AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN TRANSLATING THE GRAMMATICAL HIERARCHY (A Case Study of English – Indonesian Translation).

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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN TRANSLATING THE GRAMMATICAL HIERARCHY

(A Case Study of English – Indonesian Translation)

A Research Paper

Ichsan Mukti Wibowo (0902433)

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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LEMBAR HAK CIPTA

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN TRANSLATING THE GRAMMATICAL HIERARCHY

Oleh

Ichsan Mukti Wibowo

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Februari 2015

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN TRANSLATING THE GRAMMATICAL HIERARCHY (A Case

Study of English – Indonesian Translation)

A Paper by Ichsan Mukti Wibowo

0902433

Approved by: Main Supervisor

Dr. H. Odo Fadloely, M.A NIP: 195408041977021001

Head of Department of English Education The Faculty of Language and Literature Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 19621101 198712 1 001

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN TRANSLATING THE GRAMMATICAL HIERARCHY

ICHSAN MUKTI WIBOWO 0902433

The present research entitled An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used by

Google Translate in Translating the Grammatical Hierarchies aims at analyzing

the translation procedures and identifying the translation quality of Google Translate products. A qualitative method was used to analyze the research. In analyzing the data, the researcher refers to some theories of translation procedures proposed by Peter Newmark (1988), Vinay & Darbelnet (1995 in Fawcet,1997) and Larson (1984) and a number of theories of translation quality proposed by Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791 in Basnett, 2002), Massoud (1988 in Abdellah, 2002), and El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002). The results of data analysis shows that there are seven procedures found in Google Translate products: literal (99 items or 49,5%), couplets and triplets (69 items or 34,5%), transposition (16 items or 8%), transference/borrowing (7 items or 3,5%), paraphrase (5 items or 2,5%), synonymy (3 items or 1,5%), and

naturalization (one item or 0,5%). The second finding shows that the translation

products of Google Translate is good or acceptable in translating words. On the other hand, the translation quality of GT products was quite unacceptable or inappropriate in translating phrases, clauses and sentences because the meaning was not delivered properly and therefore before using GT to translate phrases, clauses, and sentences, the users have to recheck the results of translation. Based on percentages of acceptable translation (82,5%) and unacceptable (17,5%). In the words level, there are more acceptable items (50 items). In the phrases level, there are 42 acceptable items and 8 unacceptable items. In the clauses level, there are 41 acceptable items and 9 unacceptable items. In the sentences level, there are more unacceptable items (18 items) and 32 acceptable items. Furthemore, the total selected items are 200 items (50 words, 50 phrase, 50 clauses, and 50 sentences). The total acceptable items are 165 items from 200 items and unacceptable items are 35 items from 200 items.

Keywords: Translation Procedures, Google Translate, The Grammatical

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK

Penelitian yang berjudunl Analisis Prosedur Penerjemahan oleh Google Translate dalam menerjemahkan tingkatan tata bahasa ini bertujuan menganalisis prosedur penerjemahan dan mengidentifikasikan kualitas hasil penerjemahan Google

Translate. Metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian ini.

Dalam menganalisi data, teori prosedur penerjemahan yang dikemukakan oleh Peter Newmark (1988), Vinay & Darbelnet (1995 in Fawcet,1997) and Larson (1984) dan kualitas penerjemahan dikemukakan oleh Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791 in Basnett, 2002), Massoud (1988 in Abdellah, 2002), and El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002). Hasil dari analisis data menunjukan ada tujuh prosedur ditemukan di hasil penerjemahan Google

Translate :literal (99 item or 49,5%), couplets and triplets (69 item or 34,5%), transposition (16 item atau 8%), transference/borrowing (7 item atau 3,5%), paraphrase (5 item atau 2,5%), synonymy (3 item atau 1,5%), and naturalization

