THE IMPACTS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN SWARA CEMPALA KUNENG RADIO STATION ON THE LISTENERS.
THE IMPACTS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING
IN SWARA CEMPALA KUNENG RADIO STATION ON THE
LISTENERS
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Magister Degree of Education
in English Applied Linguistic Program
By:
IRMA DEWI ISDA
Register Number: 8106111017
PASCASARJANA PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
THE IMPACTS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING
IN SWARA CEMPALA KUNENG RADIO STATION ON THE
LISTENERS
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Magister Degree of Education
in English Applied Linguistic Program
By:
IRMA DEWI ISDA
Register Number: 8106111017
PASCASARJANA PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Irma Dewi Isda, Registration Number: 8106111017. The Impacts of Code
Switching and Code Mixing in Swara Cempala Kuneng Radio Station on the
Listeners. A Thesis of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, State
University of Medan. 2013.
The objectives of this study are to find out: types of code switching and
code mixing performed by the radio broadcaster and listeners when presenting
their broadcasting in relax program, the reasons and motivations influence the use
of code switching and code mixing in relax program, and the impacts of code
switching and code mixing on the listeners. Descriptive qualitative research was
used in this study. The data were taken from transcript of recorded observation,
transcript of recorded interview and field notes in Swara Cempala Kuneng Radio
Station in Langsa. The findings of this study shown that there are three types of
code switching namely tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intrasentential switching and there were three types of code mixing namely insertion,
alternation and congruent lexicalization. It can be seen that intra-sentential
switching and alternation mixing mostly occurred in the broadcasting interaction
of the broadcaster and listeners. Tag switching is the least dominant type of
switching while congruent lexicalization mixing occurred in the broadcasting
being observed. The reasons and motivation used by broadcaster and listeners in
broadcasting are particular topic, express solidarity, repetition, intention of
clarifying and expression group identity. The impacts of code switching and code
mixing to the listeners are They known a little bit about Aceh and English
vocabularies and they can used in daily life such as the broadcaster done, their
English and Aceh vocabularies can be increased and they often followed the
broadcaster’s style in speaking, will be increased their insight about new
vocabularies and new terms from English, they felt more update and they can
followed broadcaster’s style.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, the writer would like to express her greatest gratitude
to Allah SWT, the Almighty that has given her the ability, health, and safety to
finish this thesis completely.
In completing this thesis, the writer would like to express her biggest debt
is therefore to some persons. They are:
First, the writer would like to record her gratefully acknowledge to Prof.
Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd as the Head of English Applied Linguistics, Dr. Sri
Minda Murni, M.S as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics in UNIMED of
the writer who has kindly assisted her in guiding, direction, revising and
correcting the systematic or the concept of this thesis and also the writer would
like to record his gratefully acknowledge to Prof Dr. Lince Sihombing M.Pd, as
the first advisor and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum, as the second advisor of
the writer who has also kindly assisted her in guiding, direction, revising and
correcting the systematic or the concept of this thesis May Allah bless them.
Second, the writer also would like to express her gratitude expression to
the reviewers and examiners in examinations; Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd,
Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M. Hum, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D, Dr.
Sri Minda Murni, M.S right from Proposal Seminar up to Green Table
Examination. God bless them.
Third, the writer also would like to thank to all lecturers and tutors,
classmates belonging to Regular class A.1 INTAKE XVIII for giving her the
i
valuable knowledge during the study in English Applied Linguistics of
Postgraduate School in the State University of Medan (UNIMED).
Fourth, the writer also would like to express her thanks to T. fareza
Elvanda Chaniago as broadcaster and all listeners in Swara Cempala Kuneng
Radio Station in Langsa for their helping and support and to provide the time and
the chance during conducting this study.
Fifth, to her beloved parents; Ismail S.Pd and Hj. Julida and her beloved
sister and brother in law ; Helwani Isda SP, Briptu Muhammad Nazar, and her
lovely nephew: Siffa Nazwa for their supports and advices to her until she
finished this thesis.
Sixth, to her beloved husband Brigadir Polisi Yuanda Saputra for his love,
patience and support to let her continue her study until she finished this thesis.
