Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

(1)

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS IN SONY ERICSSON W150i’S USER GUIDEBOOK

A THESIS BY:

HERMAN ADITYA SIMBOLON

Reg. No. 080705044

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

(2)

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

TERMS IN SONY ERICSSON W150i’S USER GUIDEBOOK

A THESIS BY

HERMAN ADITYA SIMBOLON REG. NO. 080705044

Supervisor Co-Supervisor

Dr.H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.

NIP. 195411171980031002 NIP. 196107031986011001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

(3)

iii

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

(4)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly, I would like to thank the Almighty Jesus Christ who give Me all the blessings and guides in everyday of My Life specially all days in achieving to finish this thesis.

I address my gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Science and Culture , University of Sumatera Utar students in following their study. I am also grateful to the Head and the Secretary of English Department for their concern , facilities and support given during My study and My thesis research. I am really thankful to be one of English Department family.

I also would like to express my gratitude t am grateful for their helps, guidance, understanding, patience, advices and contributions during My thesis research. , I also thank mr help in finishing my thesis.

I feel so blessed for the greatest support and prayers from my family, especially my father M. Simbolon and my mother T. Silalahi.though They’ve gone so too soon but i know they smile upon me and I owe Jesus for achieving one of their dreams. I also thank my brother and sisters, Darwin E.C. Simbolon, Devi C.D Simbolon, and Lisda N.S. Simbolon for all the love, the guidance, understanding, and trust specially during my struggle in accomplishing my thesis. I can hardly find any proper words to express the greatest gratefulness I have to my lovely parents, brother, and sisters for their bottomless love and support, I won’t be able to made it through without them. I feel grateful as well to my beloved brothers in my life specially in Marakas United 27 Sahat, Ari, Jonalsal, Guntur, David, Fernandus, Joel for all the support, laugh, cry, and all moments we’ve been through both in my life and the process of my thesis.

My gratitude is also addressed to my special brothers and sister, Budi Parulian Purba, Muhammad Jarot and Zen Elvia Bangun, which has always been there for me, particularly from

(5)

the beginning of daily campus life until the completion of this thesis.special gratitude goes to all GASTERS and all my college friends wherever they are.

Medan, February 2015

Herman Aditya Simbolon REG. No. 080705044

(6)

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I AM HERMAN ADITYA SIMBOLON DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

(7)

vii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION Name : Herman Aditya Simbolon

Title of Thesis : Translation Procedures in translating Information Technology Terms in Sony Ericsson W150i’s user guidebook

Qualifications : S-1/ Sarjana Ilmu Budaya Department : English Literature

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE

UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

(8)

viii ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Translation Procedures in translating information technology terms in Sony ericsson W150’s user guidebook. Skripsi ini menganalisis user guidebook berbahasa inggris dan menganalisis prosedur(Translation Procedures) terjadinya baik perubahan, pergeseran, maupun pergantian makna yang muncul pada user guidebook berbahasa Indonesia yang sudah diterjemahkan. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan prosedur dan pengklasifikasian pergeseran makna dalam user guidebook Sony Ericsson w150i tersebut. Teori yang digunakan untuk menentukan prosedur yang terjadi dalam penerjemahan tersebut adalah teori Jean Paul Vinay dan J. Darbelnet pada tahun 2000 yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat 7 prosedur untuk menerjemahkan dari bahasa asal ke bahasa target, 7 prosedur tersebut adalah literal translation, borrowing(mix loanwords), borrowing(loan blends), Calque, equivalence, modulation, dan deletion. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Proses penelitian terkait adalah mencari, mengumpulkan, mengklasifikasikan, menganalisa data yang tersedia dan mengambil keputusan final terkait data yang sudah diolah sebelumnya. Data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini adalah buku panduan pengguna sony ericsson W150i berbahasa inggris dan berbahasa Indonesia yang dirilis resmi oleh Sony Ericsson. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan 162 data yang dapat diklasifikasikan dengan 6 jenis prosedur, 70 data prosedur borrowing atau 43,12%, 10 data prosedur equivalence atau 6,17%, 67 data literal translation atau 41,35%, 5 data prosedur Transposition atau 3,08%. Dari analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa prosedur yang dominan dipakai adalah Borrowing baik mix loanwoards, loan blends, dan pure loanwords.

(9)

ix ABSTRACT

This thesis titled Translation Procedures in translating information technology terms in Sony Ericsson W150's user Guidebook. This paper analyzes the user Guidebook in English and analyzing procedures (Translation Procedures) occurrence whether it’s a change, shift, or transfer of meaning that appear on the user Guidebook in Indonesian language which has been translated. This analysis aims to find procedures and classification of user Guidebook shift in meaning in the Sony Ericsson W150i. The theory is used to determine the procedure that occurred in the translation is the theory of Jean Paul Vinay and J. Darbelnet in 2000 which states that there are 7 procedures to translate from the original language to the target language, those 7 The procedures is the literal translation, borrowing (mix loanwords) , borrowing (loan blends), borrowing (pure loanwords), calque, equivalence, modulation, and deletion. The method used is descriptive qualitative method.Research process that occurred is to find, collect, classify, analyze the available data and make the final decision related to the data that has been previously processed. The data analyzed in this paper is a user guide for sony ericsson W150i in English and Indonesian language officially released by Sony Ericsson. From the analysis which has been done, 162 data found that can be classified with 6 types of procedures, 70 data collection borrowing procedures (mix loanwords,

loanblends, pureloanwords) or 43.12%, 10 data equivalence procedure or 6.17%, 67 Data literal translation procedure or 41.35%, 5 data transposition procedures or 3.08%. From the analysis it can be concluded that the dominant procedure used is Borrowing,whether it’s mix loanwords, loan blends and pure loanwords.

(10)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

Author’s Declaration ... vi

Copyright Declaration ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 5

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 5

1.5 Significances of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Review of related Literature ... 7

2.1.1 Translation as The Process of Transferring Meaning ... 7

2.1.2 Process of Translation ... 9

(11)

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Source of Data ... 18

3.2 Data Collecting Procedure ... 19

3.3 Data Analysis Method ... 19

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS , DESCRIPTION , FINDING 4.1 Data Analysis ... 20

4.2 Data Description ... 28

4.2.1 Literal Translation ... 29

4.2.2 Borrowing (Mix Loanwords) ... 32

4.2.3 Borrowing (Loan Blends) ... 33

4.2.4 Equivalence ... 37

4.2.5 Borrowing (Pure Loanwords ) ... 38

4.3 Data Finding ... 40

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion ... 41

5.2 Suggestion ... 41

REFERENCES ... 42

(12)

viii ABSTRAK

(13)

ix ABSTRACT

(14)

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study.

