GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS REPORT.
GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH
BUSINESS REPORT
A Thesis
By:
P U R N A W A N
Registration number: 08218810036
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
English Applied Linguistics Study Program
Postgraduate School
State University of Medan
2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis has been written as one of the requirements in obtaining the
Master of Humaniora degree, in English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Postgraduate school, State University of Medan.
First and foremost the writer’s greatest and highest gratitude is to Allah SWT,
who because of His blessings, the prime health, luck, and guidance that has been
poured to him, especially in the process of completing this thesis.
The writer admits that she has indeed faced some difficulties in completing
this thesis. For this reason, he wishes to express his hearties gratitude to Prof.
Amrin saragih, M.A, PhD, his first adviser, and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing,
M.Pd, his second adviser, a very sincere appreciation for their excellent
supervision in the overall content of the thesis, corrections, comments, and sharp
criticism, that have awoken his mind to present the best of everything.
His special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D, Dr. T.
Thyrhaya Zein, M.A, and Dr.Didik Santoso, M.P.d, for their correction and
suggestions should be included in this thesis.
Special thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr.
Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. as Head and Secretary of the English Applied
Linguistics Study Program, and to all lecturers for the valuable knowledge that
has been passed on him.
In the process of undertaking this graduate study, the writer wishes to express
his deepest love and gratitude to his beloved mother, Alm. Poni, wife, Neneng
Chairunnisyah, for the care, support, prayers, and many others that have been
given to him.
His very special thankfulness is directed to The Chief of Hajjah Rahmah
Nasution foundation, Alm. H. Abdul Manan Muis, for his support, attention and
prayers. He would like to take this opportunity to thank to the headmasters,
teachers, and all friends for their positive support and contributions for the
improvement of his knowledge in English.
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis considered could possibly be far
from being perfect. Therefore, for its improvement, all constructive critics are
warmly appreciated.
May Allah Bless Us!
Medan, March, 2012
The writer,
PURNAWAN
Reg. No. 08218810036
ABSTRACT
Purnawan. Registration number 08218810036. Grammatical Metaphor in English
Business Report. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2012
This study investigates grammatical metaphor in English business report as it is
issued in internet websites. The objectives of the study are to investigate; how is
grammatical metaphor coded in English business report, what are the types of
grammatical metaphor coded in English business report and why is grammatical
metaphor used as it is. The analysis of grammatical metaphor is merely based on the
metaphorical coding of experiential metaphor as developed in systemic functional
linguistics (SFL). The findings indicate that grammatical metaphor in business report
is mostly coded in the relocation of thing to possessor (29.53%). It is investigated that
the use of grammatical metaphor in business report is due to nominalization and
condensation. Grammatical metaphor as a model of language is needed to help people
to understand how a text work to make meaning and all meaning is situated in context
of situation and context of culture. There is a great deal of variation among different
register in the degree and kinds of metaphor that is encountered. Register of field is
the social action of which is going on the text of business report.
i
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
With reference to the research finding conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1).Grammatical metaphor coded in process form started from relocating
process to thing and relocating thing to possessor. It means that grammatical
metaphor condenses a clause complex into a simple single clause in which things
are relocated as possessor and process are relocated as thing by burring material
and other types of processes in nominalization and provide relation process to
indicate relations between or among thing.
(2).Grammatical metaphor is coded in business report by reducing complexity
of grammar into simplicity of clause structure and also because of the limitation
of column or space that is available. However, the process of turning process
into thing and thing to process increases the number of lexical density. In other
words whereas grammatical metaphor reduces grammatical complexity, it
increases
lexical density.
5.2. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions above, suggestions are staged as the following.
(1).It is suggested that students of English Department should have a good
knowledge in grammatical metaphor by which they can easily investigate the
position and the function of grammatical metaphor in text through systemic
functional linguistics. Then the students can apply this system in comprehending
the messages in texts and their scientific writings.