Next, to her lovely buddies Nurul Fadillah M. Hum, Ana Siregar, Rama,
Mulya, Erin, Fatmi and Mei who provided the writer advise on how to approach
her work and gave her the confidence boost and most of all thank you for their
encouragement and support. And finally to her friends who have contributed in
their own small ways - a big thank you!
Finally, the writer has lost his wise words to pray to Allah SWT, to give
them proper reward. Amin.
Medan, February 7th 2013
The Writer,
Irma Dewi Isda
Reg. Number: 8106111017
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
APPROVEMENT LETTER……………………………………………
i
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………
iii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………
v
LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………….
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study……………………...
1
1.2
The Problem of the Study…………………… ……
7
1.3
The Objectives of the Study……………………….
8
1.4
The Scope of the Study……………………………
8
1.5
The Significances of the Study…………………....
8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Sociolinguistics ……………………………………
10
2.2
Bilingualism
……………………………………
11
2.3
Code ……………………………………………...
2.4
Code switching …………………………………… 15
14
2.4.1 Types of Code switching……………………
19
Code Mixing ………………………………………
22
2.5.1. Types of Code mixing ……………………..
23
2.6
Radio ……………………………………………. .
28
2.7
Reasons And Motivation For Code-switching and
2.5
Code-Mixing ……………….. ………..………….
2.8
31
The impacts of code-switching and
Code-mixing ………………………………………
33
Previous Research ………………………………..
35
2.10 Conceptual Framework ………………………….
37
2.9
iii
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
The Design of the Study……………………………
39
3.2
The Data Source…………………………………..
40
3.3
The Procedure of Data Collection ………………
3.4
The Technique of Data analysis…..........................
3.5
The Trustworthiness of The Study ………………… 44
41
42
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER V
4.1
Data Analysis….................................................
48
4.2
Findings……………………….........................
77
4.3
Discussion………………….............................
79
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………….
81
5.2 Suggestions…………………………………….
82
References……………………………………………………………
83
Appendices……………………………………………………………
86-150
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
2.3.3.1 Themes in Clause Complex…………………………………….... 24
2.3.3.2 Themes in Embedded Clause……………………………………. 25
2.3.3.3 Themes in Embedded Clause…………………………………..
26
4.1.1 The Description of Sentences and Clause Number of the
Reading Texts of Students’ English Textbook: English in Focus 45
4.1.2 Unmarked and Marked Themes in Reading
Texts of the Students’ English Textbook: English in Focus…. 47
4.1.3 Textual Theme in Reading Texts of the Students’
English Textbook: English in Focus………………………….. 50
4.1.4 Patterns of Textual Development in Reading Texts of
the Students’ English Textbook: English in Focus…………… 52
v
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
1. A sample of the data transcription (Broadcaster).....................…... 86
2. A sample of the data transcription (Listeners) ……..……………. 123
3. Data transcription of interview (Broadcaster)……………………….. 135
4. Data transcription of interview (Listeners)……………….. ……… 140
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Study
As social creature human being cannot live alone; they certainly need other people in
their lives. It means that they have to communicate with others. In interaction, people need a
means to express their thoughts and feelings. People communicate with others by means of
language, so language has the main function of communication.
Gumperz (2002:1) stated that communication is a social activity requiring the
coordinated efforts of two or more individuals were talk to produce sentences, no matter how
well formed or elegant the outcome does not by itself constitute communication.
Communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas. An active
process, it involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding intended message. There are many
means of communication and many different language systems. Speech and language is only
a portion of communication.
Language in general develops and changes in various ways depending on its
influences. Language is total of communication and it has interactions among humans.
Nowadays, there are so many experts who study about language that called
linguistics. Linguistics comes from Latin ‘Lingua’ means language. In general, linguistics is a
scientific study about language. One of linguistics branches that have a lot of cases to be
analyzed is sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the
connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social
situations.
