Personality development of antigone and ismene as seen in Sophocles` Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone - USD Repository
PERS SONALIT TY DEVEL LOPMEN NT OF AN TIGONE AND ISM MENE AS
SEE EN IN SOP PHOCLES S’ OEDIPU US AT CO OLONUS A AND ANT TIGONE
AN UN NDERGR RADUATE E THESIS S
Presented as s Partial Fulf fillment of th he Requirem ments
fo r the Degree e of Sarjana Sastra in Eng glish Letters
By
Aditya Dw wi Kurniaw an
Student Num mber: 06421 4021
EN NGLISH L LETTERS S STUDY P PROGRA AMME
DEPARTM D MENT OF F ENGLIS SH LETTE ERS
SANAT TA DHAR RMA UNIIVERSITY Y
YOGY YAKARTA A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to thank my lord Jesus for blessings me and giving me strength to solve all problems in my life. The greatest thing that He gives to me is He leads me to find the way that makes me easier to follow him.
My deepest gratitude is dedicated to my beloved father, Sugeng Mardiyanto, S.Pd., and my mother Laurensia Budiyanti for their love, prayers, and most of all, thank for their big sacrifice and their patience that makes me do the best in my life. I would like to thank my beloved sister, Valentina Heny Puspitasari for her support and help in every single day. I love them in every single moment of my life and this thesis is dedicated for them with all my heart.
My greatest gratitude goes to my advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum. for her advice, ideas, support and patience in reading and guiding me to finish my undergraduate thesis. I thank to my co-advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. for his carefulness in reading and checking my mistakes.
I would like to give my appreciation to lecturer in English Letters Department at Sanata Dharma University, to mbak Ninik who always helps me at the secretariat and also library staff for their assistance along my study.
I also thank God for giving the best person, Renata Diana who has been so patient for accompany me until I finish my thesis, for giving her best support and love until I can finish my thesis and for everything. She brings me closer to God. To my best friend Dhika “Lampard” who always disturbs me in the morning by knocking out my door and makes me wake up earlier, I thank for everything. We have shared a lot of things together and I hope our friendship will never end. To all my best friends in class of 2006: Atom, Adit “Kiper”, Hasan, Denal, Yuniar, Nana, Lusi, Esther, Ryo, Elok, Ambar, Mela, “Ionk”, Elis and many others that I cannot mention all of you, my teammates after 20, I just want to say that we won a lot of games and thank for giving me support.
Last but not least I would like to thank to my friends in my KKN for their cooperation so I can enjoy finishing the programs of KKN. We have done our work well.
Aditya Dwi Kurniawan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………... i APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………. iiACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………… iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……………... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………. vTABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………. vii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………... viii
ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………. ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1
A. Background of the Study……………………………………………..... 1 B. Problem Formulations…………………………………………………... 4 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………….... 5 D. Definitions of Terms................................................................................ 5CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………………... 7
A. Review of Related Studies...................................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories..................................................................... 111. Theory on Character and Characterization…………………………. 11
a. Theory on Character..................................................................... 11
b. Theory on Characterization.......................................................... 12
2. Theory on Psychology……………………………………………… 13
a. Theory on Personality................................................................... 14
b. Theory on Personality Development............................................ 15
C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………. 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………. 19
A. Object of the Study…………………………………………………….. 19 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………………. 20 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………… 21CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………………………………………………….. 23
A. The Characterization of Antigone and Ismene…………………………. 23 B. The Personality Development of Antigone and Ismene………………... 37 C. The Causes of Personality Development of Antigone and Ismene…….. 45CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………………………………………………. 54
ABSTRACT
ADITYA DWI KURNIAWAN. Personality Development of Antigone and Ismene
as Seen in Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone. Yogyakarta: Department
of English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone are two parts of trilogy of Sophocles. Those
two plays tell us about the life in Greece. The background of the story is the Theseus’ kingdom and in the city called Thebes. In that city live two sisters, Antigone and Ismene that have two brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, that are treated as traitors by the king of Thebes, Creon. When Antigone knows that Polyneices is killed by Creon, she is angry and she tries to fight against Creon to give honor to her family and her brother, Polyneices.