"It will serve to demonstrate, that the art of translation is of more dignity and importance than has generally been imagined."

-Sir Alexander Fraser Tytler

Generally, translation is a process of rendering meaning, ideas, or messages of a text from one language to other language. There are some considerations, which follow this process, which mainly related to the accuracy, clarity and naturalness of the meaning, ideas, or messages of the translation. It means that it is an important thing to consider whether the readers of the target text accept equivalent information as the readers of the source text do. These considerations are clarified in some definitions of translation stated by some qualified figures in this field.

One of the most prominent definitions of translation is stated by Newmark (1988: 5) who defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. This definition stresses on rendering meaning of the source language text into the target language text as what is intended by the author.

Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) define translation as “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)”. In this definition, they do not explicitly express that the object being transferred is meaning or message. Otherwise, Hatim and Munda more emphasize to the exact form of both of languages which are going to be translated.

Nida and Taber (1982: 12), on the other hand, state, “Translating consists of some steps in reproducing words to the receptor language with the closest natural equivalent of the source language message”. This definition is more comprehensive than the previous ones. Nida and Taber explicitly state that translation is closely related to the problems of languages, meaning, and equivalence.

(15)

Newmark (1991: 27) sees the act of translating very briefly. It is the act of transferring meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or a part, from one language to another.

From the definitions mentioned above, it is found that translation is a process which is intended to find meaning equivalence in the target text. Machali (2001) and Baker (1992) underline the term meaning equivalence because it is the meaning, which is transferred in the target language. In this case, translators are faced with text as unit of meaning in the form of sets of words or sentences.

In order to achieve the equivalence in translating slang words and phrases, the translators face several matters that do not only deal with the equivalence of the form in text, but also with some problems. There will be a lot of different words, phrases, and other linguistics units that do not have a very similar meaning in target language because of varieties of language communities. One of the varieties of language community is slang. In some films or novels, the author use slang words which cannot be recognized in by the reader of target language (Baker, 1992)

The matters of equivalence at word level and above word level, such phrases often occur in translation. The problem occurred at word level has no direct equivalent words or phrases in target language. The common problems of non-equivalence at this level are stuck at culture – specific concepts, the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, the complexity of source language at the level of word, phrase, and other units. The strategies that commonly used in solving this problem are also given. One of simple example, for this matter could be seen in lines below:

• Source Language (English): This hearing loss may be accompanied by tinnitus (ringing in the ears).

• Target Language (Bahasa Indonesia): Pada kasus ini juga terjadi hilang pendengaran yang disertai dengan tinnitus (dengung di telinga).

This example pictures that translation is not only about the knowing two or more languages but it is also about the ability of the translator to transfer the meaning precisely by still preserving the naturality of grammatical structure toward Target Language. The matter of transferring meaning precisely involves a wide knowledge of the translator to understand the

(16)

both sides of talking topic in the case. As previously displayed in that example, the current topic which is being talked is about healthy. “Tinnitus” is a technical term in medical field and translator should know what the word means before translating it into Bahasa Indonesia. In this condition, the translator of those lines chose to preserve the exact form of “tinnitus” in Target Language as written in Source Language since he knows that he could not find the equivalent meaning of “tinnitus” in Bahasa Indonesia. He also deems that it would be better to keep the form of that word since it is a very technical term hence the readers of that translation would easily figure out the meaning.

One case above has proven that translation matter is not an easy issue. In producing a good and precise translation result, a translator should be bicultural and bilingual. The ability of the translator of understanding more than two cultures would ease him to find the nearest meaning of a word. However bilingual and bicultural should also be completed adequate knowledge of translation studies.

Translation studies provide any sides of knowledge that can be used in cracking all problems related to translation matters. All the translators need to do is learning all procedures, all methods, principles, procedures, and other things that are contained in the house of translation and then using that special ability to transfer meanings of words precisely. As seen in that example that has been discussed before, the translator used some common translation procedures in transferring meaning in order to preserve the semantical and grammatical form of the words.

The explanation about vital roles of translation theories in solving all problems involved meanings transferring matters has invited many people to do a scientific research about the way of translators in solving the matter and finding the nearest meanings of transferred words. The analysis about the translators’ ways in finding the nearest meanings could show the mind mapping of the translator in understanding translation theories.

In this current study, the analysis would more focus on the procedures used by the translator in transferring meanings from Source Language into Target Language. Procedures of translations are seen as an interesting topic since every translator has a different mind in doing a translation. The different ways of translating words among the translators caused by a different mind mapping based on the theory on which the translator relies. The different procedures of translation are also based on the miscellaneous topic fields that are going to be transferred. It is

(17)

commonly known that translating common texts are much different than translating a very specific scientific field.

On this occasion the analysis of this thesis would focus on the translation matter found in user’s guide of mobile phone named Sony Ericsson W150i. This topic is chosen based on the consideration that user’s guide of mobile phone produced and packaged from other countries and exported to Indonesia is also composed in English. To fulfill Indonesian people’s needs that insist for the user’s guide written in Bahasa Indonesia then the company that produced that mobile phone always attaches the English user’s guide with Bahasa Indonesia user’s guide. This step is taken in order to help Indonesian buyers to completely understand all guidance contained in user’s guidebooks. Based on this case, it would be interesting to analyze the procedures of translation used by the mobile phone company in translating every word in that user’s guidebook into good Bahasa Indonesia.

In addition, user’s guide has been chosen as the object of analysis since user’s guidebook contains many technical words related to the Information Technology hence this user’s guidebook is considered as the representation of technical terms commonly used in the field of Information Technology. By knowing the technical terms commonly used in Information Technology field, it hopefully enriches the knowledge of readers about the technical terms in that very specific field and also adds a new knowledge about procedures in translating very specific words in that field.

1.2 Problems of the Study.

The elaboration and explanation of the theory of procedures of translation would be centered on the questions below:

1. What kind of translation procedures used in translating Information Technology (IT) Terms in Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook from English into Bahasa Indonesia?

2. What is the dominant technique in translating Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook from English into Bahasa Indonesia?

1.3 Objective of the Study.

(18)

1. To find out kinds of translation procedures used in translating Information Technology (IT) words in Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook from English into Bahasa Indonesia. 2. To find out the dominant procedures in translating Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook

from English into Bahasa Indonesia.

1.4 Scope of the Study.

In order to make this analysis become more scientific and more focused, this analysis is conducted with some limitations that makes the elaboration straightly focus on the problems and the prior solutions toward the problems.

