ebook 33 Bidayuh 6 21 12 rev
DigitalResources
®
The Bidayuh Language
Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow
Revised and Expanded
Calvin R. Rensch
Carolyn M. Rensch
Jonas Noeb
Robert Sulis Ridu
SIL eBook 33
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5
Introduction to Part I
Today more and more Bidayuh are aware of the urgent need to preserve and develop their
language. The publication of this book is one of the ways to let the people know more about the
Bidayuh language. The birth of this book was made possible through the visions and concerns of
various people.
We would particularly like to thank the Association of Research and Development Movement
of Singai (Redeems) for inviting language consultants from SIL International to come and help us
with the Bidayuh Language Development Project. We thank the Dayak Bidayuh National
Association (DBNA) too for its support. We also wish to thank the Sarawak Government,
especially the State Planning Unit, for its approval of SIL personnel to come to Sarawak. We wish
to put on record our sincere thanks to Mr. John Wayne King, Dr. Michael Boutin, Mr. David
Nichols and Mr. Hans Combrink, who are the past and present directors of SIL, Malaysia Branch,
respectively, for their support and understanding. Our special thanks, too, go to all our
hardworking, understanding, sincere and friendly SIL project consultants, both past and present,
namely Dr. Calvin Rensch, his wife Carolyn Rensch, Dr. Grace Tan, Ms. Jey Lingam, Mr.
Guillermo Vega and his wife Marilina Bongarrá de Vega, Mr. Eric Albright and his wife Allison
Albright, and also to other SIL consultants who visited the project and gave expert help and
advice, such as Drs. Dennis and Susan Malone, Jim and Karla Smith, and others.
We also wish to extend our gratitude to Mr. Jayl Langub (formerly the Secretary of Majlis Adat
Istiadat, Sarawak, now a Senior Research Fellow at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) for his
encouragement and advice, and also to Ms. Liana Chua, a Ph. D. student at Cambridge University,
England, for reading the early draft of our part of the book and making several useful comments
and suggestions.
We would like to record our sincere appreciation to Dr. Grace Tan for her guidance, patience
and expert editing, and to Ms. Marilina Bongarrá de Vega for designing the cover of this book.
Our special thanks go to Datu Nillie Tangai, the Head of Majlis Adat Istiadat, Sarawak, for his
advice and understanding, and also to Ms. Magdalen Kapa, who patiently typed drafts of our paper
into the computer.
A special note of appreciation is due to Y.B. Datuk Michael Manyin, Minister of Environment
and Public Health Sarawak, to Y.B. Peter Nansian Nguse, and also to many others for their support
and encouragement.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge our deep appreciation to Y.B. Dato’ Sri Adenan Haji
Satem, Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia, for his inspiration, and his
assistance in financing the publication of this book through the Sarawak Foundation.
Jonas Noeb
Robert Sulis Ridu
xii
BBS, PPT, PPS
PBS, ABS, BBS
Introduction to Parts II and III
Overview
Bidayuh is the name of a grouping of dialects/languages1 that forms a sub-section of the Land
Dayak group, which is ultimately a part of the great Austronesian language family.
The many varieties of Bidayuh are spoken primarily in the Malaysian state of Sarawak in the
districts of Serian, Kuching, Bau and Lundu. The variety called Rara, also spoken in Lundu
District, is commonly regarded as Bidayuh as well. However, at least some speakers of Rara call
themselves Bakati’, and this term appears to be in common use for dialects related to Rara that are
spoken in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Although the present homelands of the Bidayuh-speaking peoples are principally in western
Sarawak, some Bidayuhs as well as speakers of rather closely related languages are found in the
interior of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is understood by the Bidayuh people
themselves that at an earlier period of their history all of them lived in areas that are now part of
West Kalimantan. Of course, Bidayuhs have now lived in Sarawak for many generations.