Fishman (1972:9) defines sociolinguistics as the study of the characteristics of
language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their
speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a
speech community. Sociolinguistics is a term including all aspects of linguistics applied
toward the connection between language and society, and the way we use language in
different social situations. It is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of
society, including norms, expectations and contexts, on the way a language is used,
and the effects of language on the society.
The important aspect to be discussed here is bilingualism can be defined as the ability
of speaker to use two languages. In term of bilingualism code switching and code mixing
often occur. The social effect of people who live in a bilingual community has tendency to
switch or mix codes when they communicate with each other. People with great linguistic
interest, including students of linguistic studies, wish to find out more about the phenomenon.
A possible means of experimentation is to examine relevant communicative situations
performed by speakers of two or – in the case of multilingualism – more languages.
Furthermore the linguistics effect occurs when the speaker cannot express himself
adequately in one language and therefore switches to the other to make good the deficiency.
This may trigger the speaker to continue in the other language for a while.
The use of code switching and code mixing by Indonesian teenagers often occurs in
radio. Radio as one of mass communication media is used to convey information and
entertainment. Most of people listen to the radio at the same time during the week and enjoy
it without giving much attention to how the materials on the broadcast are put together.
Beside conveying solidarity, exhaustion, and a given attitude of the broadcaster towards the
listener, code switching and code mixing is able to express a great deal more about the
intention, needs etc. of the speaker, which are too many to be covered here
This research focuses on the impact of code switching and code mixing in
SwaraCempalaKuneng radio station in Langsa on the listeners. SwaraCempalaKunengis one
of private radio station which is broadcasted in Indonesian language, English language
sometimes in Aceh language.
As we know that Bahasa Indonesia is a national language that unites many different
ethnic languages in Indonesia. It is also an official language and therefore its use is
considered formal. For most Indonesian people, especially those who live in rural and
remotes areas, Indonesian is their second language. Their first language is their local
language. People acquire the Indonesian language mostly in the school environment in which
they have relatively more time and opportunity to practice it with the members of the school
community.
Indonesia has many local languages, one of them Aceh language. Aceh language is
the daily language is used by Acehnese. They use this language to informal situation such as
family event, social customs and custom ceremony. Meanwhile the used of Aceh language
based on interaction each other in conversation. They feel more comfortable if they use their
own vernacular.
In a globalization era has given any changing in an Indonesian society. This condition
might a foreign language, especially English, entered any kinds of society life and influences
Indonesian language development. The existence of Indonesian language influenced global
culture especially using foreign language.
In SwaraCempalaKuneng, the listeners, do not only listen to the program but also can
participate within the program by requesting song, giving opinion, greeting others, answering
quiz and etc. The host here is the person who works as the broadcaster of the radio program;
while the listeners are people who listen to the radio to get information and entertainment.
The listeners can use Short Message Service (SMS), facebook , blackberry
messengers and twitter to participate in the radio programs. SwaraCempalaKunenggives
more opportunities to the occurrence of code switching and code mixing used by the
broadcasters and the listeners because some reason such as a speaker feels free and more
comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their daily language
in order more prestige.
Obviously the code switching and code mixing phenomenon employed by the
broadcasters and the listeners of SwaraCempalaKunengcan be represented in the following
program, relax. I would like to describe Relax program of SwaraCempalaKuneng radio
station in Langsa.
Time
: Every Monday until Saturday at 12.00 – 14.00 pm
Broadcasters
: T. farezaelvandachaniago
from Acehnese background, they used Bahasa
when talk to other people in general sometime
using English as an educated people and sometimes
used Aceh language to get closer to their listeners
Listeners
: General people from general tribes in Langsa
Program background : Telling something new weird words, music,
national news and many more.
We can see in this example at Relax program when broadcaster switch and mix the
broadcasting:
YaAssalamualaikumwarahmutullahiwabarakatu.Selamatsiangpendengarsetiabersama
saya T. fahrezaelyandachaniago.Edisikerjatgl 1 februari 2012.Lagulagu yang
asikdanjugainformasi-informasimenarik di relaxso, stay tune.
OkenasaleumkepakUdin, bang Khadir, Ismail danYudi di Payabujukdari Bu Nur.