(1 item atau 0,5%). Adapun temuan kedua memperlihatkan bahwa hasil penerjemahan Google Translate itu bagus dalam menerjemahkan kata. Disamping itu, kualitas penerjemahan Google Translate tidak baik dalam menerjemahkan frase, klausa dan kalimat karena arti nya tidak tersampaikan dengan baik dan jadi sebelum menggunakan Google Translate untuk menerjemahkan frase, klausa dan kalimat, pengguna Google Translate harus mengecek kembali hasil penerjemahannya. Berdasarkan persentase penerjemahan yang dapat diterima sebesar 82,5% dan yang tidak dapat diterima sebesar 17,5%. Pada level kata, terdapat banyak penerjemahan yang dapat diterima sebesar 50 item. Pada level frase, terdapat 42 penerjemahan yang dapat diterima dan 8 yang tidak dapat diterima. Pada level klausa, terdapat 41 penerjemahan yang dapat diterima dan 9 yang tidak dapat diterima. Pada level kalimat, terdapat 18 penejemahan yang tidak dapat dterima dan 32 yang dapat diterima. Jadi, jumlah sampel penelitian adalad 200 item (50 kata, 50 frase, 50 klausa dan 50 kalimat). Jumla penerjemahan yang dapat diterima adalah 165 item dari 200 item dan yang tidak dapat diterima sebesar 35 item dari 200 item.

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ...

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... viii

LIST OF FIGURES ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background ... 1

B. Research Questions ... 3

C. Aims of the Research ... 3

D. Limitation of the Research ... 3

E. Significance of the Research ... 4

F. Clarification of Key Terms ... 4

G. Organization of Paper ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ... 6

A. Translation ... 6

1. Definition of translation ... 6

2. Translation Process ... 7

3. Translation Methods ... 8

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

5. The Criteria of Good Translation ... 18

B. The Types of Text ... 20

C. Machine Translation ... 21

D. Google Translate ... 23

E. Grammatical Hierarchy ... 24

1. Sentence ... 25

2. Clause... 25

3. Phrase ... 27

4. Word ... 28

F. Concluding Remark ... 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29

A. Research Questions ... 29

B. Aims of the Research ... 29

C. Research Design ... 29

D. The Object of the Research ... 30

E. Population and The Sample ... 30

1. Population ... 30

2. The Sample ... 31

F. Data Collection ... 32

G. Data Analysis ... 32

H. Concluding Remark ... 33

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 34

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

1. The Translation Procedures used by Google Translate in translating the

Grammatical Hierarchy ... 34

2. The Translation Procedures used by Google Translate in translating the words ... 36

3. The Translation Procedures used by Google Translate in translating the phrases ... 40

4. The Translation Procedures used by Google Translate in translating the clauses ... 44

5. The Translation Procedures used by Google Translate in translating the sentences ... 52

B. Findings and Discussions of the Quality of Translation ... 60

C. Concluding Remark... 63

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 64

A.Conclusions ... 64

B. Suggestions... 66

REFERENCES ... 67

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 The Amount of translation procedures used by Google Translate in

translating the grammatical hierarchies ... 35

Table 4.2 The Amount of translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating the words ... 36

Table 4.3 Literal Translation Procedure ... 37

Table 4.4 Transference/ Borrowing Procedure ... 38

Table 4.5 Synonymy Procedure ... 39

Table 4.6 Naturalization Procedure ... 39

Table 4.7 The Amount of translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating the phrases ... 40

Table 4.8 Literal Translation Procedure ... 41

Table 4.9 Transposition Procedure ... 42

Table 4.10 Transference/Borrowing Procedure ... 43

Table 4.11 Paraphrase Procedure ... 43

Table 4.12 The Amount of translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating the clauses ... 44

Table 4.13 Couplets Procedure ... 45

Table 4.14 Literal Translation Procedure ... 48

Table 4.15 Triplets Procedure ... 49

Table 4.16 Paraphrase Procedure ... 50

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Table 4.18 The Amount of translation procedures used by Google Translate in

translating the sentences... 52

Table 4.19 Couplets Procedure ... 53

Table 4.20 Literal Translation Procedure ... 56

Table 4.21 Triplets Procedure ... 57

Table 4.22 Paraphrase Procedure ... 59

Table 4.23The Classification of Translation Quality ... 61

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Translation Process by Nida (1964) ... 8

Figure 2.2 Larson’s Process of Translation ... 11

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The first chapter is Introduction. This chapter elaborates background of the study, research questions, aims of study, limitation of study, significance of the study, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.