It should be noted that Salako is not directly included in this study. The Salako-speaking people
have shared much cultural history with the Bidayuh-speaking people in the past as well as today,
especially with the Rara-speaking people. In the socio-political context of modern Sarawak the
Salako people form a part of the Bidayuh cultural group. This cultural contact has resulted in some
common vocabulary and some similar phonetic features. Nevertheless, the Salako language is a
part of the Malayic group of languages2 and has been found to be closer linguistically to Iban and
Malay than it is to Bidayuh and Bakati’. Of course, all of these languages ultimately form a part of
the large Austronesian language family.
Approximately 25 Bidayuh dialects have been included in this study in addition to Rara and
other varieties of Bakati’ as well as Kembayan, Ribun and Semandang, spoken farther south in
West Kalimantan. These Bidayuh dialects are Singai, Gumbang, Jagoi (Serambu/Birois, Bratak,
Serasot, Grogo, Stass), Biatah, Penrissen (Bistaang, Benuk), Lower Padawan (Sapug, Pinyawa’,
Bengoh), Upper Padawan (Anah Rais, Biya), Sembaan, Tringgus Raya, Tringgus Bireng, Bukar,
Sadung (Sadung/Tebedu, Bibengih/Kedup, Tebakang, Bukar-Sadung, Sangking, Bunan).
Sources of Data
This study is based on a corpus of vocabulary items drawn from several sources. The major
source is a wordlist collected by Carolyn Rensch, Calvin Rensch and Grace Tan for the Bidayuh
1
This study does not make a systematic attempt to distinguish between the terms “dialect” and “language”.
The varieties of Bidayuh are traditionally called dialects, and that is the term commonly used in this study.
Using the criterion of intelligibility, one might consider that the Bidayuh dialect network includes four
languages, but that figure would vary depending on the threshold of intelligibility that is applied. For further
consideration of dialect differences and similarities, see Studies in the early Bidayuh language, sec. 2.4.
2
Hudson (1970:301-2) also points out some cultural features which distinguish the Salako from the Land
Dayak peoples. Cf. also Adelaar (1992:381-2)
xiii
xiv
The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Language Development Project during the period March 2001 to December 2002. They represent
the responses of many individuals in numerous locations (see Map) to the elicitation of a wordlist.
Those speakers voluntarily contributed their time and linguistic skills toward this end. This
wordlist of 346 items was collected from a variety of speakers from 27 regional varieties of
Bidayuh as well as Rara and Salako. During the course of eliciting these wordlists it became
evident that certain additional words were of phonological interest, and about 50 additional items
were collected in some of the varieties. This corpus was augmented by a wordlist with a partially
overlapping set of items collected by Paul Kroeger in 1993 in about 20 dialects of Bidayuh
primarily in the Kuching District. A Sapug wordlist was collected by Eric and Allison Albright in
2002 and was kindly made available for this study.
Map of Bidayuh dialect areas
Major cities and towns:
A. Kuching
B. Lundu
C. Bau
D. Serian
Locations from which wordlists were collected:
(W = Western Group, C = Central Group, S = Sembaan Group, E = Eastern Group)
30. Kendaie – Rara
20. Sembaan – S
10. Kuap – C
1. Stungkor – W
31. Pasir Ilir – Rara
21. Tringgus – S
11. Giam – C
2. Serasot – W
22. Sejijak – E
12. Sitaang – C
3. Krokong – W
32. Pueh – Salako
23. Tebakang – E
13. Benŭk – C
4. Stass – W
24. Mayang Kawan – E
14. Bengoh – C
5. Grogo – W
25. Bunan Gega – E
15. Padawan – C
6. Peninjau – W
26. Mujat – E
16. Kiding– C
7. Gumbang – W
27. Terbat – E
17. Sepug – C
8. Apar – W
28. Rayang – E
18. Gayu – C
9. Daun – W
19. Anah Rais – C
29. Ta’ee – E
Note: These are the places of origin of the wordlist source people. Sometimes the place name corresponds
with the dialect name used in this volume, sometimes not.
Introduction to Parts II and III
xv
In the Bau and Serian regions speakers of various regional varieties have been collaborating to
compile a regional dictionary in each of those regions. A few of the cognate sets cite entries from
those provisional dictionaries, labeled “Bau dictionary” and “Serian dictionary”, respectively. In
addition, the compendious Bidayuh-English Dictionary compiled by Datuk William Nais (1988) is
a significant reference for Biatah, and it was an important source of data for the papers in this
volume.