There are three objectives that the writer wants to achieve through this thesis. The first is describing the characterization of the characters in the play to understand their characteristics in the play. The second is describing the personality development of the main characters and the character that has the important role in the play. The last objective is to reveal the causes of personality development of the main character and the other character in the play.
This undergraduate thesis is a library research. The main data were taken from the plays Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone written by Sophocles. The secondary data were taken from supporting books and articles. In solving the problems, the writer uses the psychological approach. This approach is the best approach to be applied to this topic because the topic of the thesis is the personality development of the characters in the play.
The writer concludes that Antigone is described as an obedient woman, brave and dependent. Her personality develops when she hears about the death of her brother, Polyneices. Creon treats him as traitor and does not give the proper funeral for Polyneices. It makes Antigone’s personality develops from a woman who always obeys the rule become rebellious one by fighting against Creon and gives her brother the proper funeral and honor.
Ismene is described as a weak and obedient woman. Her personality develops when she knows that Antigone is caught by Creon and he gives the death penalty to Antigone. Ismene tries to fight against Creon by standing beside Antigone and sharing the death punishment because she loves Antigone as her sister.
ABSTRAK
ADITYA DWI KURNIAWAN. Personality Development of Antigone and Ismene
as Seen in Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone. Yogyakarta: Jurusan
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone adalah dua bagian dari trilogi drama
karangan Sophocles. Kedua drama ini bercerita tentang kehidupan di Yunani. Latar belakang dari cerita ini adalah kerajaan Theseus and sebuah kota yang bernama Thebes. Di kota itu hiduplah dua saudari perempuan, Antigone dan Ismene yang mempunyai dua saudara laki-laki, Polyneices dan Eteocles yang di perlakukan sebagai penghianat oleh raja dari Thebes, Creon. Ketika Antigone mengetahui bahwa Polyneices dibunuh oleh Creon, dia sangat marah dan melawan Creon untuk memberi kehormatan bagi keluarga dan saudara laki-lakinya, Polyneices.
Ada tiga tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis melalui skripsi ini. Yang pertama adalah untuk mendeskripsikan penggambaran karakter-karakter ini dalam drama untuk mengerti penggambaran karakter di dalam drama. Yang kedua adalah pendeskripsian perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh utama dan tokoh yang mempunyai peran penting pada drama ini. Tujuan yang terakhir adalah untuk mengungkap penyebab-penyebab perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh utama dan tokoh yang lain di dalam drama.
Skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka. Data utama diambil dari drama Oedipus
at Colonus dan Antigone yang ditulis oleh Sophocles. Data yang lain di ambil buku-
buku pendukung dan artikel-artikel. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah, penulis menggunakan pendekatan Psikologi. Pendekatan ini adalah pendekatan yang terbaik untuk diaplikasikan dalam topik ini karena topik dari skripsi ini adalah perkembangan kepribadian pada tokoh-tokoh di dalam drama.
Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Antigone di deskripsikan sebagai seorang yang penurut, berani dan selalu bergantung kepada ayahnya. Kepribadiannya berkembang ketika dia mendengar kematian kakaknya, Polyneices. Creon memperlakukan dia seperti penghianat dan tidak memberi pemakaman yang layak kepada Polyneices. Hal ini membuat kepribadian Antigone berubah dari orang yang selalu patuh pada peraturan menjadi pembangkang dengan melawan Creon dan memberi kakaknya pemakaman yang layak dan penghormatan.
Ismene di deskripsikan sebagai seorang yang lemah dan penurut. Kepribadian Ismene berkembang ketika dia mengetahui bahwa Antigone ditangkap oleh Creon dan dia akan menjatuhi hukuman mati kepada Antigone. Ismene mencoba melawan Creon dengan mendampingi Antigone and berbagi hukuman mati dengan Antigone karena dia menyayangi Antigone sebagai saudara perempuannya.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literary works explain a lot of things in human lives. One of them is that
literary work can explain the way of human lives. When people read literary works, they could reflect their way of life or they could make their life better after reading the literary work.