Peuhababapak-bapakituya???.....putalagurafliya bang eza….
Ok baiklahhh ,kitadengarkanrafli ( aneukyatim) (stay tune at SCK 98,6 radio in
langsa).
In fact, the discourse between broadcaster and listener above shows that it is
unavoidable to use only one language when someone does interaction with others. The
intensity of switching and mixing languages will be greater in a country with hundred tribes,
including Indonesia as the example above. The broadcaster is Acehnese, who is using
Indonesia while speaking, but when she wants to emphasize a certain thing to her listener; she
feels more comfortable if she uses her own vernacular. That’s why she uses Acehnese.
However, since he is an educated person, who also learns and uses English during her duty,
he is unaware to switch and mix her language not only Acehnese but also English. Moreover,
there is a tendency that someone will feel more educated when he speaks in English and he
feels more prestige.
Code switching and code mixing present can be impacted to the listeners. Because the
listeners often listen that broadcasting. Julianne E. Hammink (226) comments that code
switching and code mixing are often impact negatively. "It is often considered a low
prestige form, incorrect, poor language, or a result of incomplete mastery of the two
languages." She also comments that these negative feelings tend to be held by monolingual
speakers. Some monolingual speakers, primarily language purists, fear that "the use of a
second language with the first will either keep the first one from growing or debase it
or cause confusion in the speaker's mind."
The positive impact of used of code switching and mixing in the broadcasting as a
strategy with which bilingual listeners are able tocommunicate more effectively.Burenhult
also agrees that
the
main function of code switching and code mixing within a
broadcasting is to communicate effectively, since the bilingual's proficiency of the
second language may be incomplete. Linguistic insecurity may be eased by code switching
and code mixing into the language that is most comfortable for the speaker or using the
more readily available lexical term. Another impact can be seen by interview the listeners.
That’s why code switching and code mixing is considered important to be researched.
This study is intended to observe and describe the phenomenon of code switching and code
mixing, especially Indonesian, English and Aceh languages which are often used by the
broadcaster and will be impacted on listeners of Relax program at SwaraCempalaKunengFM
radio station in Langsa.
1.2
The Problems of The Study
Based on the background, there are some questions to be formulated as the following:
1. What are the types of code switching and code mixing performed by the radio
broadcaster and listeners when presenting their broadcasting in Relax program?
2. What are the reasons and motivations influence the use of code switching and code
mixing in Relax program at the SwaraCempalaKuneng radio station in Langsa?
3. What are the impacts of code switching and code mixing in SwaraCempalaKuneng
radio station on the listeners?
1.3
The Objectives of The Study
The relation to the problems the objects are
1. To describe of code switching and mixing used by the broadcaster and listeners.
2. To analyze the reasons and motivations influence the used of Indonesian – English
and Aceh code switching and code mixing used in the SwaraCempalaKuneng radio
station in Langsa.
3. To elaborate the impacts of code switching and code mixing used in the
SwaraCempalaKuneng radio station in Langsa on the listeners
1.4
The Scope of The Study
In this study the writer make a limitation to obtain a clear explanation of the matter
that is being analyzed. The focus of this study to explain the types of code switching and code
mixing, and to find the probable reasons for the broadcasters and listener to switch
Indonesian into English and Aceh or mix Indonesian into English and Aceh when they
uttered their utterances and the impact to the listeners.
1.5
The Significance of The Study
The findings of study are beneficial, theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it will
be useful to enrich writer insight of Sociolinguistics. Besides, the writer hopes that this study
will enlarge our view on Sociolinguistics phenomenon in our society, particularly the
phenomenon of language use and Sociolinguistics aspects.
For the teacher, the result of this thesis can be used as a reference on Sociolinguistic
subject. As responsible educators they must know where and under what conditions
alternation of language are employed.
Practically, this study is expected to give a meaningful contribution to the
sociolinguistic study. It is also hoped to be useful information for the students of the English
department, in particular, and for the sociolinguistic observers, in general, who are interested
in studying and analyzing language phenomena in society.