This study also made use of several wordlists of A. B. Hudson, published on dialects spoken in
the Bau District and West Kalimantan (Hudson 1970, pp. 308–316). These lists included one
variety of Bidayuh, one variety of Bakati’ and three varieties of Southern Land Dayak. The
Hudson materials for the southern Land Dayak languages of Kembayan and Ribun were
supplemented to a considerable extent by referring to unpublished wordlists collected and kindly
made available by K. Alexander Adelaar.
Finally, the Rara wordlist was compared with three wordlists compiled by Carmen Bryant in a
variety of Rara and two related varieties, Sara/Riok and Kendayan, all spoken in West Kalimantan,
and kindly made available for this study.
Appreciation
We wish to thank the cultural leadership of the Bidayuh people, especially the members of the
steering committee of the Bidayuh Language Development Project, for their unfailing support and
encouragement in this project. Jonas Noeb and Robert Sulis Ridu, the leaders of the Project, have
sacrificially given of their time to offer guidance and to make arrangements for many datagathering sessions throughout the Bidayuh Belt.
It is always hazardous to name individuals who have been particularly active in supporting the
project since inevitably some worthy names may be omitted. Nevertheless, it seems right to thank
especially Jonas Noeb, Robert Sulis Ridu, Datu Stephen Jussem, Justin Milus and James Manis for
the many occasions when they made arrangements for us to collect and then to (re)check Bidayuh
language materials.
There are many who spent hours with us, contributing their time and linguistic skills. They
provided Bidayuh dialect materials and answered our many questions, and upon many occasions
offered special Bidayuh hospitality. These include at least the following:
Singai: Jonas Noeb, Temenggong Datu Stephen Jussem Dundon, Penghulu Sebastian Desson,
Patrick Rigep, Joseph Charles
Gumbang: Clement Ahien anak Singgek, Ketua Kampung Keelim anak Nilam,
Ketua Adat Anyan anak Jikan
Serambu/Birois: Penghulu Ranjes, Ketua Kampung Atew, Ahew Sajek, Edward Akui,
Patrick Doya
Bratak: Michael Jindiau, Joseph Nyogen
Grogo: Joneh anak Bidon
Serasot: Cikgu Patrick Kukut
Stass: Nilaw Nokap, Swami
Biatah: Crispin Jusib, Stephen Rungan Satom, Ritikos Jitab
Bistaang: Dripin Sakoi, Rex Johnson Sayo
xiv
The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Benuk: Kamar anak Sti’, Teresa Majet
Sapug: Justin Kirim
Pinyawa’: Cikgu Justin Milus
Bengoh: Anyew, Karid, Cikgu Samus Rama, Nelson, Sora Rusa
Anah Rais: John Awang, Semaruh, Nyapang
Biya: Cikgu Lepon, Rudin Engges
Sembaan: Baha’ anak Batel, Abum anak New
Tringgus Raya: Ketua Kaum Toe anak New, Zakaria Jaim
Tringgus Bireng: Getor anak Masoun/Mahun
Bukar: Robert Sulis Ridu, Henry Ginai Langgie, Nori Kiyui, Edward Sian, Cesario Athos Langgi,
Claude Laum anak Rikes
Sadung (Kpg Sejijak): Irene A/P Sanyung
Bibengih: Henry Sadok
Tebakang: Theresa Atet, Cikgu Maurice Budit
Bukar-Sadung: Stephen Naidi
Sangking: Makew Nyusung
Bunan: Sibok anak Juwai, David Serejen, Joseph Linggong, Tawi anak Saran
Rara: Philipsen Jeff, Risiden Mambon Nidy Jueng
Salako: Mejus anak Nimbun
Note: In some cases both the husband and his wife were present and contributing useful language
material.
We want to acknowledge the painstaking editorial work of Grace Tan in preparing this
manuscript for publication. We also wish to give special thanks to Paul Kroeger, Grace Tan,
Guillermo and Marilina Vega and Jey Lingam for many useful discussions regarding Bidayuh
language and analysis.