A. Background of the Research

In this globalization era, English has become an international language. English plays an important role in the world. But several people in Indonesia still use Bahasa Indonesia in their daily activities both spoken and written. In fact, much information is delivered in English. It can be found that many textbooks, journals, news, films and etc. are presented in English. It is a problem faced by several people in Indonesia to understand the information which is delivered in English.

Regarding the above condition, translation plays an important role for us as Indonesian people to get information from written English. According to Weber (1984, p.3), translation is the process of transposition of a text which written in a source language into target language. With regard to this, there are most Indonesians who do not understand English so they may not get information from English texts. Automatically, several people need translating products in order to fulfill their needs such as getting information or news about education, business, personal life and ,etc. To get information from a source language, the products of translation should be good translation.

Nowadays, technology works in the fields of translation to create a facility

named “machine translation”. According to Craciunescu, Gerding-Salas and Stringer-O’Keefie. (2010), they assume that machine translator is the idea of making translation as a new marketable product to earn profits, while they define

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

translation as an art which has nothing to do with profit and loss, but it is related to creativity and the power of imagination. There are some machine translator programs that can be accessed easily as online applications which can be found on internet such as Google Translate, Babylon 10, Tialsoft, Systran, etc. Several people know that Google is as popular as search engine that the name is synonymous with Web search. Not only does Google search for standard Web pages, but it also can search for images, patents, products, videos, stock reports, and more. _{On May 26, 2011 Google announced that the Google Translate (GT)}

had been launched (Wikipedia, 2013). Therefore, now several people can translate from a source language into a target language by using GT. Based on the article via official blog of Google posted by Shawn Knight (April 27, 2012), he stated that “Today we have more than 200 million monthly active users on translate.google.com”. It means that almost many people in the world are using GT to translate written texts.

Therefore, the products of GT should be translated well, clearly with the original one without changing the meaning in order to give a clear understanding to both readers and users. However, there will be several risks if the translation products of GT are not clear. According to Barnwell (1980) as cited in Larson (1984), a good translation should be clear and understandable in order to make it makes sense in the TL. Therefore good translation procedures and methods are very important in the process of translation. If the products of GT are not clear, it can make the users feel difficult to understand the text and the information is not delivered.

A research conducted by Nuroni (2013) entitled “Google Translate’s problems and its post-editing techniques of an english short story translation into

bahasa Indonesia”, has compared GT to human translator. The researcher has analyzed types of translation problem encountered by GT and identified the strategies applied by human translator. Nuroni (2013, p. 85) said that Google Translate faces various problems in translating the short story Charles by Shirley

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Jackson such as GT is not sensitive to cultural words and GT mostly translates idioms and also seems confused in translating collocations. Based on Nuroni (2013, p. 86) conveys that when translating the same text, human translator his or her superiority. Human translator can apply several translation strategies in translating text by making the information meaningful and the sounds natural in the target text. However, this research concerns with mere machine translation procedures and quality in translating the grammatical hierarchy.

Therefore, the researcher wants to know the procedures that are used by GT and the translation quality of the products of GT in translating the grammatical hierarchy.

B. Research Questions

The research will be led by the following questions:

a. What kind of translation procedures are used by Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy?

b. How is the quality of translation products of Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy?

C. Aims of The Research

The study will be aimed to find out:

a. The translation procedures are used by Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy from English to Indonesian.

b. The quality of English – Indonesian translation products of Google Translate.