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Weinreich, U. (1953) Languages in contact, findings and problems.The Hague: SinhalaEnglish code-mixing in Sri Lanka
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International Journal of Language Society and Culture, 21, 1-4.
IN SWARA CEMPALA KUNENG RADIO STATION ON THE
LISTENERS
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Magister Degree of Education
in English Applied Linguistic Program
By:
IRMA DEWI ISDA
Register Number: 8106111017
PASCASARJANA PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
THE IMPACTS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING
IN SWARA CEMPALA KUNENG RADIO STATION ON THE
LISTENERS
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Magister Degree of Education
in English Applied Linguistic Program
By:
IRMA DEWI ISDA
Register Number: 8106111017
PASCASARJANA PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Irma Dewi Isda, Registration Number: 8106111017. The Impacts of Code
Switching and Code Mixing in Swara Cempala Kuneng Radio Station on the
Listeners. A Thesis of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, State
University of Medan. 2013.
The objectives of this study are to find out: types of code switching and
code mixing performed by the radio broadcaster and listeners when presenting
their broadcasting in relax program, the reasons and motivations influence the use
of code switching and code mixing in relax program, and the impacts of code
switching and code mixing on the listeners. Descriptive qualitative research was
used in this study. The data were taken from transcript of recorded observation,
transcript of recorded interview and field notes in Swara Cempala Kuneng Radio
Station in Langsa. The findings of this study shown that there are three types of
code switching namely tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intrasentential switching and there were three types of code mixing namely insertion,
alternation and congruent lexicalization. It can be seen that intra-sentential
switching and alternation mixing mostly occurred in the broadcasting interaction
of the broadcaster and listeners. Tag switching is the least dominant type of
switching while congruent lexicalization mixing occurred in the broadcasting
being observed. The reasons and motivation used by broadcaster and listeners in
broadcasting are particular topic, express solidarity, repetition, intention of
clarifying and expression group identity. The impacts of code switching and code
mixing to the listeners are They known a little bit about Aceh and English
vocabularies and they can used in daily life such as the broadcaster done, their
English and Aceh vocabularies can be increased and they often followed the
broadcaster’s style in speaking, will be increased their insight about new
vocabularies and new terms from English, they felt more update and they can
followed broadcaster’s style.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, the writer would like to express her greatest gratitude
to Allah SWT, the Almighty that has given her the ability, health, and safety to
finish this thesis completely.
In completing this thesis, the writer would like to express her biggest debt
is therefore to some persons. They are:
First, the writer would like to record her gratefully acknowledge to Prof.
Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd as the Head of English Applied Linguistics, Dr. Sri
Minda Murni, M.S as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics in UNIMED of
the writer who has kindly assisted her in guiding, direction, revising and
correcting the systematic or the concept of this thesis and also the writer would
like to record his gratefully acknowledge to Prof Dr. Lince Sihombing M.Pd, as
the first advisor and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum, as the second advisor of
the writer who has also kindly assisted her in guiding, direction, revising and
correcting the systematic or the concept of this thesis May Allah bless them.
Second, the writer also would like to express her gratitude expression to
the reviewers and examiners in examinations; Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd,
Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M. Hum, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D, Dr.
Sri Minda Murni, M.S right from Proposal Seminar up to Green Table
Examination. God bless them.
Third, the writer also would like to thank to all lecturers and tutors,
classmates belonging to Regular class A.1 INTAKE XVIII for giving her the
i
valuable knowledge during the study in English Applied Linguistics of
Postgraduate School in the State University of Medan (UNIMED).
Fourth, the writer also would like to express her thanks to T. fareza
Elvanda Chaniago as broadcaster and all listeners in Swara Cempala Kuneng
Radio Station in Langsa for their helping and support and to provide the time and
the chance during conducting this study.
Fifth, to her beloved parents; Ismail S.Pd and Hj. Julida and her beloved
sister and brother in law ; Helwani Isda SP, Briptu Muhammad Nazar, and her
lovely nephew: Siffa Nazwa for their supports and advices to her until she
finished this thesis.
