METAPHOR IN ENGLISH VERSION OF SURA ALI IMRAN.

METAPHOR IN ENGLISH VERSION OF SURA ALI IMRAN

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in Partial Pulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

A THESIS

By :

SISKA EKA SYAFITRI Registration Number: 8126112033

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in Partial Pulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

A THESIS

By :

SISKA EKA SYAFITRI Registration Number: 8126112033

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

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METAPHOR IN ENGLISH VERSION

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Sisks Eka Syafitri

Registration Number 81261 12003

English

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This Thesis _{was examined on 4fr neember 20r4by the Board of Examiners}

Approved by Adviser Commission

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Adviser

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Dr. Sri Minda Murni" M.S n[P.19630525 _{198803 2 016}

Adviser

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The Director

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Boerd of Exeminers

Dr. Sri Minde

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M.S rtrP. 1963052s 198803 2 016

Prof. Dr- _{Lince Sihombing M.pd} NIP.19610{25 19ffi12 2 00r

Prof. Amrin Saregih, M.A-,ph.D NrP.

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Pnof. T. Silvana Siner, M.A,rph.I)

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Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini:

Nama

NIM Angkatan Prodi

Judul Tesis

Siska Eka Syafitri 81261nA33

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Lingpistik Terapan Batrasa Inggrs

Metaphor in English Version of

Suralli

Imran

Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa:

l.

Benm tesis saya adalah karya saya sendiri, bukan dikerjakan orang lain;

2.

Saya tidak melakukan plagiat dalam penulisan tesis saya;

3.

Sayatidak menrbah atau memdsukan dara penelitian saya

Jika ktemyata di kemudian hari sayaterbukti telah melakukao salah satu hal tersebut

diatas, maka saya bersedia dikenai sanksi yng b€rlaku benrpa pencopotan gelg{ saya.

Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya

Medao, 16 Nopembs 2014

yang membuat _Frnyataan

1 ABSTRACT

Siska Eka Syafitri. Registration Number: 8126112033, METAPHOR IN ENGLISH VERSION OF SURA ALI IMRAN. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan, 2014. This study presents a research conducted on Metaphor in English Version of Sura Ali Imran. It is a kind of descriptive qualitative research. The source of the data was taken from the translation of Sura Ali Imran, The Qur’an, by Haleem Abdel, Oxford University Press. They were contained in the verses of Sura Ali Imran, then analyzed the kinds, functions, and the reasons of using metaphor. Distribution of this metaphor is consulting on Ibnu Katsir’s Tafseer book. The kinds are refers to Lakoff and Johnson that divided the metaphor into two kinds, explicit and implicit metaphor. The functions of metaphor are arranged in order according to which of Halliday’s three metafunctions. Then, the reasons is based on Wahab’s four contextual reason. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there are two kinds of metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran, 14 verses of explicit metaphor and 18 verses of implicit metaphor. The second finding is there are 9 functions used from 13 functions as the breakdown of Halliday’s three metafunction. The next finding found that the reason why the metaphor is used in Sura Ali Imran are because of four contextual reasons. Therefore, it can be concluded that, Some messages of the Al Qur’an in Sura Ali Imran have a stressing point which is delivered in more beautiful words in implicit metaphor that make the readers have a deeply understanding toward the message. The findings also show the rich of the

language used in Al Qur’anand the reality of the God’s Law, Allah SWT, known from

2

2 ABSTRAK

Siska Eka Syafitri. Nomor Induk Mahasiswa: 8126112033, METAPHOR IN ENGLISH VERSION OF SURA ALI IMRAN. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.

Penelitian ini merupkan penelitian yang membahas tentang Metafora dalam versi terjemahan Bahasa Inggris Surah Ali Imran. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode qualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data diambil dari terjemahan Bahasa Inggris Surah Ali Imran, The Qur’an, oleh Haleem Abdel, Oxford University Press. Data tersebut terdapat dalam Surah Ali Imran, kemudian dianalisa sesuai dengan jenis, fungsi dan alasan kenapa metafora tersebut digunakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan berlandaskan Tafsir yang ditulis oleh Ibnu Katsir. Jenis dari metafora yang dianalisa berdasarkan pada teori Lakoff dan Johnson. Fungsinya diambil berdasarkan turunan dari tiga metafunction Halliday. Kemudian, alasan kenapa metafora tersebut digunakan berdasarkan empat teori kontekstual Wahab. Setelahmenganalisis data, ditemukan bahwa ada dua jenis metafora yang digunakan di Surah Ali Imran, 14 ayat terdiri dari eksplisit metafora dan 18 ayat termasuk ke dalam implisit metafora. Penemuan kedua adalah 9 fungsi metafora yang ditemukan di Surah Ali Imran dari 13 turunan metafunction Halliday. Selanjutnya, ditemukan 4 alasan kontekstual penggunaan metafora di Surah Ali Imran. Dengan demikian, bisa disimpulkan bahwa, beberapa pesan dalam Surah Ali Imran memiliki penekanan yang disampaikan melalui kata – kata yang lebih indah dalam implisit metafora sehingga pembaca memiliki pemahaman yang lebih mendalam. Penemuan dalam penelitian ini juga menunjukkan kekayaan bahasa dalam Al Qur’an dan kebenaran dari hukum Tuhan, Allah SWT, diketahui dari fungsi yang tidak termasuk dalam Surah Ali Imran.