D. Limitation of The Research

The study discusses the process translating English – Indonesian of English texts by using GT as software which is used by most people in the world. The discussion of this study is limited in order to analyze the the translation process of several texts, which will be translated from English into Indonesian by

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

using GT. The research is focused to analyze the translation of words, phrases,clauses and sentences. The procedure may affect the quality of the translation. The analysis focuses on the translation procedures clarified by Newmark (1988), Vinay & Darbelnet (1995 in Fawcet, 1997), and Larson (1984), and the quality of the translation products based on the criteria of Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791 in Basnett, 2002), Massoud (1988 in Abdellah, 2002), and El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002) characteristics of a good translation.

E. Significance of the Research

The result of the study is expected to give some effective effects for at least three aspects. The first aspect is theoritical significance which means that the present research is expected to enrich the finding of previous research. The second aspect is practical significance, which means is intended to make the students of translation studies think critically about the little yet important things related to the grammatical hierarchy like words, phrases, clauses and sentences and to enrich the students of translation studies skills especially in choosing appropriate translation procedures or methods. The last aspect is professional significance, which is meant to provide new inputs and ideas for professional translators in translating texts, especially in translating the grammatical hierarchy and give recommendation about GT results in translating the grammatical hierarchy is recommended or not.

F. Clarification of the Key Terms

Translation : Defined as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988,p.5).

Machine Translator : The idea of making translation as a new marketable product to earn profits, while they define traslation as an

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

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art which has nothing to do with profit and loss, but it’s

related to creativity and the power of imagination (Craciunescu, 2010).

Google Translate (GT) :The site defines itself as “a free translation service that provides instant translation between dozens of different languages. It can translate words, sentences and web pages

between any combinations of our supported langguages”

(http://translate.google.com).

Grammatical Hierarchy : Refers to constitution of sentences, clauses, phrases and words. The rank of the hierarchies, from the top rank to the bottom is as follows: sentences, clauses, phrase and words.(Halliday, Derewianka, Christie, Butt et al as cited in Emilia, 2014, p. 53)

Text : Best regarded as a semantic unit: a unit which expresses, simultaneously, ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning. (Halliday & Hasan, 1976, p. 2)

G. Organization of the Paper

The chapter of this research is organized into five chapters as follows:

1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains introduction, which discusses the background of the research, research questions, aims of the study, limitation of the research, significance of the research, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.

2. CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter consists of detailed theories which are related to the study.

3. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes research methodology; this chapter covers research design, object of the study, data collection and data analysis.

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 4. CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of presentation of the data obtained from the research followed by explanation and interpretaion from the data.

5. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents research methodology. It consists of research questions, aims of the research, research design, object of the research, population and sample, data collection, data analysis, and selected samples.

A. Research Questions

The research was aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What kind of translation procedures are used by Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy?

2. How is the quality of translation products of Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy?

B. Aims of the Research

The research was aimed to find out:

1. The translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy from English to Indonesian.

2. The quality of English – Indonesian translation product of Google Translate.

C. Research Design

This research used a qualitative research design to find out the translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy. According to Fraenkel, et al., 2012, p. 426), “the qualitative research is a research study that focuses the materials, situation, activities, or relationship qualities which has holistic description emphasis and mostly delivered in detail. In addition, qualitative research was chosen because it is “uses subjective information and participant observation to describe the context, or natural setting, of the variables under consideration, as well as the interactions of the different variables in the context” (Key, 1997). Based on Maxwell (1996) in Alwasilah

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

(2002, p.107–109), there are five purposes of qualitative research; the advantages are as follows:

1. Understanding the meaning, of the participants in the study, the events, situations, and actions involvedwith and the accounts of their life and experiences.

2. Understanding the particular context within which the participans act and the influence that this context has on their actions.

3. Identifying unanticipated phenomena and influences, and generating new grounded theories.

4. Understanding the process by which events and actions take place. 5. Developing causal explanations.

In presenting the data, the researcher used a descriptive method. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 23), descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze and classify something through various techniques, survey, interview, questionnaire, observations, and text. Descriptive method allows the researcher to describe, analyze, to categorize and to interpret the data.