Sixth, to her beloved husband Brigadir Polisi Yuanda Saputra for his love,
patience and support to let her continue her study until she finished this thesis.
Next, to her lovely buddies Nurul Fadillah M. Hum, Ana Siregar, Rama,
Mulya, Erin, Fatmi and Mei who provided the writer advise on how to approach
her work and gave her the confidence boost and most of all thank you for their
encouragement and support. And finally to her friends who have contributed in
their own small ways - a big thank you!
Finally, the writer has lost his wise words to pray to Allah SWT, to give
them proper reward. Amin.
Medan, February 7th 2013
The Writer,
Irma Dewi Isda
Reg. Number: 8106111017
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
APPROVEMENT LETTER……………………………………………
i
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………
iii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………
v
LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………….
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study……………………...
1
1.2
The Problem of the Study…………………… ……
7
1.3
The Objectives of the Study……………………….
8
1.4
The Scope of the Study……………………………
8
1.5
The Significances of the Study…………………....
8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Sociolinguistics ……………………………………
10
2.2
Bilingualism
……………………………………
11
2.3
Code ……………………………………………...
2.4
Code switching …………………………………… 15
14
2.4.1 Types of Code switching……………………
19
Code Mixing ………………………………………
22
2.5.1. Types of Code mixing ……………………..
23
2.6
Radio ……………………………………………. .
28
2.7
Reasons And Motivation For Code-switching and
2.5
Code-Mixing ……………….. ………..………….
2.8
31
The impacts of code-switching and
Code-mixing ………………………………………
33
Previous Research ………………………………..
35
2.10 Conceptual Framework ………………………….
37
2.9
iii
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
The Design of the Study……………………………
39
3.2
The Data Source…………………………………..
40
3.3
The Procedure of Data Collection ………………
3.4
The Technique of Data analysis…..........................
3.5
The Trustworthiness of The Study ………………… 44
41
42
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER V
4.1
Data Analysis….................................................
48
4.2
Findings……………………….........................
77
4.3
Discussion………………….............................
79
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………….
81
5.2 Suggestions…………………………………….
82
References……………………………………………………………
83
Appendices……………………………………………………………
86-150
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
2.3.3.1 Themes in Clause Complex…………………………………….... 24
2.3.3.2 Themes in Embedded Clause……………………………………. 25
2.3.3.3 Themes in Embedded Clause…………………………………..
26
4.1.1 The Description of Sentences and Clause Number of the
Reading Texts of Students’ English Textbook: English in Focus 45
4.1.2 Unmarked and Marked Themes in Reading
Texts of the Students’ English Textbook: English in Focus…. 47
4.1.3 Textual Theme in Reading Texts of the Students’
English Textbook: English in Focus………………………….. 50
4.1.4 Patterns of Textual Development in Reading Texts of
the Students’ English Textbook: English in Focus…………… 52
v
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
1. A sample of the data transcription (Broadcaster).....................…... 86
2. A sample of the data transcription (Listeners) ……..……………. 123
3. Data transcription of interview (Broadcaster)……………………….. 135
4. Data transcription of interview (Listeners)……………….. ……… 140
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Study
As social creature human being cannot live alone; they certainly need other people in
their lives. It means that they have to communicate with others. In interaction, people need a
means to express their thoughts and feelings. People communicate with others by means of
language, so language has the main function of communication.
Gumperz (2002:1) stated that communication is a social activity requiring the
coordinated efforts of two or more individuals were talk to produce sentences, no matter how
well formed or elegant the outcome does not by itself constitute communication.
Communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas. An active
process, it involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding intended message. There are many
means of communication and many different language systems. Speech and language is only
a portion of communication.
Language in general develops and changes in various ways depending on its
influences. Language is total of communication and it has interactions among humans.
Nowadays, there are so many experts who study about language that called
linguistics. Linguistics comes from Latin ‘Lingua’ means language. In general, linguistics is a
scientific study about language. One of linguistics branches that have a lot of cases to be
analyzed is sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the
connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social
situations.