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, The Most Kind and The Most Merciful. Nothing is impossible for Him helping me during my story in this life. Allah gives me strength in my weakness, gives me light in my darkness. His power guided me in finishing every steps that I followed, especially in finishing this thesis. Hopefully I can be someone which can deliver my big thankful for Him, the perfect One.

The sincere helpful also came from my advisors, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.A. and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd. Then, the head of LTBI study program, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.pd. The examiners Prof. Dr. Amrin Saragih, M.A. Ph.D., Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D., and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M. Ed. As well as the administrtor in LTBI program, Bang Farid. They guided me both in theory and practical. They patientlly showed me the things should have been improved in my thesis. Thanks for all of your kindness.

Ofcourse the special thanks come for my family. My husband, Eko Susilo, thank you for your effort to motivate me, it is very lovely to be with you. My little angel, Fathiyyah Assyifa Susilo, your smile was one of the reasons I finished this thesis. My beloved Parents in P. Berandan, Irma Yusnita and Irfan Syahrani, you are the wonderful presents from God for me. Also my nice parents in Tebing, Wakidi and Supartini, your praying also gave me spirit in doing this. Then, thank you all, my family in Berandan, Medan, and Bagan.

2

2

I also want to deliver my pride to my friends in B-2 class of LTBI. My friends in the way of da’wa, Syifa Kifahi, my sister in UNIMED, KAMMI and UKMI. Thank you for all of your helps and praying, God is the witness.

Medan, January 2015 The writer

Siska Eka Syafitri Reg.No. 8126112033

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.Background of the Study 1

1.2.Problems of the Study 4

1.3.Objectives of the Study 5

1.4.Scope of the Study 5

1.5.Significance of the Study 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

2.1. Metaphor 6

2.1.1. Definition of Metaphor 6

2.1.2. Kinds of Metaphor 7

2.1.3. Functions of Metaphor 8

2.2. Al Qur’an 15

2.2.1. Definition of Al Qur’an 15

2.2.2. Ali Imran 16

2.2.2.1. Background of Ali Imran 16

2.2.2.2. Ibnu Katsir’s Tafseer 18

2.3. Reasons for the Use of Metaphor in Al Qur’an 19

2.4. Conceptual Framework 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22

2

2

3.2. Data and Source of the Data 22

3.3. The Instrument of Data Collection 22 3.4. Technique of Data Collection

22

3.5. Technique of Data Analysis 23

3.6. Trustworthiness of the Study 24

3.6.1. Credibility 24

3.6.2. Transferability 24

3.6.3. Dependability 25

3.6.4. Confirmability 25

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS 26

4.1 Data Analysis 26

4.1.1 Kinds of the Metaphor 26

4.1.1.1.Explicit Metaphor in the verse of Sura Ali Imran 27 4.1.1.2.Implicit Metaphor in the verse of Sura Ali Imran 33

4.1.2 Functions of the Metaphor 42

4.1.3 The Reasons Why Such Metaphor Used 54

4.2 Finding 56

4.3 Discussion 57

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 60

5.1. Conclusions 60

5.2. Suggestions 60

Refferences 62

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people. Language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it.

Language is very interesting to study since different person will have different way of sayng something. Holmes (2001) states that languages provide a variety of ways of saying the same thing, addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying compliments. Then, it brings people‟s creativity in delivering their topic of speaking, for instance in terms of metaphor. Consciously or not people often use metaphor in their daily life. People always say flower in terms of love or even plants in terms of organization. The word „flower‟ and the word „plants‟ is called metaphor.

