CODE MIXING IN DESTA AND GINA IN THE MORNING PROGRAM ON PRAMBORS RADIO.

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CODE MIXING IN DESTA AND GINA IN THE MORNING

PROGRAM ON PRAMBORS RADIO

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

PUTRI MASRITA LUBIS Registration Number: 8146111051

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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i ABSTRACT

Lubis, Putri Masrita. Registration Number: 8146111051. Code Mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. A Thesis of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, State University of Medan. 2016.

This study deals to find out Code Mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. The objectives of this research were to find out: 1) Factors of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. 2) Function of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. 3) Types of code mixing occur in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. The source of this research is Desta and Gina in the Morning program which broadcasted on Prambors Radio station. It was broadcast every day at 9.00 – 11.00pm. The program talked something new weird words, music, the reality issues, national news and many more. The data of this research are the broadcaster’s utterances in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. The research design was qualitative research design. The instruments of data tape recorder to interview and observe the subject. The result reveals that (1) factors of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio because speaker partner with 36 times or 18%, bilingual or multilingual with 100 times or 50%, and situation with 64 times or 32%. (2) functions of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio are communication strategy with 136 times or 68%, expression of community and personality with 30 times or 15% and style with 34 times or 17%, (3) the types of the code mixing in the insertion of words, phrase, reduplication and clause. It shows the most frequent insertion is words which is 50 times or 25%, then clause 88 times or 44%, then phrase 51 times or 25,5%, and the last is reduplication 11 times or 5,5%. And also there are have some impact of code mixing for the listeners of the program, and results are some listeners known a little bit about English and vernaculars vocabularies and they can used in daily life such as the broadcasters done, their English and Indonesian and some vernacular languages can be increased and they often followed the broadcaster’s style in speaking, will be increased their insight about new vocabularies and new terms from English, they felt more update.

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ii ABSTRAK

Lubis, Putri Masrita. Nomor Registrasi: 8146111051. Campur Kode Pada Acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di Radio Prambors. Tesis dari Program studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan.2016 Penilitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui campur kode di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan : 1) Faktor-faktor pencampuran bahasa di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors. 2) Fungsi dari campur kode di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors . 3) Jenis-jenis sisipan campur kode yang muncul di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors. Sumber penelitian ini adalah acara Desta and Gina in the Morning yang disiarkan di stasiun radio Prambors. Acaranya disiarkan setiap hari pada pukul 09.00 – 11.00 pagi. Program acara ini berisi tentang berita dunia, music, isu/gossip, berita nasional dan masih banyak lagi. Data penelitian adalah ungkapan yang diucapkan oleh para penyiar di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors. Desain penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif. Data yang dikumpulkan menggunakan perekam suara untuk mewawancarai dan mengamati subjek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) faktor pencampuran bahasa di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors karena speaker partner sebanyak 36 kali atau 18%, bilingual or Multilingual sebanyak 100 kali atau 50% dan situation sebanyak 64 kali atau 32%. (2) fungsi dari campur kode di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di radio Prambors adalah communication strategy sebanyak 136 kali atau 68%, expression of personality and community sebanyak 30 kali atau 15% dan style sebanyak 34 kali atau 17%, (3) kemunculan dari campur kode sisipan words, phrase, reduplication, dan clause. Menunjukkan sisipan yang paling sering muncul adalah word sebanyak 50 kali atau 25%, selanjutnya clause sebanyak 88 kali atau 44%, kemudian phrase sebanyak 51 kali atau 25,5% dan yang terakhir reduplication sebanyak 11 kali atau 5,5%. And juga kode campur memilki dampak bagi para pendengarnya, dan hasilnya adalah beberapa pendengar sedikit mengetahui bahasa inggris dan bahasa daerah dan mereka dapat mengunakannya di aktifitas sehari-hari seperti yang dilakukan para penyiar, mereka merasa lebih baru dalam hal pembendaraan kata.

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iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH SWT, the most Gracious and the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.

During the process of completing this thesis, the writer has worked with a great number of people, through their guidance, suggestions, and comments for which the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude and special thankfulness to:

The highest appreciation goes to her two advisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D. as her first advisor and Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA., Ph.D as her second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.

Then, her appreciation also goes to DR. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and DR. Ani Holila Pulungan, M.S., as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted her in processing the administration requirements during the process of her studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.

The writer’s great thank also goes to her reviewers and examiners, Prof. DR. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Prof. DR. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., and DR. Zainuddin, M.Hum. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and

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improvements for this thesis. She also would like to express her thankfulness for all lecturers teaching her through during the academic years at LTBI.