Fishman (1972:9) defines sociolinguistics as the study of the characteristics of
language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their
speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a
speech community. Sociolinguistics is a term including all aspects of linguistics applied
toward the connection between language and society, and the way we use language in
different social situations. It is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of
society, including norms, expectations and contexts, on the way a language is used,
and the effects of language on the society.
The important aspect to be discussed here is bilingualism can be defined as the ability
of speaker to use two languages. In term of bilingualism code switching and code mixing
often occur. The social effect of people who live in a bilingual community has tendency to
switch or mix codes when they communicate with each other. People with great linguistic
interest, including students of linguistic studies, wish to find out more about the phenomenon.
A possible means of experimentation is to examine relevant communicative situations
performed by speakers of two or – in the case of multilingualism – more languages.
Furthermore the linguistics effect occurs when the speaker cannot express himself
adequately in one language and therefore switches to the other to make good the deficiency.
This may trigger the speaker to continue in the other language for a while.
The use of code switching and code mixing by Indonesian teenagers often occurs in
radio. Radio as one of mass communication media is used to convey information and
entertainment. Most of people listen to the radio at the same time during the week and enjoy
it without giving much attention to how the materials on the broadcast are put together.
Beside conveying solidarity, exhaustion, and a given attitude of the broadcaster towards the
listener, code switching and code mixing is able to express a great deal more about the
intention, needs etc. of the speaker, which are too many to be covered here
This research focuses on the impact of code switching and code mixing in
SwaraCempalaKuneng radio station in Langsa on the listeners. SwaraCempalaKunengis one
of private radio station which is broadcasted in Indonesian language, English language
sometimes in Aceh language.
As we know that Bahasa Indonesia is a national language that unites many different
ethnic languages in Indonesia. It is also an official language and therefore its use is
considered formal. For most Indonesian people, especially those who live in rural and
remotes areas, Indonesian is their second language. Their first language is their local
language. People acquire the Indonesian language mostly in the school environment in which
they have relatively more time and opportunity to practice it with the members of the school
community.
Indonesia has many local languages, one of them Aceh language. Aceh language is
the daily language is used by Acehnese. They use this language to informal situation such as
family event, social customs and custom ceremony. Meanwhile the used of Aceh language
based on interaction each other in conversation. They feel more comfortable if they use their
own vernacular.
In a globalization era has given any changing in an Indonesian society. This condition
might a foreign language, especially English, entered any kinds of society life and influences
Indonesian language development. The existence of Indonesian language influenced global
culture especially using foreign language.
In SwaraCempalaKuneng, the listeners, do not only listen to the program but also can
participate within the program by requesting song, giving opinion, greeting others, answering
quiz and etc. The host here is the person who works as the broadcaster of the radio program;
while the listeners are people who listen to the radio to get information and entertainment.
The listeners can use Short Message Service (SMS), facebook , blackberry
messengers and twitter to participate in the radio programs. SwaraCempalaKunenggives
more opportunities to the occurrence of code switching and code mixing used by the
broadcasters and the listeners because some reason such as a speaker feels free and more
comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their daily language
in order more prestige.
Obviously the code switching and code mixing phenomenon employed by the
broadcasters and the listeners of SwaraCempalaKunengcan be represented in the following
program, relax. I would like to describe Relax program of SwaraCempalaKuneng radio
station in Langsa.
Time
: Every Monday until Saturday at 12.00 – 14.00 pm
Broadcasters
: T. farezaelvandachaniago
from Acehnese background, they used Bahasa
when talk to other people in general sometime
using English as an educated people and sometimes
used Aceh language to get closer to their listeners
Listeners
: General people from general tribes in Langsa
Program background : Telling something new weird words, music,
national news and many more.
We can see in this example at Relax program when broadcaster switch and mix the
broadcasting:
YaAssalamualaikumwarahmutullahiwabarakatu.Selamatsiangpendengarsetiabersama
saya T. fahrezaelyandachaniago.Edisikerjatgl 1 februari 2012.Lagulagu yang
asikdanjugainformasi-informasimenarik di relaxso, stay tune.
OkenasaleumkepakUdin, bang Khadir, Ismail danYudi di Payabujukdari Bu Nur.