There are two scopes that are appeared in this analysis. First, this analysis would focus on the translation procedures that occur at the level of words and phrase of Information Technology (IT) technical terms. It would be important to notice that the analysis only occurs at the level of words and phrases and does not involve any linguistics units such as clause, syllables, and others because the IT Terms found in the Sony Ericsson w150i’s User guidebook only accours in such level. Second, this analysis is based on the theory of translation procedures from Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:99) to coordinate the data from SL to TL. Vinay proposes Seven procedures in doing a translation from Source Language and Target Language. Those are literal translation, borrowing(mix loanwords), borrowing(loan blends), borrowing(pure loanwords), Calque, equivalence, modulation, and deletion.

1.5 Significances of the Study.

This analysis hopefully could give worth significances where:

1. This analysis could enrich scientific research related to the analysis of translation matter. 2. This analysis could give some information about technical terms that could be found in

Information Technology field and the way to translate it from English to Bahasa Indonesia. 3. This analysis practically could be used by anyone interested in translation field and use it as

(19)

6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Related Literature

2.1.1 Translation as The Process of Transferring Meaning.

Translation is to translate from one language to another language or to translate from Source Language to Target Language to get the meaning. Since there are many different languages in the world, the study of translation plays a very important role to transfer the meaning from one language into another one. The meaning can be translated in the oral or written language.

Translation is becoming increasingly important as a medium of international communication. The study of translation will help people to understand the characteristics between two or more languages. Besides, translation is a modern means of communication. We know that there are so many languages in this world where each language has its own distinctive features than others. Therefore, in understanding those wide varieties of language people should know and study about translation. The establishment of communication between people belonging to different speech communities has long been an important form of linguistic performance.

Translation is a field of various procedures. In addition to word for word and sense for sense procedures the translator may use a variety of procedures that differ in importance according to contextual factors of both Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL).

Newmark (1998:7) defines “translation is an instrument of education as well as of truth precisely because it has to reach readers whose cultural an educational level is different from and often lower or earlier than that of the readers of the original.

Catford also says that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. Clearly then, any theory of translation must draw upon a theory of language, a general linguistic theory.

In addition Nida defines “translation consist in reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in

(20)

terms of style. Differences in translations can generally be accounted for by three basic factors in translating: 1) the nature of the message, 2) the purpose or purposes of the author and 3) the type of audience.

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:99) state that “translation procedures are the basic technique of translation. According to them the procedures can be divided into two methods covering seven procedures, they are (i) direct translation; consists of borrowing, Calque and literal translation, and (ii) oblique translation, consisting of transposition, equivalent, modulation and adaptation. Larson (1998:3) gives the meaning of translation that translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and other linguistics units, which are spoken or written. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor language.

Translation also consists of studying of lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text. Larson (1998:15) divides translation into two types. The first one is form-based translation and the second one is meaning-based translation.

Form-based translation could be defined as a type of translation which attempts to follow the form of the source language and it is commonly known as literal translation. On the another hand, meaning-based translation which is also known as idiomatic translation, is a type of translation that attempts to make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language in the natural forms of the receptor language.

Nida (in Venuti 2000) argues there are three basic principles of translation. The basic principles are the loss of information, the addition of information and the skewing of information. Nida arranges these principles as a belief which sounds that there is no translation in a target language can be exact equivalent of the model in source language. Three basic of translation principles are:

1. Loss of Information.

The translation of items from the source language does not explain the whole information into the target language or is not translated and transferred into the target language. For example:

(21)

“Budi was ill when I met him in home” is translated into “Budi demam ketika saya menemuinya”.

2. Gain of Information.

The translation of items from the source language into target language is with addition of extra information. For example: “Ani gadis yang pintar” is translated into “Ani is a smart girl in class”. When translating from Indonesian into English the translator put an addition of information in psychology version, which is the verb to be and the feminine gender (she) as well as an article (a) is added to make the sense more clearly in the target language.

3. Skewing of Information

The translation unit from the source language is not the exact equivalent with the target language. In this case the translator is skewing some words originally contained in Source Language to make a more natural translation result in Target Language.

2.1.2 Process of Translation

The process of translation consist of three types. First is anaysis source language text, second is transfer the message and third is restructurisation. Every translation process is set up as a transfer from an SL to a TL, the translation process can either go from native tongue to foreign language or from foreign language to native tongue, either type of transfer will present specific difficulties (Wills 1971).

In other words, translation as product instead of translating as process. Hence, in doing a translation process, there are potentially two sets of motivations: those of the producer of the source text and those of the translator. The goal of the translation process is the optimal synchronization of SL and TL, a text oriented comparison of the syntactic and lexical potentials of expression in the SL and the TL is an important translational process

(22)

Larson (1998:4) simply presents the diagram of the translation process as follow:

Source Language Target Language

Discover the Meaning Re-express Meaning

Meaning

Process of translation begins with the discovering of meaning of each term in Source Language and then it continues to the reconstruction meaning in target language. As stated before that meaning is the core problem which is going to be transferred from source language to target language as we can see in the diagram above. A detail understanding of meaning semantically and culturally will much help the translator in re-expressing the accurate translation result.

2.1.3 Types of Translation Procedures.

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:99) arrange seven simple of translation procedures which can be easily used to analyze the translation procedures used by a translator in transferring meanings from Source Language to Target Language. Those seven procedures could be summarized as below.

Text to be Translated

(23)

10 2.1.3.1 Borrowing.

This procedure is the simplest translation procedure. It is used usually when there is a metalinguistic gap in the target language, for example when a new technique or an unknown concept is introduced. It can also be used to create a particular stylistic effect, for example to introduce an element of local, source language color to the target language: tortilla, tequila, and sauna. Many old loanwords have later become a fixed part of the lexis of the borrowing language, for example word from English to French: alcool from alcohol, and redingote from riding-coat. There are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning ( pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends)

Examples:

a. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords) voucher → voucher

bonanza → bonanza bank → bank

b. Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix loanwords) dividend → dividen

accrual → akrual credit → kredit debit → debet

c. Loan blend

nominal account → perkiraan nominal bussines transaction → transaksi usaha temporary investment → investasi sementara

There are other general statements about the understanding of borrowing giving by some linguists. Hockett (1958:402) defines borrowing as follow, “the feature which is imitated is called the model; the language which is the model occurs, or the speaker of that language, called donor, the language which acquires something new in the process is borrowing language. The process itself called borrowing. From the statement bellow, it can be understood

(24)

that loan word or borrowing word should not be return, which means that the donor makes no sacrifice and does not have to ask for permission. So, there is nothing change because the donor goes on speaking as before and only the borrower’s speech is altered. Lehman (1962:213) states, “The process by which word are imported into a language is known as borrowing.” Then, he also concludes that the influence of one language on another, the result of which have been termed borrowing. Thus, based on those statements, the understanding of borrowing can be simplified as a process whereby one language adopts a meaningful unit from another language, or a process in which one language adopts elements of another.