Cal and Carolyn Rensch
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The Bidayuh Language
Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow
Revised and Expanded
Calvin R. Rensch
Carolyn M. Rensch
Jonas Noeb
Robert Sulis Ridu
SIL eBook 33
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5
Introduction to Part I
Today more and more Bidayuh are aware of the urgent need to preserve and develop their
language. The publication of this book is one of the ways to let the people know more about the
Bidayuh language. The birth of this book was made possible through the visions and concerns of
various people.
We would particularly like to thank the Association of Research and Development Movement
of Singai (Redeems) for inviting language consultants from SIL International to come and help us
with the Bidayuh Language Development Project. We thank the Dayak Bidayuh National
Association (DBNA) too for its support. We also wish to thank the Sarawak Government,
especially the State Planning Unit, for its approval of SIL personnel to come to Sarawak. We wish
to put on record our sincere thanks to Mr. John Wayne King, Dr. Michael Boutin, Mr. David
Nichols and Mr. Hans Combrink, who are the past and present directors of SIL, Malaysia Branch,
respectively, for their support and understanding. Our special thanks, too, go to all our
hardworking, understanding, sincere and friendly SIL project consultants, both past and present,
namely Dr. Calvin Rensch, his wife Carolyn Rensch, Dr. Grace Tan, Ms. Jey Lingam, Mr.
Guillermo Vega and his wife Marilina Bongarrá de Vega, Mr. Eric Albright and his wife Allison
Albright, and also to other SIL consultants who visited the project and gave expert help and
advice, such as Drs. Dennis and Susan Malone, Jim and Karla Smith, and others.
We also wish to extend our gratitude to Mr. Jayl Langub (formerly the Secretary of Majlis Adat
Istiadat, Sarawak, now a Senior Research Fellow at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) for his
encouragement and advice, and also to Ms. Liana Chua, a Ph. D. student at Cambridge University,
England, for reading the early draft of our part of the book and making several useful comments
and suggestions.
We would like to record our sincere appreciation to Dr. Grace Tan for her guidance, patience
and expert editing, and to Ms. Marilina Bongarrá de Vega for designing the cover of this book.
Our special thanks go to Datu Nillie Tangai, the Head of Majlis Adat Istiadat, Sarawak, for his
advice and understanding, and also to Ms. Magdalen Kapa, who patiently typed drafts of our paper
into the computer.
A special note of appreciation is due to Y.B. Datuk Michael Manyin, Minister of Environment
and Public Health Sarawak, to Y.B. Peter Nansian Nguse, and also to many others for their support
and encouragement.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge our deep appreciation to Y.B. Dato’ Sri Adenan Haji
Satem, Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia, for his inspiration, and his
assistance in financing the publication of this book through the Sarawak Foundation.
Jonas Noeb
Robert Sulis Ridu
xii
BBS, PPT, PPS
PBS, ABS, BBS
Introduction to Parts II and III
Overview
Bidayuh is the name of a grouping of dialects/languages1 that forms a sub-section of the Land
Dayak group, which is ultimately a part of the great Austronesian language family.
The many varieties of Bidayuh are spoken primarily in the Malaysian state of Sarawak in the
districts of Serian, Kuching, Bau and Lundu. The variety called Rara, also spoken in Lundu
District, is commonly regarded as Bidayuh as well. However, at least some speakers of Rara call
themselves Bakati’, and this term appears to be in common use for dialects related to Rara that are
spoken in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Although the present homelands of the Bidayuh-speaking peoples are principally in western
Sarawak, some Bidayuhs as well as speakers of rather closely related languages are found in the
interior of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is understood by the Bidayuh people
themselves that at an earlier period of their history all of them lived in areas that are now part of
West Kalimantan. Of course, Bidayuhs have now lived in Sarawak for many generations.
It should be noted that Salako is not directly included in this study. The Salako-speaking people
have shared much cultural history with the Bidayuh-speaking people in the past as well as today,
especially with the Rara-speaking people. In the socio-political context of modern Sarawak the
Salako people form a part of the Bidayuh cultural group. This cultural contact has resulted in some
common vocabulary and some similar phonetic features. Nevertheless, the Salako language is a
part of the Malayic group of languages2 and has been found to be closer linguistically to Iban and
Malay than it is to Bidayuh and Bakati’. Of course, all of these languages ultimately form a part of
the large Austronesian language family.