Peuhababapak-bapakituya???.....putalagurafliya bang eza….
Ok baiklahhh ,kitadengarkanrafli ( aneukyatim) (stay tune at SCK 98,6 radio in
langsa).
In fact, the discourse between broadcaster and listener above shows that it is
unavoidable to use only one language when someone does interaction with others. The
intensity of switching and mixing languages will be greater in a country with hundred tribes,
including Indonesia as the example above. The broadcaster is Acehnese, who is using
Indonesia while speaking, but when she wants to emphasize a certain thing to her listener; she
feels more comfortable if she uses her own vernacular. That’s why she uses Acehnese.
However, since he is an educated person, who also learns and uses English during her duty,
he is unaware to switch and mix her language not only Acehnese but also English. Moreover,
there is a tendency that someone will feel more educated when he speaks in English and he
feels more prestige.
Code switching and code mixing present can be impacted to the listeners. Because the
listeners often listen that broadcasting. Julianne E. Hammink (226) comments that code
switching and code mixing are often impact negatively. "It is often considered a low
prestige form, incorrect, poor language, or a result of incomplete mastery of the two
languages." She also comments that these negative feelings tend to be held by monolingual
speakers. Some monolingual speakers, primarily language purists, fear that "the use of a
second language with the first will either keep the first one from growing or debase it
or cause confusion in the speaker's mind."
The positive impact of used of code switching and mixing in the broadcasting as a
strategy with which bilingual listeners are able tocommunicate more effectively.Burenhult
also agrees that
the
main function of code switching and code mixing within a
broadcasting is to communicate effectively, since the bilingual's proficiency of the
second language may be incomplete. Linguistic insecurity may be eased by code switching
and code mixing into the language that is most comfortable for the speaker or using the
more readily available lexical term. Another impact can be seen by interview the listeners.
That’s why code switching and code mixing is considered important to be researched.
This study is intended to observe and describe the phenomenon of code switching and code
mixing, especially Indonesian, English and Aceh languages which are often used by the
broadcaster and will be impacted on listeners of Relax program at SwaraCempalaKunengFM
radio station in Langsa.
1.2
The Problems of The Study
Based on the background, there are some questions to be formulated as the following:
1. What are the types of code switching and code mixing performed by the radio
broadcaster and listeners when presenting their broadcasting in Relax program?
2. What are the reasons and motivations influence the use of code switching and code
mixing in Relax program at the SwaraCempalaKuneng radio station in Langsa?
3. What are the impacts of code switching and code mixing in SwaraCempalaKuneng
radio station on the listeners?
1.3
The Objectives of The Study
The relation to the problems the objects are
1. To describe of code switching and mixing used by the broadcaster and listeners.
2. To analyze the reasons and motivations influence the used of Indonesian – English
and Aceh code switching and code mixing used in the SwaraCempalaKuneng radio
station in Langsa.
3. To elaborate the impacts of code switching and code mixing used in the
SwaraCempalaKuneng radio station in Langsa on the listeners
1.4
The Scope of The Study
In this study the writer make a limitation to obtain a clear explanation of the matter
that is being analyzed. The focus of this study to explain the types of code switching and code
mixing, and to find the probable reasons for the broadcasters and listener to switch
Indonesian into English and Aceh or mix Indonesian into English and Aceh when they
uttered their utterances and the impact to the listeners.
1.5
The Significance of The Study
The findings of study are beneficial, theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it will
be useful to enrich writer insight of Sociolinguistics. Besides, the writer hopes that this study
will enlarge our view on Sociolinguistics phenomenon in our society, particularly the
phenomenon of language use and Sociolinguistics aspects.
For the teacher, the result of this thesis can be used as a reference on Sociolinguistic
subject. As responsible educators they must know where and under what conditions
alternation of language are employed.
Practically, this study is expected to give a meaningful contribution to the
sociolinguistic study. It is also hoped to be useful information for the students of the English
department, in particular, and for the sociolinguistic observers, in general, who are interested
in studying and analyzing language phenomena in society.
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