Hockett (1958:408-416) says that borrowing can be classified into three; they are loans, pronunciation borrowing, and grammatical borrowing.According to Bolinger (1975:421) that both form and meaning in loanwords is borrowed, with whatever degree of adaptation to the phonology of the borrowing languages. The borrower may adopt the donor’s word along with the object of practice: the new form in the borrower’s speech is then called loanword. The term loanword is used to denote words taken from foreign language and used it as though it were native to the language into which it has been borrowed. Therefore, the acquisition of a loanword constitutes in itself a lexical change and probably should say it constitutes or entails a semantic change. Loanwords are almost always free form (words or phrases); bound forms are borrowed as such only with extreme rarity. Then they also show some phonemic substitutions, which occur mainly depends on how those direct word borrowing from source language, assimilate into receptor’s language. Moreover, loanwords are direct borrowing from English whose overall morphemic shape is recognizable English, and which do not show any fusion with receptor’s language.

If a speaker imitates someone else’s pronunciation of a word, which is already familiar to the borrower, we may speak of pronunciation borrowing. Usually the donor and borrowing idiolects are mutually intelligible, and the motive is prestige. A style of pronunciation can also be imitated, usually for prestige reason, without specific reference to a particular word. Besides, pronunciation borrowing can operated across language boundaries.

Grammatical change can be brought about indirectly by borrowing-via sets of related loanwords. Grammatical change is the change in the grammatical core, which includes forms, which collectively called ‘functors’ and some functors are separate words. If a functor in one

(25)

language should be borrowed into another as a loanword, retaining its functional status, the immediate consequence to be a grammatical change in the borrowing language might be naturally expected.

2.1.3.2 Borrowing (Loan Blends)

Borrowing (Loan Blends) is another form of loan translation: a complete syntagma (syntactic unit) is borrowed, but its individual elements are translated literally. The result can be a Borrowing (Loan Blends) of expression, which preserves the syntsctic structure of the source language while introducing a new mode of expression to the target language. It consists of phrases in direct (literal) translations of fixed expression in target language. The result can also be a structural Borrowing (Loan Blends), which introduces a whole new construction into the target language, for example science- fiction, used as such in French. Borrowing (Loan Blends) is loan translation (linear substitution) of morphologically analyzable source language syntagms which after a time, are often accepted, or at least tolerated by the target language community.

2.1.3.3 Literal Translation

This procedure is a word for word translation, replacement of source language syntactic structures, normally on the clause or sentence scale, by syntactic which are isomorphic (or near isomorphic) concerning number and type of speech parts and synonymous in term of content, where the resulting target language is grammatically correct and idiomatic. The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical concord or inflectional endings, This procedure is most commonly found in translations between closely related language. These are some examples of literal translation.

Examples:

Deferral → penangguhan

revenue expenditure → pengeluaran pendapatan capital element → unsur modal

capital increase → modal bertambah close the book → menutup buku

(26)

13 2.1.3.4 Procedure 4: Transposition

Transposition means the replacing of one word-class by another without changing the meaning of the message. It can also be used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase, for example ‘He announced that he would return’ to ‘He announced his return’ (the subordinate verb becomes a noun). In translation, there are two types of transposition: obligatory and optimal. It is also a change in the grammar from source language to target language (singular to plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). There are more examples of transposition

Examples:

sales journal → buku harian Penjualan equity → hak pemilikan hak proceeds → hasil diskonto balance sheet → neraca 2.1.3.5 Procedure 5: Modulation

Modulation means a variation in the message due to a change in the point of view: seeing something in different light. Using modulation is justified when a literal or transposed translation results in a form which is not quite natural and going against the felling of the target language. There are two types of modulation: fixed and free. Fixed or obligatory modulation must be used when for example translating a phrase ‘the time when’ to French as ‘le moment ou’. In this example, the time become moment, and when becomes where. In this case of fixed modulation, a competent bilingual will not hesitate to have recourse to this procedure if it supported by frequency or total acceptance of usage, or a status establish by the dictionary or grammar.

Free or optimal modulation takes place for example, when a negative expression in the source language positive in the target language because of language- specific stylistic features: ‘it is not difficult to show’ becomes ‘il est facile de demontrer’ (‘it is easy to show’). With the free modulation the process must be undergone anew in this case, and no fixation has taken place.

However, free modulation is not really optimal in the strict sense, for when it is correctly done, it must result in the ideal target language solution corresponding to the source language situation: a correct usage of free modulation makes a native reader of a target language say:

(27)

“Yes, that just how it would be said.” A free modulation may at any moment become fixed as soon as it becomes frequent, or is felt to be a unique solution.

2.1.3.6 Procedure 6: Equivalence

Two texts in different language will account for the same situation by means of very different stylistic and structural devices. The change which happened in the message with this procedure is usually syntagmatic, and it affects the whole message. Most examples of this procedure belong to the phraseological repertoire of idiom, clichés, and proverbs, nominal or adjectival collocation. For example the proverbs ‘too many cooks spoil the broth’ becomes ‘deux patrons font chavirer la barque’ (two skippers will capsize the boat”) in French. It must be remembered, that idioms, for example as like as two peas must not be translated as Borrowing (Loan Blends)s or any account, for the responsibility of introducing Borrowing (Loan Blends)s (of idiom) into a language that is already perfectly organized should be the author’s choice, not the translators. There are other examples of equivalence in accounting term:

Examples:

account payable → hutang dagang account receivable → piutang dagang marketable security → surat berharga 2.1.3.7 Procedure 7: Adaptation

This procedure is used in cases where the situation to which the message refers does not exist at all in the target language and must thus be created by reference to a new situation, which is judged to be equivalent. For example, it is culturally normal for an English father to kiss his daughter on the mouth, but a similar action would be culturally unacceptable in a French text, and must be translated as something like ‘il serra tendrement sa fille dans ses bras’ (‘he tenderly embraced his daughter in his arms’).

A refusal to make use of adaptations which are not only structural but also pertain to the presentation of idea or their arrangement in the paragraph, leads to a text that is perfectly correct but nevertheless invariably betray its status as translation by something indefinable in its tone, something that does not quite ring true.

(28)

15 2.2 Information Technology Terms

Stands for "Information Technology," and is pronounced "I.T." It refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies. Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs include computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, Web development, technical support, and many other related occupations. Since we live in the "information age," information technology has become a part of our everyday lives. That means the term "IT," already highly overused, is here to stay.

And below provided some examples related to IT terms found in the Sony Ericsson W150i’s user guidebook and being categorized in 6 categories :

Term Category

Hardware

Software

File Formats

Software

Internet

Technical

Bits and Bytes

Internet

(29)

16 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

In order to make this research systematically and scientifically, there would be a method which is going to be applied as the way to guarantee the validity of the data and the findings as well. Due to the fact the research method which is genuinely designed in writing this study is library research method. Library research method is defined as a method which is ultimately aimed to collect related data and theories from books, digital media, or other manuscripts.

