
c) Children share their parents' bed
than children in
Vietnam and India.
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
7
Countries
Japan and Korea
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
Sleeping Practices
d) Babies
(1/2 markx4 = 2 marks)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
8
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
PART B: WRITING (15 MARKS)
QUESTION 1
1) Crimes such as murder, robbery and snatch-theft are becoming rampant in Malaysia.
Write an essay of about 230-250 words on ways to overcome this problem. You may
want to suggest that
• the laws be strengthened,
• the police force be made more effective and
• society be actively involved in fighting crimes.
Elaborate your points with examples.
END OF QUESTION PAPER
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FINAL EXAMINATION
COURSE
:
CONSOLIDATING LANGUAGE SKILLS /
PREPARATORY ENGLISH
COURSE CODE
:
BEL120/100
EXAMINATION
:
MARCH 2010
TIME
:
2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.
This question paper consists of two (2) parts :
2.
Answer ALL questions from both parts in the Answer Booklet.
3.
Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator.
4.
Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of:
i)
ii)
PART A (9 Questions)
PART B (1 Question)
the Question Paper
an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO
This examination paper consists of 8 printed pages
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
2
PART A: READING (15 MARKS)
Read the text below and answer all the questions in the answer booklet.
I
Sleeping practices and habits have cultural as well as biological causes. These
practices and habits differ greatly around the globe. For example, unlike
those from many other cultures, Balinese children and adults can fall asleep in
extremely noisy conditions. An explanation for this phenomena is that Balinese
parents often take their babies along when they attend the many spiritual
ceremonies which their society celebrates.
As these
5
ceremonies frequently
happen at night and continue into daybreak, the infants learn to go to sleep
despite the noise and music. This ability remains into adulthood.
II
Another aspect in matters of sleep has been noted by researchers. Some
communities find it normal for people
to share their
sleeping quarters or 10
sleeping space with others (a practice termed 'co-sleeping'); in other communities
individuals members or couples sleep in a space or room separate from others.
Here is an example of co-sleeping: Members of some communities in New
Guinea and Indonesia share their sleeping area with others because they feel
this practice gives spiritual protection to everyone concerned. "They believe you
15
go off into the spirit world when you sleep but you are pulled back into the
physical world by those who are with you in your sleeping area when you are
about to awake," explains Worthman. "If you sleep alone, you may not wake up."
III
An important area of sleep research which interests social scientists now is
whether it is better (or worse) for parents to co-sleep with their infants. 20
Anthropologist Gilda Morelli of Boston College has compared the baby-parent cosleeping arrangements in Western United States with those of the Mayan Indians
in Guatemala. Mayan infants are able to sleep in the cloth sling strapped to the
sides or backs of their mothers or even in their mothers' laps at any time of the
day or night. In addition, infants and children in the West are not 'prepared' by 25
their parents
for sleep. In contrast, in the United States, bedtime for infants
normally starts with a series of actions that involved a bath, specific bedtime
clothes and lullabies. Morelli suggested that these actions sometimes bring out
cries of resistance or protesting tantrums from the infants. These bedtime
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
3
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
preparations signal to the infants that they would soon be left to themselves.
30
Infants in the United States used objects such as soft towels, cuddly toys and
actions such as thumb sucking to deal with the worry. Mayan children who slept
close to their parents did not need these worry-reducing objects.
IV
Jodi Mindell, lecturer in psychology at St. Joseph's University, Philadelphia,
studied the slumber patterns of around 30,000 children under three years of age.
35
Early results showed that 86 percent of children in Asian countries sleep in their
parents' room, compared with 22 percent in the mainly Caucasian countries
though children in Singapore and Hong Kong share their parents' bed less often
than those in traditional countries such as Vietnam and India. "Some reasons are
clearly cultural," says Mindell. One Australian doctor said, "There's nothing to do
40
here after 7.30 pm which is why people put their babies to sleep earlier."
V
In Japan and Korea, on the other hand, babies do not go to bed until dad comes
home. Morelli's findings echoed this tendency, "In the communities I worked in,
children are part and parcel of the adult world. Only in Western societies is there a
feeling that babies should sleep apart from their parents, and need to be in bed at
45
seven because 'now I need time with my husband or wife'. However, even in
earlier Western societies, parent-infant co-sleeping was very much the norm. In
fact, families did not start to sleep in separate areas in the UK and US until the
Industrial Revolution and it was only by 1920 that it was actually desirable for
babies to sleep alone.