In literary works, people will understand the culture of the other country or the culture of the other people. It can be shown from the settings or from the behavior of the characters in the story. Through the settings, people will understand how the culture of the characters in the story has been shown. It will be shown in the scenery or the characters in the story.
There are a lot of kinds of literary works. There are novel, poetry, prose and play. Most of them are contain culture, history and people’s life. It can be seen from the story or the behavior of the characters.
In this study the writer chooses the personality development as a topic. In the personality development, the writer is concerned about the change of the personality of the characters from the beginning of the story and the causes of the development of the personality of the characters. The personality development can be seen from the conversation of the characters or from the behavior of the characters.
The writer chooses Sophocles’s Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone as the material in this study. In Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone the writer analyzes how the character is developed. The writer takes a few conversations between Antigone and Ismene as an example to show the personality development.
ANTIGONE. I will not press you any more. I would not want you as a partner if you asked. Go to what you please. I go to bury him. How sweet to die in such pursuit! To rest loved by him whom I have loved, sinner of holy sin with longer time to charm the dead than those who live. For I shall abide forever there. So go and please your fantasy and call it wicked what the Gods call good.
ISMENE. You know I don’t do that. I’m just too weak against the state.
(Antigone, p. 167). From this conversation, the writer understands that Antigone and Ismene have disagreement in the case to bury Polyneices’ body. Even though, before Polyneices dies he has a good relationship with Antigone.
Antigone is a story about Antigone. She has two brothers, Polyneices and
Eteocles. In Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone, the writer sees the closeness of the relationship between Antigone and the two brothers. Antigone is a woman who is concerned about the two brothers as seen when the Polyneices was buried without honor by the ruler of the Thebes, Creon. In this event, the writer sees the psychological aspect of a woman who cares about her family. In Thebes, there is a law which is said that a traitor must be unburied without honor. When Antigone disputes the law that is made by the ruler of the Thebes, Creon. She must decide to fight against the law and give her brother the last honor or obey the rule and leave her
brother’s body unburied. To reveal these two aspects, the writer uses the psychological approach in this research.
When Antigone decided to fight against the law, she asked Ismene to go with her. But, Ismene refused her, because she was afraid to fight against the law from Creon. The writer understands why Ismene is afraid of the law from the ruler. It is because Ismene avoids the death punishment that will be given to anybody who buries Polyneices’ body. Ismene chooses to obey the rule and avoids the pain from the law, but Antigone tries to fight against the law and helps her brother to get the last honor.
The writer also focuses on the changes of the relationship between Antigone and Ismene. In the beginning of the story they have a good relationship. But, when Antigone decided to bury her brother, their relationship changes. The relationship influenced by their different perception and their different behavior based on their character and their emotion. The change of the relationship between Antigone and Ismene can be seen from how both of them accept the law from the Creon, the ruler of Thebes. They have different perception about the law from Creon, Antigone tries to fight against the law from Creon because she wants to give honor to Polyneices, but Ismene obeys the law from Creon because she is afraid of the death punishment.
The relationship between Antigone and Ismene is getting worse when Antigone decides to fight against the law of the Thebes. There are a lot of conflicts that happened between both of them. The conflicts can be seen when Antigone asks
makes Antigone angry and hopes Ismene get a punishment from the god. The different opinions between Antigone and Ismene cause their relationship becomes worse.
From the characterization of Antigone and Ismene, the writer can conclude the personality of both of them has develop. Antigone who always loves her family, and brave now she becomes rebelious to dispute the law from the Creon. However, Ismene who is calm and obedient now becomes brave to defend her sister from the law of the Creon.
When the writer focuses on the personality development of the characters, the writer describes the characterization of the characters in the story. The writer wants to reveal how the emotion and the behavior of each character influence the personality development of the characters in this play. The writer uses the psychological analysis to reveal how the behavior and the characterization from each character can influence the personality development of the characters in this play.