Finally, her special gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents, Alm. Masyuddin Lubis and Nurminah, who have given their pray, motivation, support, and also endless love. And also special thank for her brother Dr. Masrul Lubis, Sp.PD., who had paid all her scholar fee until the writer can finish her study, thanks for his love, motivations, support, and also her beloved sisters drg. Putri Masraini Lubis and Putri Kemala Dewi Lubis, S.E., M.Ak., thanks for their love and always gives motivation and support to finish this thesis.

Then, last but not least, her gratitude goes to her friends of LTBI A3 XXIV who have supported her to conduct this Thesis. Thank you for all the time that we share together in our study. The writer realizes that this thesis is still far from perfection. That is why critics and suggestion are welcomed.

Medan, 30 June 2016 The Writer,

PUTRI MASRITA LUBIS Reg. No. 8146111051

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………... . i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF DIAGRAM ... viii

LIST OF FIGURE ... ix

LIST OF APPENDIXES ... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. The Problem of the Study ... 7

1.3. The Objectives of the Study ... 8

1.4. The Scope of the Study ... 8

1.5. The Significance of the Study ... 9

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Sociolinguistics ... 10

2.2. Bilingualism ... 11

2.3. Code ... 13

2.4. Code Mixing ... 14

2.4.1 Factors of Code Mixing ... 18

2.4.2 Functions of Code Mixing ... 19

2.4.3 Types of Code Mixing ... 20

2.5 The Impact of Code Mixing ... 21

2.6 Process of Code Mixing ... 23

2.7 The Reason of Using Code Mixing ... 25

2.8 Radio ... 28

2.9 Relevant of Studies ... 30

2.10 Conceptual Framework ... 33

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 The Research Design ... 35

3.2 The Subjects and Objects of Research ... 36

3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 37

3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 38

3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 41

CHAPTER IV: DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Analysis ………... 44

4.1.1 Factors of Code Mixing ... 54

4.1.2 Functions of Code Mixing ... 55

4.1.3 Types of Insertion ... 56

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4.4 Findings ... 62

4.5 Discussion ... 62

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 64

5.2. Suggestions ... 64

REFERENCES……… ... 66

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vii

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 4.1 Factors of Code mixing 57

Table 4.2 Functions of Code Mixing 58

Table 4.3 Types of Insertion 59

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viii

LIST OF DIAGRAM

Page

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LIST OF FIGURE

Page

Figure 3.1 Miles & Huberman’s Interactive Model 38

Figure 4.1 Factors of Code Mixing 55

Figure 4.2 Functions of Code Mixing 56

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the study

Most people in the world are bilinguals for various social needs, either for local or global social interactions. Some other countries are able of speaking in more than two languages. They are termed as multilingual. Basically, bilingualism and multilingualism are similar phenomena. Both of them refer to communicate in more than one language. They reinforce speakers to present “language-contact” (Coulmas, 2005:108 & Hoffman, 1996:15) in an occasion. The results of the contact are various. Some of them are code switching and code mixing. Code switching and code mixing are common ways in, either bilingual or multilingual, in communication. Code mixing, occurs when speaker incorporates small units (words or short phrases) from one language to other in a single utterance. It is often unintentionally produced and usually occurs in word level. This idea is in line with Mc Laughlin’s (in Hoffman, 1996:110) that, “Code mixing takes place within sentences and usually involve single lexical items.” For example, in Indonesian language, someone probably says something like,

"Jangan suka ngejudge gitu donk, orang kan beda-beda" (Blogger, Blogspot.com, 2010)

From the example the word "judge" is the English word which is inserted in the Indonesian utterance. It can be seen the utterance, the speaker does not alternate

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the whole sentence into English, but only uses one English word. As for code switching, it occurs by mixing words or phrases from the two tongues together during a course of speech. People commonly switch codes in the course of daily conversation. For example, many bilingual people, who are fluent in English, often employ code switching by inserting English words, phrases or sentences into their utterances. The switching could be happened conscious or unconscious, as what Coulmas states that, “Code-switching occurs where speakers are aware of the two varieties being distinct and are able to keep them apart, although they may not do so habitually and may not be conscious of every switch they make.” (2005:110). In addition, Coulmas also states that although participants may unconsciously perform code switching there is always a reason for the switching. Here is an example of a speaker who switches Spanish and English in discussing on giving up smoking:

I didn’t quit, I just stopped. I mean it wasn’t an effort I made que voy a dejar fumar proque me hace dano o (that I’m going to stop smoking because it’s harmful to me) this or that. I used to pull butts out of the wastepaper basket. I’d get desperate, y ahivoy al basurero a buscar, a sacar, (and there I got to waste basket to look for some, to get some), you know? (Gumperz and Eduardo Hernandez, 1983)

The important aspect to be discussed here is bilingualism can be defined as the ability of speaker to use two languages. In term of bilingualism code switching and code mixing often occur. The social effect of people who live in a bilingual community has tendency to switch or mix codes when they communicate with each other. People with great linguistic interest, including students of linguistic

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studies, wish to find out more about the phenomenon. A possible means of experimentation is to examine relevant communicative situations performed by speakers of two or in the case of multilingualism more language.