(2).a. It is suggested that other researchers do further research on
grammatical metaphor to other phenomena or other media to see the contras and
the comparison of grammatical metaphor between the phenomena.
b. It is advised that to the readers by knowing experiential metaphor in
order to increase their ability to get crucial information from the other reading
material.
REFERENCES
Bloor, Thomas and Meriel, Bloor, 1995. The Functional Analysis of English:
An Halliday Approach. London: Arnold, A member of the
Hodden Headline Group.
Eggin, Suzanne, 1984. An Introduction to systemic Functional Linguistics.
London. Pinter, Ltd.
Gerald, Erichsen, 2005. Euphemism. W.w.w. Yahoo.Com: Glossary Euphemism.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
--------------------- 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.
--------------------- 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
Halliday. M.A.K & Hasan. 1985. Context & Context Aspect of language in
social semiotic Perspective. Geelog: Deakin University.
Hewings, A-(1990). Aspects of the language of economics text book. Www.
Yahoo.com.
Lakoff,G.,& Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphor we live by. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Marthiessen.C. 1985. Lexicogrammatical Cartography. Sydney: International
Language Science.
Mc Closkey, D. (1983). The rhetoric of economics. Journal of Economic
Literature, XXI,481-517.
Martin. JR. & Matthiessen. 1985: Working with Functional Grammar. London:
Arnold.
Martin. JR. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Philadelphia / Amsterdam.
Jhon Benyamin.
Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. 1994, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source Book
of new
Methods. Second Edition, New Burry, CA: Sage.
Saragih, Amrin. 2004. Discourse Analysis. Medan: UNIMED. (unpublished)
-------------------. 2002. Deploying Functional Grammar. Medan: UNIMED.
-------------------. 2006. Metaphorical Representation in Scientific Texts. Medan:
JULISA
UISU.
Sihombing, Lince. 2006. Literature Theme Analysis. A Way of Making
Advanced
Writers. Medan: JULISA UISU.
Thompson, Geoff. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward
Arnold.
BUSINESS REPORT
A Thesis
By:
P U R N A W A N
Registration number: 08218810036
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
English Applied Linguistics Study Program
Postgraduate School
State University of Medan
2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis has been written as one of the requirements in obtaining the
Master of Humaniora degree, in English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Postgraduate school, State University of Medan.
First and foremost the writer’s greatest and highest gratitude is to Allah SWT,
who because of His blessings, the prime health, luck, and guidance that has been
poured to him, especially in the process of completing this thesis.
The writer admits that she has indeed faced some difficulties in completing
this thesis. For this reason, he wishes to express his hearties gratitude to Prof.
Amrin saragih, M.A, PhD, his first adviser, and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing,
M.Pd, his second adviser, a very sincere appreciation for their excellent
supervision in the overall content of the thesis, corrections, comments, and sharp
criticism, that have awoken his mind to present the best of everything.
His special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D, Dr. T.
Thyrhaya Zein, M.A, and Dr.Didik Santoso, M.P.d, for their correction and
suggestions should be included in this thesis.
Special thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr.
Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. as Head and Secretary of the English Applied
Linguistics Study Program, and to all lecturers for the valuable knowledge that
has been passed on him.
In the process of undertaking this graduate study, the writer wishes to express
his deepest love and gratitude to his beloved mother, Alm. Poni, wife, Neneng
Chairunnisyah, for the care, support, prayers, and many others that have been
given to him.
His very special thankfulness is directed to The Chief of Hajjah Rahmah
Nasution foundation, Alm. H. Abdul Manan Muis, for his support, attention and
prayers. He would like to take this opportunity to thank to the headmasters,
teachers, and all friends for their positive support and contributions for the
improvement of his knowledge in English.
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis considered could possibly be far
from being perfect. Therefore, for its improvement, all constructive critics are
warmly appreciated.
May Allah Bless Us!