After collecting the data which is necessary to do this research, the elaboration is commenced by utilizing the method called descriptive qualitative method. Through this method this research would be able to seek, collect, classify, analyze, and draw an ultimate conclusion.

3.1 Source of Data

The data presented in this analysis are the texts from Sony Ericsson W150i Yendo Edition’s userguide. As the purpose of this analysis to find the translation procedures in this userguide book, then this research would present texts in both languages, English as the original or source language and then Bahasa Indonesia as the target language.

3.2 Data Collecting Procedure

In doing the data collecting procedure this research investigates both of the English and Bahasa Indonesia version of the user guide and the user guide e-book has been available as a hard copy directly from the Sony Ericsson online User guide site and then the writer collected them as the research data. The process of collecting all necessary data could be summarized as below:

1. Reading the complete transcript of Sony Ericsson W150i’s user guide in English (SL) and Bahasa Indonesia (TL).

2. Dividing the text into a set of clauses.

3. Identifying words and phrases which are indicated as information technology terms.

(30)

5. Listing those words and phrases which are indicated as information technology terms as the data findings and categorize the IT terms according to the procedures used to translate them from SL to TL.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

As stated previously that in analyzing the data findings, this research sets a method named qualitative descriptive which can be defined as a method aimed to describe a research subject based on some data which are derived from the researched objects and this is not aimed as the examination of a particular hypothesis. Regarding that case, there are some steps which are done to complete this analysis. They are:

1. Identifying the equivalence translation of information technology terms between Source Language and Target Language in Sony Ericsson’s userguide.

2. Explaining the procedures of translation in translating information technology terms from SL to TL in Sony Ericsson’s userguide.

3. Contrasting the words and phrases of information technology terms in SL and its translation result in TL in order to figure out the procedures of translation used in it.

4. Identifying the procedures of translation used to translate information technology terms from SL to TL in Sony Ericsson’s userguide.

(31)

18 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4.1 Data Analysis

There are a hundred and sixty two (162) information technology terms found in the Sony Ericsson W1501 guidebook. The objectives of this analysis are to figure out the procedures found in the translation of information technology term in this guidebook which is available in English and its instances translation in Bahasa Indonesia and to figure out the most dominant one.

According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory, there are seven procedures of translation; they are borrowing, Calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, and adaptation. The following table shows the data of economic terms taken from the selected chapters and the types of procedure which are used to translate them.

Table 1: Data Identification

No. Source Language Target Language Procedure

1 mobile phone telepon seluler Literal Translation

2 services layanan Literal Translation

3 features fitur Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords) 4 service providers penyedia layanan Literal Translation 5 international emergency

number

nomor darurat internasional Borrowing (Loan Blends)

6 contact hubungi Literal Translation

7 network operator operator jaringan Borrowing (Loan Blends)

8 service layanan Literal Translation

9 access akses Borrowing (Mix

(32)

10 fees biaya Literal Translation

11 phone telepon Literal Translation

12 sim card kartu sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

13 battery cover tutup baterai Borrowing (Loan Blends)

14 memory card kartu memori Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

15 battery baterai Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

16 connectors konektor Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

17 screen layar Literal Translation

18 setup wizard panduan konfigurasi Equivalence

19 sim contacts kontak sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

20 menu menu Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords) 21 phone language bahasa telepon Literal Translation

22 scroll menggulir Literal Translation

23 import mengimpor Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

24 tap ketuk Literal Translation

25 save simpan Literal Translation

26 display formats format tampilan Borrowing (Loan Blends)

27 phone overview ikhtisar telepon Literal Translation

28 audio Video audio video Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

(33)

30 screen lock kunci layar Literal Translation 31 ear speaker speaker telinga Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

32 strap hole lubang tali Literal Translation 33 connector for charger konektor untuk pengisi daya

baterai

Literal Translation

34 usb cable kabel usb Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

35 touch screen layar sentuh Literal Translation

36 home key tombol utama Equivalence

37 microphone mikrofon Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

38 volume key tombol volume Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

39 camera lens lensa kamera Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

40 speaker speaker Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

41 charged terisi Literal Translation

42 phone changer pengisi baterai telepon Literal Translation 43 power adapter adaptor listrik Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

44 power outlet stopkontak listrik Literal Translation 45 home key tombol rumah Literal Translation 46 home screen layar awal Literal Translation 47 customise menyesuaikan Literal Translation 48 application icons ikon aplikasi Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

49 shortcuts shortcuts Borrowing (Pure

(34)

50 wallpaper wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

51 background latar Literal Translation

52 applications panes panel aplikasi Borrowing (Loan Blends)

53 quick access mengakses aplikasi telepon dengan cepat

Transposition

54 flick menggeser Literal Translation

55 drag seret Literal Translation

56 browse meramban Literal Translation

57 highlight menyorot Literal Translation

58 switch sakelar Literal Translation

59 web pages halaman web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

60 internet internet Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords) 61 messaging settings setelan pesan Literal Translation 62 preinstalled sudah diinstal sebelumnya Transposition

63 downloaded diunduh Literal Translation

64 inserted dimasukkan Literal Translation

65 turn on diaktifkan Transposition

66 subscription settings setelan berlangganan Literal Translation

67 menu texts teks menu Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

68 flight mode mode terbang Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

69 text input memasukkan teks Borrowing (Loan Blends)

70 multitap Ketukan ganda Equivalence

(35)

Blends)

72 display menampilkan Literal Translation

73 keypad papan tombol Transposition

74 text field kolom teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

75 upper-case huruf kapital Equivalence

76 lower-case huruf kecil Equivalence

77 caps lock caps lock Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords) 78 character key tombol karakter Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

79 phone numbers nomor telepon Literal Translation 80 email addresses alamat email Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

81 call log catatan panggilan Literal Translation

82 back up cadangan Equivalence

83 memory card kartu memori Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

84 restore menyimpan kembali Transposition

85 language icon ikon bahasa Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

86 emergency call panggilan darurat Literal Translation

87 Player Pemutar Literal Translation

88 audio books buku audio Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

89 podcasts podcast Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

90 playlists daftar main Transposition

91 install instal Borrowing (Pure

(36)

92 audio content konten audio Borrowing (Loan Blends)

93 pause menjeda Literal Translation

94 track trek Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords) 95 player widget widget pemutar Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

96 mini-player pemutar mini Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

97 playback pemutaran ulang Transposition

98 copyright-protected material

materi yang dilindungi hak cipta

Literal Translation

99 folder map Literal Translation

100 mass storage penyimpanan massal Literal Translation 101 external disks disk eksternal Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