Metaphor is an interesting topic to be disussed because it bears on issues or questions based on the field which is intrinsically meaningful. As Stern (2000) tells that one of the interesting topic to be discussed is about metaphor. Many linguists defines metaphor from different persfective. In his paper, Black (1962) takes the metaphor to be the constituent word and in yet other passages talks as if it is not the individual word but “the system of

assossiated common places” that is metaphorical. In another statement Kronfeld and Sweetser

in Romainne (2000) states that theories of metaphor are often a function of their authors‟ examples. This explanation then lead the people to have a further research why metaphor should be the choice of language users whether spoken or written.

Some philosophers take metaphor as the exemplary of human creativity, or the fundamental mode of expression in thought and language, or the window into the imagination. While others view metaphor as the basic unit, or work, or art of poetry, and still others as a central tool of scientific explanation or as an essential element of theological discourse (Stern : 2000). Therefore, the metaphor is thought on language which come from the creativity of the human or the the theological discourse. The latter term is the concern of this research.

It is known that theological discourse is a product of language whether spoken or written related to the study of religion. One important subject of this term is Al Qur‟an. Al –

Qur‟an contains of 6666 verses in its 30 juz and 114 Sura. Sura is also divided in two kinds,

Mecca and Median Sura. The study of language in Al Qur‟an is interesting because people can find some various kind of semantics in it which is also contains metaphor. Almisend (2001) investigated how translators interpret the metaphors in Surah Al-Hajj. He found that the appropriate way to translate the metaphor is to explain or paraphrase the translation to make it more comprehensive for the target audience. It can be seen by the following :

You have already had a sign in the two hosts that met in battle, one host fighting in God's cause and the other denying Him; with their own eyes [the former] saw the others as twice their own number: but God strengthens with His succour whom He wills. In this, behold, there is indeed a lesson for all who have eyes to see. (Ali Imran (3) : 13).

People can see the metaphor from the underlined words in the above verse. “eyes to

with the background, the eyes has its own mening. Based on Ibnu Katsir‟s explanation in Tafseer of Sura Ali Imran (p.22), the word eyes means mind to have the guidance from God. Then, people can see the next example still on the same verse:

You bring the living out of the dead, and you bring the dead out of the living (Ali Imran (3) : 27).

The living out of the dead and the dead out of the living are not only talking about the life, but they are about God’s creature that can bear or dead by God‟s decision written in

Ibnu Katsir‟s explanation in Tafseer of Sura Ali Imran (p.40). Therefore, there is also a

metaphor in this verse.

By seeing these examples, it is interesting to study metaphor of the Al Qur‟an. In this research the researcher will study the metaphor in the third Sura which is called Sura Ali Imran. This Sura is the second longest Sura after Al Baqarah. This special Sura Al `Imran was revealed in Al-Madinah. It contains four topics, they are Allah SWT (God‟s) Oneness and Power, Imran Family, Allah SWT (God‟s) word on Scribes‟ Mistake, and The story of Badr and Uhud (J-art Al Qur‟an: 2004). As the others Sura that explain the way of life of human being, this Sura also has the same function. Many messages are delivered from this sura. More over this Sura also contain the guidance and the impact of the people‟s deed in the world afterlife later. Because of this important reasons, the researcher try to observe the metaphor in this Sura.

In the previous research, Ismanuddin (2013) studies the types of metaphor in Sura Al Baqarah. The similarity is the researcher try to find also the kinds of the sura. However, the

previous study observe the different Sura which is also did not related to the functions of the metaphor in the Sura. Besides finding the functions, this research also will observe the use of metaphor and its relation to the background of the Sura according to Ibnu Katsir‟s Tafseer. It is important to do this kind of analysis as Sperber and Wilson (1986) states that metaphor is provided in three comprehensive accounts which includes (a) the knowledge of the language system, (b) the knowledge of the context: situation and co-text, and (c) the background schematic knowledge: factual and socio-cultural. It is because the background of the Sura in tafseer is important in build the understanding toward words of God, Allah SWT (Ibnu Katsir Tafseer, P.xii). These differences lead the researcher to conduct the difference research and analysis.

1.2. Problems of the Study

Based on the explanation of the background, the problems are formulated as follows: 1. How is the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran?

2. What are the functions of metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran? 3. Why is the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran the way it is?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems of the study, the objectives of the research are to find out: 1. How about the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran.

2. The functions of metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran.

3. A description why such metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran the way they are.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The sigificance of this study is written as below:

The findings of this study will be expected to enrich the research and analysis on Al Qur‟an

studies. The research and analysis in the form of the kinds, functions, and also reasons of the metaphor used in this sura will help the reader understand more the meaning and interpretation of the sura. This is also build the understandings of the readers on the studies of the language in Al Qur‟an which is special and unique as the word of God, Allah SWT. Then, it help the reader have a clear message and avoid misunderstanding of each verses.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions

After data analysis was conducted in chapter IV, below are the conclusions:

(1) There are 32 verses contain of metaphorical words and utterances in Sura Ali Imran. Those metaphorical words and utterances belong to two different kinds, they are explicit and implicit metaphor.