VI
50
There are various possible explanations for the change. Multiple-room homes
have only been common for the ordinary people in the last 200 years. There are
also theories that the church discouraged parent-infant co-sleeping when mothers
who were very poor confessed to priests that some of them had intentionally
suffocated their children and then claimed that they had done it accidentally in
55
their sleep. Thankfully, this horrific and desperate act is very rarely practised
today.
Others relate the separate sleeping arrangements for babies and their
parents simply with the value British and American societies put on personal
independence and privacy.
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
VII
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
4
Recent studies suggest that parent-child co-sleeping practices in traditional
60
societies improves infant survival. Infants receive cues from their resting parents
to help them
regulate their own breathing. These cues help them to survive
'breath control errors' that might play a role in sudden infant deaths that occur
while the baby is asleep. Furthermore, babies often wake and need to be fed
every four hours night or day for at least eight months of their lives. Their parents
65
therefore need to be nearby. Perhaps parents in modern societies should reevaluate their practice of having their
babies sleep alone.
community needs to ask this question: Is
Ultimately, any
the need to establish a sense of
independence and privacy in the young more important than to reduce threats to
them such as psychological trauma and the Sudden Death Syndrome deaths?
70
Sources:
Readers Digest, April 2009
Morelli, GA, Rogoff, B, Oppenheim, D, Goldsmith D. (1992). Cultural
Variation in Infants' Sleeping Arrangements: Questions of
Independence Developmental Psychology Vol 28 No.4 pp 608-613
Answer the following questions in complete sentences where appropriate.
1) What do the following words and phrase refer to?
a)
This ability (line 8)
b)
their (line 24)
c)
here (line 41)
d)
it (line 55)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
(2 marks)
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
5
2) Give the meanings of the following words as they are used in the passage,
a) matters (line 9)
i) views
ii) issues
iii) ideas
ii) exception
iii) acceptance
ii) admitted
iii) protested
b) resistance (line 29)
i) opposition
c) confessed (line 54)
i) denied
(114 marks)
3) Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
a) Balinese spiritual rituals usually last from midnight to noon.
b) Mayan babies sleep alone while in the US, parents sleep with their babies.
c) Priests are worried that poor mothers may suffocate their babies to death.
d) Sleeping alone will not help babies learn how to breathe correctly independently.
e) The writer concludes that parents in modern societies should ensure that their babies
are independent.
(21/2 marks)
4) As a general principle, how does the sleeping practice of the Gabra tribe differ from that
in the United States? Give one example to explain this principle.
(11/2 marks)
5) What is the topic sentence of paragraph III?
(1 mark)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
6
6) State a sleeping ritual practised with American babies which may actually make it more
difficult for these babies to fall asleep. Why do you think the ritual you mentioned makes
it difficult for the babies to sleep?
(2 marks)
7) State a reason present-day parents and their babies in the UK and US sleep separately.
(1 mark)
8) In the writer's opinion, is it better for an infant to sleep alone? What is the reason for your
answer?
(1 1>4 marks)
9) Complete the table with information from the passage.
Countries
New Guinea and
Indonesia
Guatemala
Sleeping Practices
a) People
for spiritual protection.
Babies sleep with their mothers all day and
Night.
Western US
b) Babies
Parents ritualize sleep through clothes,
lullabies, bathing and bedtime stories.
Singapore and Hong Kong
c) Children share their parents' bed
than children in
Vietnam and India.
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
7
Countries
Japan and Korea
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
Sleeping Practices
d) Babies
(1/2 markx4 = 2 marks)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
8
LG/MAR 2010/BEL120/100
PART B: WRITING (15 MARKS)
QUESTION 1
1) Crimes such as murder, robbery and snatch-theft are becoming rampant in Malaysia.
Write an essay of about 230-250 words on ways to overcome this problem. You may
want to suggest that
• the laws be strengthened,
• the police force be made more effective and
• society be actively involved in fighting crimes.
Elaborate your points with examples.
END OF QUESTION PAPER
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
CONFIDENTIAL