102 file explorer file explorer Borrowing (Pure Loanwords)

103 desktop desktop Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords) 104 double-click klik dua kali Literal Translation

105 unplug dicabut Literal Translation

106 files berkas Literal Translation

107 operating system sistem operasi komputer Literal Translation

108 fast forward memajukan Transposition

109 rewind memundurkan Literal Translation

110 photos gambar Literal Translation

111 record videos merekam video Borrowing (Loan Blends)

(37)

Loanwords)

113 camera kamera Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

114 review mode memperbesar Equivalence

115 viewfinder layar bidikan Equivalence

116 zoom memperbesar Literal Translation

117 record merekam Literal Translation

118 video camera kamera video Borrowing (Loan Blends)

119 ringtones nada dering Transposition

120 themes tema Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

121 wallpapers wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

122 multimedia multimedia Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords) 123 text messaging pesan teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

124 received message pesan yang diterima Literal Translation 125 message thread utas pesan Literal Translation

126 emails email Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

127 account account Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

128 password sandi Literal Translation

129 recipient's address alamat penerima Literal Translation 130 email subject subjek email Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

131 attach lampirkan Literal Translation

(38)

133 bluetooth bluetooth Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

134 wireless nirkabel Literal Translation

135 handsfree handsfree Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

136 pair memasang Literal Translation

137 visible terlihat Literal Translation

138 status bar baris menu Equivalence

139 passcode kode akses Transposition

140 web browser peramban web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

141 navigate menavigasi Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

142 web pages halaman web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

143 bookmark menandai Equivalence

144 shortcuts pintasan Literal Translation

145 windows jendela Literal Translation

146 web address halaman web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

147 alarms alarm Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

148 tone nada Literal Translation

149 recurrence perulangan Literal Translation

150 alarm text teks alarm Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

151 silence menonaktifkan Literal Translation

152 snooze tunda Literal Translation

153 voicemail voicemail Borrowing (Pure

(39)

154 callers penelepon Literal Translation

155 voice messages pesan suara Borrowing (Loan Blends)

156 voicemail number nomor voicemail Borrowing (Loan Blends)

157 alarm signal sinyal alarm Borrowing (Loan Blends)

158 imei number Nomor imei Borrowing (Loan

Blends

159 restart hidupkan ulang Transposition

160 software perangkat lunak Transposition

161 update perbarui Literal Translation

162 reset setel ulang Transposition

4.2 Data Description

This section will mainly concern on analyzing the data of each procedure which has been classified. The description of each procedure is followed by example and explanation.

4.2.1 Literal Translation

Literal Translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text.

Table 2 : Literal Translation

No. Source Language Target Language Procedure

1 mobile phone telepon seluler Literal Translation

2 services layanan Literal Translation

3 service providers penyedia layanan Literal Translation

4 contact hubungi Literal Translation

(40)

6 fees biaya Literal Translation

7 phone telepon Literal Translation

8 screen layar Literal Translation

9 phone language bahasa telepon Literal Translation

10 scroll menggulir Literal Translation

11 tap ketuk Literal Translation

12 save simpan Literal Translation

13 phone overview ikhtisar telepon Literal Translation

14 power key tombol daya Literal Translation

15 screen lock kunci layar Literal Translation 16 strap hole lubang tali Literal Translation 17 connector for charger konektor untuk pengisi daya

baterai

Literal Translation

18 touch screen layar sentuh Literal Translation

19 charged terisi Literal Translation

20 phone changer pengisi baterai telepon Literal Translation 21 power outlet stopkontak listrik Literal Translation 22 home key tombol rumah Literal Translation 23 Home screen layar awal Literal Translation 24 customise menyesuaikan Literal Translation

25 background latar Literal Translation

26 flick menggeser Literal Translation

27 drag seret Literal Translation

28 browse meramban Literal Translation

29 highlight menyorot Literal Translation

30 switch sakelar Literal Translation

31 messaging settings setelan pesan Literal Translation

32 downloaded diunduh Literal Translation

(41)

34 subscription settings setelan berlangganan Literal Translation

35 display menampilkan Literal Translation

36 phone numbers nomor telepon Literal Translation 37 call log catatan panggilan Literal Translation 38 emergency call panggilan darurat Literal Translation

39 player pemutar Literal Translation

40 pause menjeda Literal Translation

41 copyright-protected material

materi yang dilindungi hak cipta

Literal Translation

42 folder map Literal Translation

43 mass storage penyimpanan massal Literal Translation 44 double-click klik dua kali Literal Translation

45 unplug dicabut Literal Translation

46 files berkas Literal Translation

47 operating system sistem operasi komputer Literal Translation

48 rewind memundurkan Literal Translation

49 photos gambar Literal Translation

50 zoom memperbesar Literal Translation

51 record merekam Literal Translation

52 received message pesan yang diterima Literal Translation 53 message thread utas pesan Literal Translation

54 password sandi Literal Translation

55 recipient's address alamat penerima Literal Translation

56 attach lampirkan Literal Translation

57 wireless nirkabel Literal Translation

58 pair memasang Literal Translation

59 visible terlihat Literal Translation

60 shortcuts pintasan Literal Translation

(42)

62 tone nada Literal Translation

63 recurrence perulangan Literal Translation

64 silence menonaktifkan Literal Translation

65 snooze tunda Literal Translation

66 callers penelepon Literal Translation

67 update perbarui Literal Translation

1) Callers → Penelepon

Callers literally means penelepon. 2) Emergency call → panggilan darurat

Emergence literally means darurat while call is linear with “panggilan”. 3). Zoom → Memperbesar

Zoom literally means memperbesar. 4.2.2 Borrowing (Mix Loanwords) Table 3 : Mix Loanwords

No. Source Language Target Language Procedure

1 features fitur Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

2 access akses Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

3 battery baterai Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

4 connectors konektor Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

(43)

Loanwords)

6 microphone mikrofon Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

7 camera kamera Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

8 themes tema Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

9 account akun Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

10 navigate menavigasi Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

1) Microphone → Mikrofon

‘Mikrofon’ is borrowed from source language ‘Microphone’ with some changes in writing system (form). The word “phone” is culturally respelled to be “-fon” in accordance to Bahasa Indonesia.

2) Camera → Kamera

‘Camera’ is a noun which is translated into ‘kamera’ by replacing the letter “c” become “k” in Target Language since Bahasa Indonesia will always be read as how it is written.

3) Navigate → Navigasi

The word ‘-te’ in ‘navigate’ is naturalized to the target language ‘-si’ in “navigasi”.