The psychological analysis is used to understand the personality development of the characters in the play. There are many aspects that influence the personality development of the characters in the play, it is can be influenced by the characterization of the characters and the behavior of the characters in the play.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How are the Antigone and Ismene characterized in Oedipus at Colonus?
2. How is the personality development of Antigone and Ismene revealed in Oedipus
at Colonus and Antigone?
3. What are the factors that cause the personality development of Antigone and Ismene?
C. Objectives of the Study
The aim of answering the first question in the problem formulation, the writer will describe the characterization of Antigone and Ismene. The writer explains the characterization of both of them only based on Oedipus at Colonus because the characterization of Antigone and Ismene is started from this play.
In the second question, the writer will explain the personality development of Antigone and Ismene. The writer uses Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone to explain the personality development of Antigone and Ismene. The writer also explains how the personality of both of them is developed.
Finally, in the third question, the writer will explain the causes of personality development between Antigone and Ismene.
D. Definition of terms
In this part, the writer will explain the definition that is used in the title of this thesis. The definition will help the writer to understand how the words can revealed the problems formulation in the previous part. In this part, the definition will be
The definition of personality according to Tina Abbott in Social and
Personality Development (2001: 5) is
A concept used in everyday life to describe the character of a person. It is often seen as an unchanging part of their make up. A commonsense approach to the study of personality might include the use of everyday language to identify certain certain characteristics (Abbott, 2001: 5).
The definition of development according to Pikunas in Human development is all processes of change which included process of growth, maturation, learning and achievement. It is a function of genetic and environment stimulation (1976: 22-23).
Allport, in Hurlock’s Personality Development defines personality development as a stage in growth of constantly changing and evoking within an individual. It determines his or her uniqueness in speech, in relation to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy and in other ways directed toward the specific goal to adjust to his or her environment (1974: 7).
In this part, the writer uses those definitions to find the theories that can be used to answer the problems formulation. Those definitions help the writer to find the theories that can be used to answer problems formulation in this thesis.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies In this paper, the writer will use some related studies that are related to the
topic in the paper. The writer finds that Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone has been
used by some people as their study. They use Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone to
see the life society, especially in Greek.In his thesis, The Moral Lesson of Antigone’s Struggle Against Tyranny in
Sophocles’s Antigone , Finansius Yudha Kurniawan (2005: 3) states that the moral
lesson in the story of the play is described through the character of Antigone. It is
shown through her reaction toward the policy that is made by the king, Creon. The
moral lesson here is described through the rebellion toward the king. In Antigone, a
king or power is described as something that is absolute and can not be criticized.
Yudha describes how the major character, Antigone showed the moral lesson
through her reaction toward the law which is made by Creon. In the story, the law
from Creon is absolute and cannot be broken by anything or anyone. Even though,
Creon knows that Antigone is his sister he still gives her a punishment because
Antigone has broken his law in society. The main point here is the relationship
between Antigone and Creon becomes worse when Creon has a great power and he
thinks that nobody can defeat him.The writer concludes that Yudha explains the reaction of Antigone toward
the law which is made by Creon can be described as a rebellion from people toward
the unfair treatment in the society. The point of this thesis is how the moral lesson
influences the relationship between Antigone and Ismene. The relationship
between Antigone and Ismene become worse because Antigone thinks that her
opinion to fight against the law from Creon is the right opinion. She also thinks that
she has a power from god so nobody will stop her. But, Ismene uses her common
sense in the reality that Creon has the greater power and rule the country, she think
that they do not need to fight against Creon, because they will get the death
punishment.Setyarini Sentosa Putri’s thesis, The Emergence of Feminist Ideas in
Sophocles’s Antigone (2002: 3), tells that the emergence of feminist ideas in this
play is actually inspired by many factors: the unfortunate position and condition in
the patriarchal society in the ancient Greece collide with female inferiority.