D. The Object of the Research

This research was focused to study translation procedures and translation quality of English – Indonesia translation by Google Translate in translating the grammatical hierarchy.

E. Population and Sample

This section presents population and samples identified in the research.

1. Population

Fraenkel and Wallen (1993:80) point that a population is “the group of interest to the researcher, the group to whom the researcher would like to

generalize the result of the study”. The research discusses the process translating English – Indonesian of texts by using Google Translate. The discussion of this study is limited in order to analyze the the translation process in translating the

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

grammatical hierarchy (word, phrase, clause and sentence), which is translated from English into Indonesian by using Google Translate. The procedures may affect the quality of the translation. In order to do so, the researcher selected words, phrases, clauses and sentences to be analyzed. The analysis was focused on the translation procedures clarified by Newmark (1988), Vinay & Darbelnet (1995 in Fawcet, 1997), and Larson (1984), and the quality of the translation products would be based on several translation qualities by some experts.

2. The Sample

The researcher chose some texts from English in Focus for Grade IX Junior High School by Wardiman (2008). This textbook was chosen because it is an English electronic book that can be downloaded easily on the internet by the teachers and used widely in schools, thus, the accessibility of analyzing the grammatical hierarchy of the texts taken from the book was achieved. The researcher chose randomly 4 texts from English in Focus for Grade IX Junior High School. The title of the texts are Rock Music, Percussion Instruments, Postal

Matters and Hotels. The researcher chose two articles from thejakartapost.com

entitled Michel Platini set to be re-elected UEFA president and Michael Buble to

hold concert in Indonesia next year. This online newspaper was chosen because

this is the online version of the largest English language newspaper in Indonesia thus it was accessible for the researcher to conduct the analysis of the chosen texts.

The selection of the samples was employed the sampling interval which is suggested by Fraenkel, et al., (2012, p.98). The formula is as follow:

Interval =

The population of the words of the texts are 993 and the desired sample was 50, thus the interval of the words was 20, which means the words would be selected were within 20 intervals. For example: 1, 19, 38, 57, 76, 95, 114, 133, ... . The population phrases of texts are 167, and the desired sample was 50. The

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

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interval of the phrases was 3. The population clauses of texts are 95, and the desired sample was 50. The interval of the clause was 2. The population of sentences of texts are 66 and the desired sample was 50. Therefore, the interval of the sentences was 1, which means the sentences would be selected were within intervals 1.

F. Data Collection

In collecting the data, the researcher did the following steps:

1. Choosing English texts from English in Focus for Grade IX Junior High School.

2. Reading the English texts from English in Focus for Grade IX Junior High School and thejakartapost.com. In this step, the researcher counted all words, clauses, phrases, and sentences from the texts, and then the researcher choose 50 English words, 50 English phrases, 50 English clauses and 50 English sentences to be analyzed in the texts randomly.

3. Employing Google Translate to translate the words, phrases, clauses and sentences from English to Indonesia. In this step, the researcher analyzed the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in order to find out the translation procedure used in every selected words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. 4. Finding out the relevant theories related to translation procedures and

translation quality from some books, literatures, and internet sources.

G. Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the data were analyzed to find the answers to the research questions. Additionally, the collected data was analyzed by using the following steps:

1. Understanding the findings by using a visual aid like a table (Emilia, 2009, p. 205). The table below presents the general findings containing the grammatical hierarchy (word, phrase, clause and sentence), Google

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu No. Word Google Translate’s

Product Translation Procedures

1. Airport Bandara Word-for word

2. Popular Populer Borrowing

2. Determining the data as percentage by presenting all numeric data in separated data as a simple scaling for translation procedures by using formula. Determining the data as percentage:

P = x 100%

3. Continuing from the previous step above, then next was determining the quality of the translation from some theories described in chapter two. This step was supported by Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791 in Basnett, 2002), Massoud (1988 in Abdellah, 2002), and El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002).