4.2.3 Borrowing (Loan Blends) Table 4 : Loan Blends

1 international emergency number

nomor darurat internasional

Borrowing (Loan Blends)

(44)

2 network operator operator jaringan Borrowing (Loan Blends)

3 battery cover tutup baterai Borrowing (Loan Blends)

4 memory card kartu memori Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

5 display formats format tampilan Borrowing (Loan Blends)

6 ear speaker speaker telinga Borrowing (Loan Blends)

7 volume key tombol volume Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

8 power adapter adaptor listrik Borrowing (Loan Blends)

9 web pages halaman web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

10 flight mode mode terbang Borrowing (Loan Blends)

11 text input memasukkan teks Borrowing (Loan Blends)

12 quick text teks cepat Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

13 text field kolom teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

14 character key tombol karakter Borrowing (Loan Blends)

15 email addresses alamat email Borrowing (Loan Blends)

16 memory card kartu memori Borrowing (Loan Blends)

(45)

17 language icon ikon bahasa Borrowing (Loan Blends)

18 audio books buku audio Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

19 player widget widget pemutar Borrowing (Loan Blends)

20 mini-player pemutar mini Borrowing (Loan Blends)

21 record videos merekam video Borrowing (Loan Blends)

22 text messaging pesan teks Borrowing (Loan Blends)

23 web browser peramban web Borrowing (Loan Blends)

24 web pages halaman Web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

25 web address alamat web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

26 voice messages pesan suara Borrowing (Loan Blends)

27 voicemail number nomor voicemail Borrowing (Loan Blends)

28 imei number Nomor imei Borrowing (Loan

Blends

29 sim card kartu sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

30 sim contacts kontak sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

31 usb cable kabel usb Borrowing (Loan

(46)

32 camera lens lensa kamera Borrowing (Loan Blends)

33 application icons ikon aplikasi Borrowing (Loan Blends)

34 applications panes panel aplikasi Borrowing (Loan Blends)

36 menu texts teks menu Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

37 audio content konten audio Borrowing (Loan Blends)

38 external disks disk eksternal Borrowing (Loan Blends)

39 video camera kamera video Borrowing (Loan Blends)

40 email subject subjek email Borrowing (Loan Blends)

41 alarm text teks alarm Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

42 alarm signal sinyal alarm Borrowing (Loan Blends)

1) Web pages → halaman web

‘Halaman’ is native while ‘web’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘web’. 2) Player widget → Pemutar widget

(47)

34 3) Audio Books → Buku Audio

‘Buku’ is native while ‘audio’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘audio’. 4.2.5 Equivalence

It is the procedure used in the case where the same situation can be described by texts using different stylistic and structural methods.

Table 6 : Equivalence

1 setup wizard panduan konfigurasi Equivalence

2 home key tombol utama Equivalence

3 multitap Ketukan ganda Equivalence

4 upper-case huruf kapital Equivalence

5 lower-case huruf kecil Equivalence

6 back up cadangan Equivalence

7 review mode memperbesar Equivalence

8 viewfinder layar bidikan Equivalence

9 status bar baris menu Equivalence

10 bookmark menandai Equivalence

4.2.6 Borrowing

It is the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and transferred to the TL, but in a ‘naturalized form’, which is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).

Table 7 : Borrowing

1 Menu Menu Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

(48)

Loanwords)

3 speaker speaker Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

4 shortcuts shortcuts Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

5 wallpaper wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

6 internet internet Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

7 caps lock caps lock Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

8 podcasts podcast Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

9 install instal Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords) 10 file explorer file explorer Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

11 desktop desktop Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

12 albums album Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

13 wallpapers wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

14 multimedia multimedia Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

15 emails email Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

16 bluetooth bluetooth Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

(49)

Loanwords)

18 alarms alarm Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

19 voicemail voicemail Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

1) Emails → Email

‘Email’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Emails” without any change in target language writing system.

2) Bluetooth → Bluetooth

‘Bluetooth’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Bluetooth” without any change in target language writing system.

3) Alarm → Alarm

‘Alarm’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Alarm” without any change in target language writing system.

4.3 Data Finding

Based on the analysis, only five of seven procedures of translation delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet are used to translate the information technology terms in Sony Ericsson W150i guidebook into Bahasa Indonesia. The table below figures out the percentage of procedures used in translating IT terms from Sony Ericsson W150i.

(50)

37 Table 8 : Types of Procedure

No Types of Procedure Number of Data %

1 Borrowing 70 43.12%

2 Equivalence 10 6.17%

3 Literal Translation 67 41.35%

4 Transposition 5 3.08%

The table shows that literal translation is the most dominant procedure used in translating these information technology terms . Seventy of a hundred sixty two IT terms (43.12%) are translated with literal borrowing procedure .Sixty seven of a hundred sixty two IT terms (41.35%) are translated with this procedure. Then, equivalence and transposition procedures are used in a small number. Equivalence procedure takes 6.17% while transposition procedure takes 3.08%.

(51)

38 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

This present analysis widely concerns on analyzing the use of translation prcedures in Sony Ericsson W150i guidebook. In order to solve the problems of analysis, the author uses Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation theory which divides translation procedures into seven procedures which covers borrowing,Calque, literal translation, modulation, transposition, equivalence, and adaptation.

Based on the analysis, it finds that five of seven translation procedures delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet exist in this analysis. Sixty seven of a hundred sixty two IT terms (41.35%) are translated with this procedure. Fifty seven of a hundred sixty two IT terms (35.1%) are translated with literal borrowing procedure. Then, equivalence and transposition procedures are used in a small number. Equivalence procedure takes 6.17% while transposition procedure takes 3.08%.

5.2 Suggestion

Translating terms, in most cases, becomes the challenge for a translator in doing translation process because in this stage the translator decides whether he/she makes orientation to the target text or the source text which influences the readability of the translation product itself for its readers. There is no exact formula to decide the best procedures to translate one term because different people will see from different perspective and style. Therefore, the more analysis about terms translation, the wider our horizone about translation procedures which is used in certain case.

Analysis of term translation will be helpful for those who have been a translator or who are beginners in translation. In addition, there must be a more scientific explanation of what is the reason for every decision made in determining the product of translation. Therefore, it is suggested that a study about terms translation be conducted in the future towards every branch of science.

(52)

REFERENCES

Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice.London: Longman Group Ltd.

Catford, J. C. 1969. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.

Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation a Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. London: University Press of AmericaUniversitas. Page 3, 4 ,15

Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. Buku Pedoman Penulisan Proposal/Skripsi dan Ujian Kompetensi Program Strata Satu (S1). Medan: FIB USU.

Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies – Theories and Applications. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Page 6 , 7, 27

Nababan, R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Newmark, P. 1988. Textbook of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Page 5

Nida, E and C, Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practise of Translation. Leiden, Holland: Brill. Page 12

Venuti, L. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge.

de la Asunción Preciado Et/al, Petra. 2007. English Translation Procedures.Mexico :Umbral editorial.