Furthermore the linguistics effect occurs when the speaker cannot express himself adequately in one language and therefore switches to the other to make good the deficiency. This may trigger the speaker to continue in the other language for a while.

Indonesian language is as national language that unites many different ethnic languages in Indonesia. It is also an official language and therefore its use is considered formal. For most Indonesian people, especially those who live in rural and remotes areas, Indonesian is their second language. Their first language is their local language. People acquire the Indonesian language mostly in the school environment in which they have relatively more time and opportunity to practice it with the members of the school community.

In a globalization era has given any changing in an Indonesian society. This condition might a foreign language, especially English, entered any kinds of society life and influences Indonesia language development. This existence of Indonesian language influenced global culture especially using foreign language.

The use of code mixing by Indonesian teenagers often occurs in radio. Radio as one of mass communication media is used to convey information and entertainment. Most of people listen to the radio at the same time during the week and enjoy it without giving much attention to how the materials on the broadcast

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are put together. Beside conveying solidarity, exhaustion, and a given attitude of the broadcaster towards the listener, code mixing is able to express a great deal more about the intention, needs etc. of the speaker, which are to be covered here.

The result of previous research if compared with the writer’s research is different. In the previous research, the researcher has found the international journal to compare with this research. The researcher looks for the finding of the previous research as the guidance to data analysis. The journal done by Andleeb

Ehsan and Syed Abdul Aziz (2014) with title Code-Mixing in Urdu news of a Private

Pakistani Channel: a case study Findings of the research. The analysis of the collected data reflected that code mixing is an integral part of Urdu news. It was noted that only outer code mixing occurred in the recorded news item. Furthermore, it was noticed that code mixing was at word level mostly and at phrasal level rarely. It was also noticed that mostly the nouns were code-mixed. The results of the study revealed that Urdu language is rich in vocabulary besides, having some shortage in the vocabulary related to science and technology and Government office register. The reason is that the research and progress in the field of science and technology has been made by the west hence, the terminology is in English language (see Table) English being an official language of Pakistan dominates all important departments and spheres of the country. It is the language of court, forces, government, trade & commerce and science & technology. It has become an integral part of the society so much so that even politics could not escape from its clutches. This resulted in mixing English code in all spheres of life in the country. Analysis of the data proved that words related to official

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departments were used in English, although Urdu language has substitute of these words.

This research focused on the impact of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning on Prambors radio station. Prambors radio is one of private radio station which is broadcasted in Indonesia language, English and sometimes the host used local language.

In Prambors Radio, the listeners do not only listen to the program but also can participate within the program by requesting song, giving opinion, greeting others people, answering quiz and etc. the host here is the person who works as the broadcaster of the radio program, while the listeners are people who listen to the radio to get information and entertainment.

Obviously the code mixing phenomenon employed by broadcasters and the listeners of Prambors can be represented in following program Desta and Gina in the Morning. The writer would like to describe Desta and Gina in the Morning program of Prambors station as one of private radio in Indonesia.

Time : Every Monday to Friday at 09.00 – 11.00 pm

Broadcasters : Desta and Gina

Listeners : General people in all round Indonesia Program background : Telling something new weird words, music, gossip, national news and many more.

We can see in these examples at Desta and Gina in the morning program when broadcasters mix their language when broadcasting,

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Broadcaster Desta : “Met pagi semua, apa kabar?”

Broadcaster Gina : “Iya good morning everybody, ginama pada sehat semua gak?”

Desta :“Kembali lagi dengan kami disini, dimana elu semua bakal bersenang – senang bareng kita disini. Karena ada gua Desta.”

Gina : “Dan gua Gina, di acara Desta and Gina in the Morning, yeeaaa….”

Desta : “O iya sebelum kita membahas tema kita pada hari ini, gua mau ngingatin buat lue semua, lue bisa request your favorite song here, nanti kita bakal putarin requesan lue semua.

Gina : “Iya benar bangat and jangan lupa untuk nyebutin siapa penyanyinya biar kagak salah putar, ye…”

Code mixing present can be impacted to the listeners, because the listeners often listen that broadcasting. Julianne E. Hammink (226) comments that code switching and code mixing are often impact negatively. “It is often considered a low prestige form, incorrect, poor language, or a result of incomplete mastery of the two languages”. She also comments that these negative feelings tend to be held by monolingual speakers. Some monolingual speakers, primarily language purists, fear that “the use of a second language with the first will either keep the first one from growing or debate it or cause confusion in the speaker’s mind.”