4. Discussing all of data to draw a conclusion.

H. Concluding Remark

This chapter has presented the research methodology covering statements of problems, aims of research, research design, object of the research, population and sample, data collection and data analysis. The research was focused on

finding out translations procedures and the quality of Google Translate’s products.

After analyzing the chosen data, the researcher made conclusions based on the reseults of the research. It will be presented in the next chapter, findings and discussions.

P = Percentage

F = Frequency of translation procedure N = Total number of samples

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter will discuss the conclusions that are taken from the result of the research and suggestion that are expected to give benefits and inputs for the readers who are interested in translation, particularly in machine translation.

A. Conclusions

In the first chapter , it was stated that there are two aims in this present research. They are to find out the translation procedures used by Google Translate (GT) in translating unit of language from English to Indonesian and to find out the quality of English – Indonesian translation products of GT. The researcher used a qualitative descriptive method in conducting the research. To determine the translation procedures the researcher used the theory of Peter Newmark (1988), Vinay & Darbelnet (1995 in Fawcet,1997) and Larson (1984). For defining the translation quality, the researcher used some translation quality theories by Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791 in Basnett, 2002), Massoud (1988 in Abdellah, 2002), and El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002).

Based on findings and discussion presented in the previous chapters, the researcher found several tranlation procedures which are employed by GT in translating unit of language. There are seven procedures that are used by GT in translating unit of language. The seven translation procedures are literal,

transference, naturalization, transposition, couplets and triplet, synonymy and paraphrase. The translation mostly used by GT in translating unit of language

was arranged from the highest to the lowest percentages indicating: literal (99 items or 49,5%), couplets and triplets (69 items or 34,5%), transposition (16 items or 8%), transference/borrowing (7 items or 3,5%), paraphrase (5 items or

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

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2,5%), synonymy (3 items or 1,5%), and naturalization (one item or 0,5%). It can be seen above that the most frequently used by GT in translating unit of language is the literal translation procedure, and the least one is naturalization translation procedure.

The reseacher analyzed 50 words, 50 phrases, 50 clauses and 50 sentences to be translated by GT. In translating the words, the most frequently used by GT is

literal (43 items out of 50 items or 86%), followed by transference and synonymy

(3 items or 6%), and naturalizaion (one item or 2%). In translating the selected phrases, the most frequently used by GT is literal (29 items out of 50 items or 58%), followed by transposition (15 items or 30%), followed by transference (4 items or 8%), and paraphrase (2 items or 4%). In translating the clauses, the most frequently used by GT is couplets (24 items or 48%), followed by literal (13 items or 26%), triplets (10 items or 20%), paraphrase (2 items or 4%), and

transposition (1 item or 2%). In translating the selected sentences, the most

frequently used by GT is couplets (23 items or 46%), followed by literal (15 items or 30%), triplets (12 items or 24%) and paraphrase (one item or 2%). Therefore, it can be concluded that literal translation procedure is a translation procedure that are mostly used by GT in translating words and phrases. GT mostly used lteral

translation procedure in translating words and phrases because when GT

translated the words and the phrases, GT did not pay attention to the context of the texts. To translate the clauses and sentences, GT mostly used couplets translation procedure to transfer the meaning in the TL. GT mostly used two combination of translation procedures to translated the clauses and sentences, because GT must aware to the context of the text to make an acceptable meaning to the TL in the translating the clauses and sentences.