Machan, Tim William. 1985. Procedures of translation: Chaucer's Boece. Michigan: Pilgrim Books.

(53)

40 APPENDICES

Sony Ericsson, the mobile telephone company formed by Ericsson and Sony in 2001, was born of two, coincidental, serious crises.The first concerned Ericsson’s mobile telephone operations. With its roots as far back as the 1930s, the company became a major player as late as the mid-1990s when mobile telephone use took off. In just a few years, Ericsson managed to become the world leader with a 17 % share of sales, an unexpected success for the huge system specialist whose foremost skills to that point had been selling to telephone administrations and other operators. As late as 1993 the company had only sold 800,000 phones. By 1999, that number had reached 32 million! At top market, telephones were airmailed to customers in Europe.

However, the first external signs that the success would be short-lived appeared in the summer semi-annual report 1998 when Sven-Christer Nilsson, who had just been appointed CEO, was forced to report on slower invoicing and price press. The demand on the rapidly growing market was shifting to cheaper, less advanced models. The competition in the form of the Finnish company Nokia grew apace based on its stronger eye for design, market segmentation and efficient production. To top it off, Ericsson had begun to experience technical problems with its telephones. For the next three years the company would be forced to admit to a number of problems and unexpected events, ranging from problems with circuits and new model delays to a fire at a subcontractor and lack of back-up systems. Still, the largest problem was probably the lack of skills with consumer products most clearly shown in the legendary answer to the question of why the Swedes did not try to imitate the highly successful Finnish telephone design: “If you want a phone that looks like a piece of soap, then …” In 2000 the operation was forced to report the frightening loss of 24 thousand million SEK, a sum that included allocations for restructuring. By this time the telecom crisis, the other, large crisis, had begun to affect mobile telephone sales. This one was bottomless, caused as it was by extreme, stock market expectations on the new 3G technology for mobile systems. Expressions of this included the fantastic prices tele-operators were willing to pay for 3G licenses at the auctions held at the time by a number of countries. Ericsson was affected along with the others when the new mobile computer systems failed to deliver as promised and the operators suddenly were broke April 24, 2001, saw the announcement that Ericsson was merging its mobile telephone operations with Japan’s Sony, forming Sony Ericsson with each company owning 50 %. The Japanese electronics giant was to contribute its know-how in design and consumer sales that Ericsson had not been able to acquire. Sony had been mentioned as a possible partner as early as 1998 when Sven-Christer Nilsson had discussed Ericsson’s adaptations to all the new possibilities with the Internet.

The new, mutual company was headquartered in London. Ericsson kept hold of platform production and the basic mobile telephone technology. In October of that year most of the mobile telephone operation had been transferred, but only after dramatic personnel cutbacks. Thus the new company began operations with some 4,000 employees.

(54)

The manufacture of Ericsson’s mobile telephones, already mostly subcontracted, disappeared for good from Sweden in 2003. And Sony ericsson W150i Yendo edition is one of their product , Judging be the name of this phone, we might think that the name “Yendo” really sounds like a Japanese traditional cloth or something. But I honestly don’t really have a clue about it. Interestingly, Sony Ericsson W150i had bunch of nick names before the name Yendo was taken and used for this phone. Sony Ericsson Yendo was previously rumored as Sony Ericsson W150 TeaCake and Sony Ericsson W150a Yizo. When releasing Yendo to the market, Sony Ericsson was well aware of which segment it wanted to target. Therefore, Sony Ericsson W150i was released to the market as a low-end cell phone with low price. This actually contradicts with today's smartphone/tablet manufacturers that put priority on performance and overall experience of their devices, even though they are released on low-end markets (Read also: 3 Best Performing Tablets at Low Cost)However, compared to the features that being offered in this phone, especially Yendo is a touch screen smart phone with Sony Ericsson’s own proprietary platform being injected inside the device, this phone should be suitable for people that are looking for sophistication in phone, but at a very low price.

(1)

Loanwords)

18 alarms alarm Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

19 voicemail voicemail Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

1) Emails → Email

‘Email’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Emails” without any change in target language writing system.

2) Bluetooth → Bluetooth

‘Bluetooth’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Bluetooth” without any change in target language writing system.

3) Alarm → Alarm

‘Alarm’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Alarm” without any change in target language writing system.

4.3 Data Finding

(2)

37 Table 8 : Types of Procedure

No Types of Procedure Number of Data %

1 Borrowing 70 43.12%

2 Equivalence 10 6.17%

3 Literal Translation 67 41.35%

4 Transposition 5 3.08%

(3)

38 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Suggestion

(4)

REFERENCES

Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice.London: Longman Group Ltd.

Catford, J. C. 1969. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.

Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation a Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. London: University Press of AmericaUniversitas. Page 3, 4 ,15

Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. Buku Pedoman Penulisan Proposal/Skripsi dan Ujian Kompetensi Program Strata Satu (S1). Medan: FIB USU.

Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies – Theories and Applications. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Page 6 , 7, 27

Nababan, R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Newmark, P. 1988. Textbook of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Page 5

Nida, E and C, Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practise of Translation. Leiden, Holland: Brill. Page 12

Venuti, L. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge.

de la Asunción Preciado Et/al, Petra. 2007. English Translation Procedures.Mexico :Umbral editorial.

Machan, Tim William. 1985. Procedures of translation: Chaucer's Boece. Michigan: Pilgrim Books.

(5)

40 APPENDICES

(6)

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Translation Procedures of Cultural Terms Found In Sejarah Bilingual For Students of Senior High School

Translation Procedures Found In Three Fairytale Stories

The analysis of translation procedures in subtitle Hachiko Movie

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON SONY ERICSSON LIVE WITH WALKMAN SERIES STARTUP GUIDE.

The translation procedures of culture-specific terms in on foreign shores.

The translation procedures of culture specific terms in on foreign shores

TYPES OF BORROWING STRATEGY IN THE ENGLISH – BAHASA INDONESIA SONY ERICSSON K530i USER GUIDE BOOKS.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY NETWORKING SUPPORT

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

Dukungan

Links

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Translation Procedures of Cultural Terms Found In Sejarah Bilingual For Students of Senior High School

Translation Procedures Found In Three Fairytale Stories

The analysis of translation procedures in subtitle Hachiko Movie

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON SONY ERICSSON LIVE WITH WALKMAN SERIES STARTUP GUIDE.

The translation procedures of culture-specific terms in on foreign shores.

The translation procedures of culture specific terms in on foreign shores

TYPES OF BORROWING STRATEGY IN THE ENGLISH – BAHASA INDONESIA SONY ERICSSON K530i USER GUIDE BOOKS.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY NETWORKING SUPPORT

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

Dokumen yang Anda mencari sudah siap untuk unduhkan