Approximately 25 Bidayuh dialects have been included in this study in addition to Rara and
other varieties of Bakati’ as well as Kembayan, Ribun and Semandang, spoken farther south in
West Kalimantan. These Bidayuh dialects are Singai, Gumbang, Jagoi (Serambu/Birois, Bratak,
Serasot, Grogo, Stass), Biatah, Penrissen (Bistaang, Benuk), Lower Padawan (Sapug, Pinyawa’,
Bengoh), Upper Padawan (Anah Rais, Biya), Sembaan, Tringgus Raya, Tringgus Bireng, Bukar,
Sadung (Sadung/Tebedu, Bibengih/Kedup, Tebakang, Bukar-Sadung, Sangking, Bunan).
Sources of Data
This study is based on a corpus of vocabulary items drawn from several sources. The major
source is a wordlist collected by Carolyn Rensch, Calvin Rensch and Grace Tan for the Bidayuh
1
This study does not make a systematic attempt to distinguish between the terms “dialect” and “language”.
The varieties of Bidayuh are traditionally called dialects, and that is the term commonly used in this study.
Using the criterion of intelligibility, one might consider that the Bidayuh dialect network includes four
languages, but that figure would vary depending on the threshold of intelligibility that is applied. For further
consideration of dialect differences and similarities, see Studies in the early Bidayuh language, sec. 2.4.
2
Hudson (1970:301-2) also points out some cultural features which distinguish the Salako from the Land
Dayak peoples. Cf. also Adelaar (1992:381-2)
xiii
xiv
The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Language Development Project during the period March 2001 to December 2002. They represent
the responses of many individuals in numerous locations (see Map) to the elicitation of a wordlist.
Those speakers voluntarily contributed their time and linguistic skills toward this end. This
wordlist of 346 items was collected from a variety of speakers from 27 regional varieties of
Bidayuh as well as Rara and Salako. During the course of eliciting these wordlists it became
evident that certain additional words were of phonological interest, and about 50 additional items
were collected in some of the varieties. This corpus was augmented by a wordlist with a partially
overlapping set of items collected by Paul Kroeger in 1993 in about 20 dialects of Bidayuh
primarily in the Kuching District. A Sapug wordlist was collected by Eric and Allison Albright in
2002 and was kindly made available for this study.
Map of Bidayuh dialect areas
Major cities and towns:
A. Kuching
B. Lundu
C. Bau
D. Serian
Locations from which wordlists were collected:
(W = Western Group, C = Central Group, S = Sembaan Group, E = Eastern Group)
30. Kendaie – Rara
20. Sembaan – S
10. Kuap – C
1. Stungkor – W
31. Pasir Ilir – Rara
21. Tringgus – S
11. Giam – C
2. Serasot – W
22. Sejijak – E
12. Sitaang – C
3. Krokong – W
32. Pueh – Salako
23. Tebakang – E
13. Benŭk – C
4. Stass – W
24. Mayang Kawan – E
14. Bengoh – C
5. Grogo – W
25. Bunan Gega – E
15. Padawan – C
6. Peninjau – W
26. Mujat – E
16. Kiding– C
7. Gumbang – W
27. Terbat – E
17. Sepug – C
8. Apar – W
28. Rayang – E
18. Gayu – C
9. Daun – W
19. Anah Rais – C
29. Ta’ee – E
Note: These are the places of origin of the wordlist source people. Sometimes the place name corresponds
with the dialect name used in this volume, sometimes not.
Introduction to Parts II and III
xv
In the Bau and Serian regions speakers of various regional varieties have been collaborating to
compile a regional dictionary in each of those regions. A few of the cognate sets cite entries from
those provisional dictionaries, labeled “Bau dictionary” and “Serian dictionary”, respectively. In
addition, the compendious Bidayuh-English Dictionary compiled by Datuk William Nais (1988) is
a significant reference for Biatah, and it was an important source of data for the papers in this
volume.