Based on the data analysis, the result shows that the translation quality of GT products is good or acceptable in translating the selected words because it fulfills the criteria of a good translation by some experts, they are Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791 in Basnett, 2002), Massoud

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An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

(1988 in Abdellah, 2002), and El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002). But, the quality of GT is quite unacceptable or inappropriate in translating phrases, clauses and sentences because the meaning was not delivered properly and therefore before using GT to translate phrases, clauses, and sentences, the users have to recheck the results of translation.. From the samples, there were 165 items or 82,5% which were acceptable translation and the rest were unacceptable (35 items or 17,5%). In the words level, there were more acceptable items (50 items out of 50 items). In the phrases level, there were 42 acceptable items and 8 unacceptable items. In the clauses level, there were 41 acceptable items and 9 unacceptable items. In the sentences level, there were more unacceptable items (18 items out of 50 items) and 32 acceptable items.

B. Suggestions

After doing the research, the researcher gives some suggestions for the readers, the users of GT or everyone who is interested in translation study. The researcher proposes some suggestions as follows:

1. The users of GT should do editing in GT translation products because the products of GT are unnatural in the Target Language (TL) especially in translating phrases, clauses and sentences because Google Translate’s products are lack of choosing the appropriate diction of the TL.

2. For the users, it is better to use GT especially in translating words of the SL but it must be adapted to the context of the TL to avoid misinterpretation of the SL.

3. For those who are interested in the same topic, the future researcher can elaborate more comprehensive analysis by analyzing more specific words, phrases, clauses or sentences classes.

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An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdellah, A.S. 2002. Novice Translators’ Guide. Qena Faculty of Education: South Valley University.

Alwasilah, A.C. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.

Anonymous. 2006. Google Translate. [Online]. Available:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate [18th of June, 2014]

Anonymous. 2014. Michael Bublé to hold concert in Indonesia next year. [ONLINE]. Available: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/22/michael-bubl-hold-concert-indonesia-next-year.html [20th of December, 2014]

Anonymous. 2014. Michel Platini set to be re-elected UEFA president. [ONLINE]. Available: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/29/michel-platini-set-be-re-elected-uefa-president.html [20th of December, 2014]

Bassnett, S. 2002. Translation Studies. United States of America: Routledge

Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman.

Catford, J. 1969. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Carciunescu, O, Gerding-Salas, C, Stringer-O’Keeffe, S. 2004. Machine Translation and Computer-Assisted Translation: A New Way of Translating? Translation Journal, Volume 8, No. 3 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.translationdirectory.com [10th of November, 2014]

Choliludin. 2005. The Technique of Making Idiomatic Translation. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Delahunty, Gerald P., and Garvey, James J. 2010. The English Language: From

Sound to Sense. Perspectives on Writing. Fort Collins, Colorado: The WAC

Clearinghouse and Parlor Press. Available at

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Droga, L. & Humprey, S. 2003. Grammar and Meaning: An Introduction for Primary

Teachers. Berry: Target Texts.

Emilia, Emi. 2009. Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Emilia, Emi. 2014. Introducing: Functional Grammar. Bandung: Pustaka Jaya.

Fasold, R. W. 2003. An Introduction to Language and Linguistic. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fawcett, P. 1997. Translation and Language Linguistic Theories Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.

Fontaine, L. 2013. Analysing English Grammar: A Systemic Functional Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. 1993. How to design and Evaluate Research In

Education. Mc. Graw Hill, Inc. New York.

Fraenkel, J. R., et al. 2012. How to design and Evaluate Research In Education. Mc. Graw Hill, Inc. New York..

Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Katamba, F. & Stonham, J. 2006. Modern Linguistics: Morphology. New York:

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.

Key, James P. 1997. MODULE R14 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. [Online]. Available:

http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.h tm. [7th of June, 2014]

Larson, L. M. 1984. Meaning Based-Translation. United States of America: University Press of America.

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd: Great Britain.

Nida, E.A., & Taber, C. R. 1982. The theory and practice of translation. Leiden: Brill.

Nurroni, A. 2013. Google Translate’s Problems and Its Post-Editing Techniques of An English Short Story Translation into Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: English Education Department. Indonesia University of Education.