Medan, March, 2012
The writer,
PURNAWAN
Reg. No. 08218810036
ABSTRACT
Purnawan. Registration number 08218810036. Grammatical Metaphor in English
Business Report. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2012
This study investigates grammatical metaphor in English business report as it is
issued in internet websites. The objectives of the study are to investigate; how is
grammatical metaphor coded in English business report, what are the types of
grammatical metaphor coded in English business report and why is grammatical
metaphor used as it is. The analysis of grammatical metaphor is merely based on the
metaphorical coding of experiential metaphor as developed in systemic functional
linguistics (SFL). The findings indicate that grammatical metaphor in business report
is mostly coded in the relocation of thing to possessor (29.53%). It is investigated that
the use of grammatical metaphor in business report is due to nominalization and
condensation. Grammatical metaphor as a model of language is needed to help people
to understand how a text work to make meaning and all meaning is situated in context
of situation and context of culture. There is a great deal of variation among different
register in the degree and kinds of metaphor that is encountered. Register of field is
the social action of which is going on the text of business report.
i
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
With reference to the research finding conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1).Grammatical metaphor coded in process form started from relocating
process to thing and relocating thing to possessor. It means that grammatical
metaphor condenses a clause complex into a simple single clause in which things
are relocated as possessor and process are relocated as thing by burring material
and other types of processes in nominalization and provide relation process to
indicate relations between or among thing.
(2).Grammatical metaphor is coded in business report by reducing complexity
of grammar into simplicity of clause structure and also because of the limitation
of column or space that is available. However, the process of turning process
into thing and thing to process increases the number of lexical density. In other
words whereas grammatical metaphor reduces grammatical complexity, it
increases
lexical density.
5.2. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions above, suggestions are staged as the following.
(1).It is suggested that students of English Department should have a good
knowledge in grammatical metaphor by which they can easily investigate the
position and the function of grammatical metaphor in text through systemic
functional linguistics. Then the students can apply this system in comprehending
the messages in texts and their scientific writings.
(2).a. It is suggested that other researchers do further research on
grammatical metaphor to other phenomena or other media to see the contras and
the comparison of grammatical metaphor between the phenomena.
b. It is advised that to the readers by knowing experiential metaphor in
order to increase their ability to get crucial information from the other reading
material.
REFERENCES
Bloor, Thomas and Meriel, Bloor, 1995. The Functional Analysis of English:
An Halliday Approach. London: Arnold, A member of the
Hodden Headline Group.
Eggin, Suzanne, 1984. An Introduction to systemic Functional Linguistics.
London. Pinter, Ltd.
Gerald, Erichsen, 2005. Euphemism. W.w.w. Yahoo.Com: Glossary Euphemism.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
--------------------- 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.
--------------------- 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
Halliday. M.A.K & Hasan. 1985. Context & Context Aspect of language in
social semiotic Perspective. Geelog: Deakin University.
Hewings, A-(1990). Aspects of the language of economics text book. Www.
Yahoo.com.
Lakoff,G.,& Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphor we live by. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Marthiessen.C. 1985. Lexicogrammatical Cartography. Sydney: International
Language Science.
Mc Closkey, D. (1983). The rhetoric of economics. Journal of Economic
Literature, XXI,481-517.
Martin. JR. & Matthiessen. 1985: Working with Functional Grammar. London:
Arnold.
Martin. JR. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Philadelphia / Amsterdam.
Jhon Benyamin.
Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. 1994, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source Book
of new
Methods. Second Edition, New Burry, CA: Sage.
Saragih, Amrin. 2004. Discourse Analysis. Medan: UNIMED. (unpublished)
-------------------. 2002. Deploying Functional Grammar. Medan: UNIMED.
-------------------. 2006. Metaphorical Representation in Scientific Texts. Medan:
JULISA
UISU.
Sihombing, Lince. 2006. Literature Theme Analysis. A Way of Making
Advanced
Writers. Medan: JULISA UISU.
Thompson, Geoff. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward
Arnold.