This study also made use of several wordlists of A. B. Hudson, published on dialects spoken in
the Bau District and West Kalimantan (Hudson 1970, pp. 308–316). These lists included one
variety of Bidayuh, one variety of Bakati’ and three varieties of Southern Land Dayak. The
Hudson materials for the southern Land Dayak languages of Kembayan and Ribun were
supplemented to a considerable extent by referring to unpublished wordlists collected and kindly
made available by K. Alexander Adelaar.
Finally, the Rara wordlist was compared with three wordlists compiled by Carmen Bryant in a
variety of Rara and two related varieties, Sara/Riok and Kendayan, all spoken in West Kalimantan,
and kindly made available for this study.
Appreciation
We wish to thank the cultural leadership of the Bidayuh people, especially the members of the
steering committee of the Bidayuh Language Development Project, for their unfailing support and
encouragement in this project. Jonas Noeb and Robert Sulis Ridu, the leaders of the Project, have
sacrificially given of their time to offer guidance and to make arrangements for many datagathering sessions throughout the Bidayuh Belt.
It is always hazardous to name individuals who have been particularly active in supporting the
project since inevitably some worthy names may be omitted. Nevertheless, it seems right to thank
especially Jonas Noeb, Robert Sulis Ridu, Datu Stephen Jussem, Justin Milus and James Manis for
the many occasions when they made arrangements for us to collect and then to (re)check Bidayuh
language materials.
There are many who spent hours with us, contributing their time and linguistic skills. They
provided Bidayuh dialect materials and answered our many questions, and upon many occasions
offered special Bidayuh hospitality. These include at least the following:
Singai: Jonas Noeb, Temenggong Datu Stephen Jussem Dundon, Penghulu Sebastian Desson,
Patrick Rigep, Joseph Charles
Gumbang: Clement Ahien anak Singgek, Ketua Kampung Keelim anak Nilam,
Ketua Adat Anyan anak Jikan
Serambu/Birois: Penghulu Ranjes, Ketua Kampung Atew, Ahew Sajek, Edward Akui,
Patrick Doya
Bratak: Michael Jindiau, Joseph Nyogen
Grogo: Joneh anak Bidon
Serasot: Cikgu Patrick Kukut
Stass: Nilaw Nokap, Swami
Biatah: Crispin Jusib, Stephen Rungan Satom, Ritikos Jitab
Bistaang: Dripin Sakoi, Rex Johnson Sayo
xiv
The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Benuk: Kamar anak Sti’, Teresa Majet
Sapug: Justin Kirim
Pinyawa’: Cikgu Justin Milus
Bengoh: Anyew, Karid, Cikgu Samus Rama, Nelson, Sora Rusa
Anah Rais: John Awang, Semaruh, Nyapang
Biya: Cikgu Lepon, Rudin Engges
Sembaan: Baha’ anak Batel, Abum anak New
Tringgus Raya: Ketua Kaum Toe anak New, Zakaria Jaim
Tringgus Bireng: Getor anak Masoun/Mahun
Bukar: Robert Sulis Ridu, Henry Ginai Langgie, Nori Kiyui, Edward Sian, Cesario Athos Langgi,
Claude Laum anak Rikes
Sadung (Kpg Sejijak): Irene A/P Sanyung
Bibengih: Henry Sadok
Tebakang: Theresa Atet, Cikgu Maurice Budit
Bukar-Sadung: Stephen Naidi
Sangking: Makew Nyusung
Bunan: Sibok anak Juwai, David Serejen, Joseph Linggong, Tawi anak Saran
Rara: Philipsen Jeff, Risiden Mambon Nidy Jueng
Salako: Mejus anak Nimbun
Note: In some cases both the husband and his wife were present and contributing useful language
material.
We want to acknowledge the painstaking editorial work of Grace Tan in preparing this
manuscript for publication. We also wish to give special thanks to Paul Kroeger, Grace Tan,
Guillermo and Marilina Vega and Jey Lingam for many useful discussions regarding Bidayuh
language and analysis.
Cal and Carolyn Rensch
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