(2) There are several functios of metaphor as the construction of Halliday three metafunction are used in Sura Ali Imran.

(3) The reason why does the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran is because of four contextual reasons as written in the previous chapter.

5.2. Suggestions

After stating the conclusion, the following are the suggestions:

1. It is suggested that the language teachers and lectures especially of the religious school can include the metaphor in Sura Ali Imran as the example in instructional process for the material of metaphor. It is done to introduce and deliver the message of the Sura, by the right meaning of the verse.

2. It is suggested to the researcher who want to get a further findings of metaphor in Al

Qur’an make a research in more Surah. The research can bring the next

findings of the metaphor in Al Qur’an. Since Al Qur’an has its own message and

history, it is important to consult the tafseer book to confirm the analysis.

3. It is suggessted for the people, for example ustadz and ustadzah to understand the meaning of the metaphorical verses of Sura Ali Imran in giving speech. It is because

References

Abdel, Haleem. 2005. The Qur’an. New York : Oxford University Press Ali, Abubaker et al. 2012. Some Linguistic Difficulties in Translating the Holy

Quran from Arabic into English. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 2, No. 6.

Asad, Muhammad. 1980. The Message of the Quran. Gibratar : Dar Al-Andlus

Bermel, Neil. 2006. Linguistic Authority, Language Ideology, and Metaphor. German : WdeG

Casakin, Hernan Pablo. 2007. Metaphor in Design Problem Solving: Implications for Creativity. International Journal of Design

Bogdan, Robert C et al. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education. USA : Library of Congress Cataloging

Goatly, Andrew. 1998. Literal : The Language of Metaphor. New York : Routledge Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. United Kingdom : Longman Ismanuddin. 2013. Metaphor in Surah Al Baqarah. State University of Medan

J McCann, Michael. 2010. The use of implicit and explicit conceptual and cognitive metaphor in a financial report as a means of mass communication. Ireland : Celbrige

Jaber, Ina’m Najim.2010. Translating the Genre of Quran: the Challenge of

translating the inimitable. J. Of College Of Education For Women vol. 21 (4)

Katsir, Ibnu. 1994. Lubaabut Tafsir min Ibni Katsiir (Tafsir Ibnu Katsir). Jakarta: Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi’i

Kovesces, Zoltan. 2009. Metaphor. New York : Oxford University Press Leezenberg, Michiel. 2001. Context of Metaphor. Netherland : Elsevier

Lincoln, Yvonna S. Et al. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California : Sage Publication

Loukas, Marios et al. 2009. The heart and cardiovascular system in the Qur'an and Hadeeth. International Journal of Cardiology (El Sevier)

Miles, Matthew B et al. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis. California : Sage Publication Nakhavali, Fakhteh et al. 2013. A Research on “Rhythm & Music” in the Qur’an.

International Journal of Linguistics Vol. 5, No. 3

Romainne, Suzanne. 2000. Language in Society. New York : Oxford University Press

Steen, Gerard J et al. 2010. A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification. Amsterdam : John Benjaamin Publishing Company

Wahab, Abdul. 1991. Isu Linguistik. Surabaya : Airlangga University Press

Data Collection in Qualitative Research – Social Science Research (http//www./ssrc.hku.hk/er/qr0204.doc)

The New Meaning of “Quantitative” and “Qualitative” in Research (http//www./mutafire.blogspot.com)

previous study observe the different Sura which is also did not related to the functions of the metaphor in the Sura. Besides finding the functions, this research also will observe the use of metaphor and its relation to the background of the Sura according to Ibnu Katsir‟s Tafseer. It is important to do this kind of analysis as Sperber and Wilson (1986) states that metaphor is provided in three comprehensive accounts which includes (a) the knowledge of the language system, (b) the knowledge of the context: situation and co-text, and (c) the background schematic knowledge: factual and socio-cultural. It is because the background of the Sura in tafseer is important in build the understanding toward words of God, Allah SWT (Ibnu Katsir Tafseer, P.xii). These differences lead the researcher to conduct the difference research and analysis.

1.2. Problems of the Study

Based on the explanation of the background, the problems are formulated as follows: 1. How is the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran?

2. What are the functions of metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran? 3. Why is the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran the way it is?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems of the study, the objectives of the research are to find out: 1. How about the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran.