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Qureshi, I, A. n.d. The Hierarchy of Linguistic Units. [Online]. Available:

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/.../Grammar.pdf[10th of October, 2014]

Shawn Knight. 2012. Google Translate used by 200 million people each month. [Online]. Available: http:// www. techspot.com/news/48373-google-translate-used-by-200-million-people-each-month.html [18th of June, 2014]

Verspoor, M., & Sauter, K. 2000. English sentence analysis: An introductory course. Amsterdam John Benjamins, Publisher. [Online]. Available: http://library.nu/ docs/4JRAIOY3VG/English%20Sentence%20Analysis%3A%20An%20Introd uctory%20Course [13th of November, 2014]

Tyler, A. F. 1907. Essay on the Principles of translation. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd.

Venuti. 2000. The translation studies reader. London: Routledge.

Wardiman, A.2008. English in Focus for Grade IX Junior High School. Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Weber, W. K. 1984. Training Translation and Conference Interpreters. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

transference, naturalization, transposition, couplets and triplet, synonymy and paraphrase. The translation mostly used by GT in translating unit of language

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

The reseacher analyzed 50 words, 50 phrases, 50 clauses and 50 sentences to be translated by GT. In translating the words, the most frequently used by GT is

literal (43 items out of 50 items or 86%), followed by transference and synonymy

transposition (1 item or 2%). In translating the selected sentences, the most

translation procedure in translating words and phrases because when GT

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Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

B. Suggestions

2. For the users, it is better to use GT especially in translating words of the SL but it must be adapted to the context of the TL to avoid misinterpretation of the SL.

3. For those who are interested in the same topic, the future researcher can elaborate more comprehensive analysis by analyzing more specific words, phrases, clauses or sentences classes.

(4)

Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdellah, A.S. 2002. Novice Translators’ Guide. Qena Faculty of Education: South Valley University.

Alwasilah, A.C. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.

Anonymous. 2006. Google Translate. [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate [18th of June, 2014]

Bassnett, S. 2002. Translation Studies. United States of America: Routledge

Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman.

Catford, J. 1969. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Carciunescu, O, Gerding-Salas, C, Stringer-O’Keeffe, S. 2004. Machine Translation and Computer-Assisted Translation: A New Way of Translating? Translation

Journal, Volume 8, No. 3 2004. [Online]. Available:

http://www.translationdirectory.com [10th of November, 2014]

Choliludin. 2005. The Technique of Making Idiomatic Translation. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Delahunty, Gerald P., and Garvey, James J. 2010. The English Language: From

Sound to Sense. Perspectives on Writing. Fort Collins, Colorado: The WAC

Clearinghouse and Parlor Press. Available at

(5)

Ichsan Mukti Wibowo, 2014

An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Used By Google Translate In Translating The Grammatical Hierarchy

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Droga, L. & Humprey, S. 2003. Grammar and Meaning: An Introduction for Primary

Teachers. Berry: Target Texts.

Emilia, Emi. 2009. Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Emilia, Emi. 2014. Introducing: Functional Grammar. Bandung: Pustaka Jaya.

Fasold, R. W. 2003. An Introduction to Language and Linguistic. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fawcett, P. 1997. Translation and Language Linguistic Theories Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.

Fontaine, L. 2013. Analysing English Grammar: A Systemic Functional Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. 1993. How to design and Evaluate Research In

Education. Mc. Graw Hill, Inc. New York.

Fraenkel, J. R., et al. 2012. How to design and Evaluate Research In Education. Mc. Graw Hill, Inc. New York..

Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Katamba, F. & Stonham, J. 2006. Modern Linguistics: Morphology. New York:

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.

Key, James P. 1997. MODULE R14 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. [Online]. Available:

http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.h tm. [7th of June, 2014]

Larson, L. M. 1984. Meaning Based-Translation. United States of America: University Press of America.

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd: Great Britain.

Nida, E.A., & Taber, C. R. 1982. The theory and practice of translation. Leiden: Brill. Nurroni, A. 2013. Google Translate’s Problems and Its Post-Editing Techniques of An English Short Story Translation into Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: English Education Department. Indonesia University of Education.