The positive impact used of code switching and code mixing in the broadcasting as a strategy with which bilingual listeners are able to communicate more effectively. Burenhult also agrees that the main function of code switching and code mixing within broadcasting is to communicate. Effectively, since the bilingual’s proficiency of the second language may be incomplete. Linguistic

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insecurity may be eased by code switching and code mixing into the language that is most comfortable for the speaker or using the more readily available lexical term. Another impact can be seen by interview the listeners.

That’s why code switching and code mixing is considered important to be researched. This study is intended to observe and describe the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing, especially Indonesian, English and local languages which are often used by the broadcaster and will be impacted on listeners of Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station.

1.2The Problems of the Study

This research is dealing with code switching and code mixing between Indonesian and English and even local languages that used by the broadcaster in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station. The focuses of this research are formulated in the following questions.

1. What kinds of factors and functions of code mixing are performed by the radio broadcasters when presenting their broadcasting in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station?

2. What kinds of types of code mixing are also performed by the radio broadcasters when presenting their broadcasting in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors radio station?

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3. How does code mixing give impact to the listeners from Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives are.

1. to explain the kinds of factors and functions of code mixing used by the broadcasters in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio, 2. to explain the kinds of types of code mixing used by the broadcasters in Desta

and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors radio, and

3. to describe the impacts of code mixing used in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station for the listeners.

1.4The Scope of the Study

In this study the writer make a limitation to obtain a clear explanation of the matter that is being analyzed. The focus of this study to explain the types of code mixing, and to find the probable reasons for the broadcasters and listeners to switch Indonesian and English and local languages or mix Indonesian into English and local languages when they uttered their utterances and the impact to the listeners.

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1.5The Significance of the Study

The findings of study are beneficial, theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it will useful to enrich writer insight sociolinguistics. Besides, the writer hopes that this study will enlarge the view on sociolinguistics phenomenon in our society, particularly the phenomenon of language use and sociolinguistics aspects.

For the readers, the result of this thesis can be used as a reference on sociolinguistics subject. As responsible educators they must be know where an under what conditions alternation of language are employed.

Practically, this study is expected to give a meaningful contribution to the sociolinguistic study. It is also hoped to be useful information for the students of the English department, in particular, and for the sociolinguistic observers. And last in general, who are interested in studying and analyzing language phenomenon in society.

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64 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

Conclusions are drawn as the following.

(1) The factors of Desta and Gina in the Morning program mix language because speaker partner and situation. The other factors, such as bilingual or multilingual prestige, absence of vocabulary and quoting are not found in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors radio.

(2) The functions of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning program are communication strategy, expression of community and personality and style. Identitymarketing and classification are not found in the data.

(3) The types of code mixing for Desta and gina in the Morning program is four from six insertion. They are word, phrase, and reduplication and clause insertions. Hybrid clause and idiom insertion are not occur in the data.

(4) There are some impact of code mixing for the listeners, they are they known a little bit about English and vernaculars vocabularies and they can used in daily life such as the broadcasters done, one of them felt close with her student in school because she taught them using English in daily life, their English and Indonesian and some vernacular languages can be increased and they often followed the broadcaster’s style in speaking, will be increased their insight about new vocabularies and new terms from English, they felt more update,

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they will be known the meaning from the broadcaster’s language because broadcaster often done the repetition to Indonesian.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.

(1) For readers who like to listening the radio program, should learn about code mixing to avoid misunderstanding of the message that conveyed by the broadcasters, because nowadays many broadcasters use code mixing when they are broadcasting.

(2) For radio broadcasters, they should use language correctly, even if they mix one language with another, they better use the language in the right structure or grammar, and also the right pronunciation in order to make listeners understand of their utterances easier. As it was found in this study, it is suggested to the broadcaster to minimize use mix language into another language, because broadcaster as trend setter to the listeners. All the things that broadcaster said that will be followed by the listeners.

(3) For the researcher, it is suggested that this thesis would be places as the main references in order to make a further that very significant to the problem of society by using code mixing.

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3. How does code mixing give impact to the listeners from Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives are.

and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors radio, and

3. to describe the impacts of code mixing used in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station for the listeners.

1.4The Scope of the Study

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1.5The Significance of the Study

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64 5.1 Conclusions

Conclusions are drawn as the following.

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they will be known the meaning from the broadcaster’s language because broadcaster often done the repetition to Indonesian.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.

(3) For the researcher, it is suggested that this thesis would be places as the main references in order to make a further that very significant to the problem of society by using code mixing.

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Attitudes. The Linguistic Journal, 5(1), 220-243.