2. The functions of metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran.

3. A description why such metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran the way they are.

This study talks about metaphor in English Version of Al Qur‟an. Al Qur‟an it self has 112 Sura in its 30 juz. In this study, the researcher will observe the metaphor in Sura Ali Imran as the further research of the previous study.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The sigificance of this study is written as below:

The findings of this study will be expected to enrich the research and analysis on Al Qur‟an studies. The research and analysis in the form of the kinds, functions, and also reasons of the metaphor used in this sura will help the reader understand more the meaning and interpretation of the sura. This is also build the understandings of the readers on the studies of the language in Al Qur‟an which is special and unique as the word of God, Allah SWT. Then, it help the reader have a clear message and avoid misunderstanding of each verses.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions

After data analysis was conducted in chapter IV, below are the conclusions:

(1) There are 32 verses contain of metaphorical words and utterances in Sura Ali Imran. Those metaphorical words and utterances belong to two different kinds, they are explicit and implicit metaphor.

(2) There are several functios of metaphor as the construction of Halliday three metafunction are used in Sura Ali Imran.

(3) The reason why does the metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran is because of four contextual reasons as written in the previous chapter.

5.2. Suggestions

After stating the conclusion, the following are the suggestions:

1. It is suggested that the language teachers and lectures especially of the religious school can include the metaphor in Sura Ali Imran as the example in instructional process for the material of metaphor. It is done to introduce and deliver the message of the Sura, by the right meaning of the verse.

2. It is suggested to the researcher who want to get a further findings of metaphor in Al Qur’an make a research in more Surah. The research can bring the next

findings of the metaphor in Al Qur’an. Since Al Qur’an has its own message and history, it is important to consult the tafseer book to confirm the analysis.

3. It is suggessted for the people, for example ustadz and ustadzah to understand the meaning of the metaphorical verses of Sura Ali Imran in giving speech. It is because

the metaphorical verses has its own meaning that sometimes is different with the people’s interpretation.

References

Abdel, Haleem. 2005. The Qur’an. New York : Oxford University Press Ali, Abubaker et al. 2012. Some Linguistic Difficulties in Translating the Holy

Quran from Arabic into English. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 2, No. 6.

Asad, Muhammad. 1980. The Message of the Quran. Gibratar : Dar Al-Andlus

Bermel, Neil. 2006. Linguistic Authority, Language Ideology, and Metaphor. German : WdeG

Casakin, Hernan Pablo. 2007. Metaphor in Design Problem Solving: Implications for Creativity. International Journal of Design

Bogdan, Robert C et al. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education. USA : Library of Congress Cataloging

Goatly, Andrew. 1998. Literal : The Language of Metaphor. New York : Routledge Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. United Kingdom : Longman Ismanuddin. 2013. Metaphor in Surah Al Baqarah. State University of Medan

J McCann, Michael. 2010. The use of implicit and explicit conceptual and cognitive metaphor in a financial report as a means of mass communication. Ireland : Celbrige

Jaber, Ina’m Najim. 2010. Translating the Genre of Quran: the Challenge of

translating the inimitable. J. Of College Of Education For Women vol. 21 (4)

Katsir, Ibnu. 1994. Lubaabut Tafsir min Ibni Katsiir (Tafsir Ibnu Katsir). Jakarta: Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi’i

Kovesces, Zoltan. 2009. Metaphor. New York : Oxford University Press Leezenberg, Michiel. 2001. Context of Metaphor. Netherland : Elsevier

Lincoln, Yvonna S. Et al. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California : Sage Publication

Loukas, Marios et al. 2009. The heart and cardiovascular system in the Qur'an and Hadeeth. International Journal of Cardiology (El Sevier)

Miles, Matthew B et al. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis. California : Sage Publication Nakhavali, Fakhteh et al. 2013. A Research on “Rhythm & Music” in the Qur’an.

International Journal of Linguistics Vol. 5, No. 3

Romainne, Suzanne. 2000. Language in Society. New York : Oxford University Press

Steen, Gerard J et al. 2010. A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification. Amsterdam : John Benjaamin Publishing Company

Stern, Josef. 2000. Metaphor in Context. USA : Massachusetts Institute of Techology

Tahir, Ali Raza. 2013. Islam and Philosophy (Meaning and Relationship. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business Vol 4, No 9

Wahab, Abdul. 1991. Isu Linguistik. Surabaya : Airlangga University Press

Data Collection in Qualitative Research – Social Science Research (http//www./ssrc.hku.hk/er/qr0204.doc)

The New Meaning of “Quantitative” and “Qualitative” in Research (http//www./mutafire.blogspot.com)