Unfortunately, the existence of oracles in Antigone’s royal family makes this
problem even worse. Since the ancient Greeks believed that supernatural forces in
the universe govern their lives thus it is used by Antigone to help her conducting
her will. She describes that the women in Antigone are weak. Antigone is fight
against the power of Creon who has the strongest power in the society. Antigone is
a brave woman and with the strong motivation to bury her brother’s body. She
takes a bad risks to against the greatest power in the society, she will be punished
with the death punishment. When Ismene tries to change Antigone’s mind, she
cannot do anything because Antigone hates the fear of Ismene to give the last
honor to her brother. Antigone tries to show that a woman can defeat the power of
a man with her beliefs.In Putri’s thesis the position of woman and man can influence their role in
the society. Antigone is a symbol of woman who always obeys the rule from the
ruler at that time. Antigone can not do anything to fight against the power of Creon
in the Greek’s society of. As a symbol of inferiority in the society, Antigone only
has her motivation to defend her family honor from Creon.The writer also found another study of Antigone made by RR. Lira Dewi
Cahyaningrum (2007: 2), in her thesis Representation of Creon’s Tragic Hero in
Sophocles’ Antigone , she states that basically, by using his absolute power, Creon
as a king, wants to control Thebes and its citizens in order to make the city safe and
well-organized, and Thebes can get its prosperity back after undergoing a civil war
(the attack of the Argive Army from Argos, which cause a big disaster in Thebes)
(Cahyaningrum, 2007: 2). She describes Creon as a man who has a great power in
Thebes. She also describes Creon as a hero in her thesis. Creon can make the rule
in Thebes and it must be obeyed by the people of the Thebes. Creon uses his power
to rule the Thebes and keep the peace in the Thebes.In her thesis, Cahyaningrum focuses on the power of the Creon in the
society. Creon uses his power to control the people of the Thebes, he tries to make
a great kingdom. But, Creon gets punishment when he does not bury Polyneices’s
body, he must fight against with the anger of Antigone.In her thesis, The Relationship Between the Members of The Fellowship of
the Ring in J.J.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Ring , Widiastuti Budiningsih (2005: 1)
explains how the characters in the story can be aroused by the adventure and the
environment around the characters. The characters in The Lord of the Rings make a
good relationship in order to finish their job to save the earth. In life, every
individual requires to have a good relationship with his or her environment in his or
her process to be mature and grown up person. The environment can influence
people’s behavior and action.In the writer’s opinion the relationship between the characters in The Lord
of the Ring happened because they have the same motivation in their adventure to
save the earth from the darkness. Widiastuti focuses on how important the
relationship in human’s lives. The relationship of human lives is influenced by
environment and the behavior of the people when they interact with other people.
Widiastuti also explains the importance of relationship in human life, because
without the others help nobody can live in this world.This study has a different topic with the other thesis that take Antigone as
their study. The writer concerns about the personality development as the focus in
this study. The writer tries to describe how the personality of some characters in
Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone are developed. The study will also discover
about the causes of the personality development which is influenced by the family
and the environment. The writer focuses on how the family and the environment
influence Antigone and Ismene personality in the play.B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
In this review, the writer explains the theory of the character and the theory
of the characterization. The theory on character explains how the characters are
described in the play of Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone. The theory on
characterization explains the characteristics of the character in the play.a. Theory on Character
The character has the important role in literary works. It helps us to
understand about what happen in literary work. The characters are the person in the
story that interpreted by the readers with their moral and emotional qualities. The
author can describe the characters based on their motivation and the action in the
story. According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1993: 23).Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say: the dialogue, and by what they do: the action.
The characters in a story can also be found by the interpretation of the
readers according to their conceptions of the characters. The characters can be
described through the behavior and action in the play. The writer tries to
understand the characters in the story by the dialogue of the characters in the play.
The dialogue in the story can influence the behavior and the action to the character
itself.According to Robert Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction states that the
Every speech or action is not only a step in the plot, but also a manifestation of
character (Stanton, 1964 : 18).Hugh Holman and William Harmon in A Handbook to Literature (1986:
81) states that character is a complicated term including the idea of the moral
constitution of the human personality, the presence of moral uprightness, and the
simpler nation of the presence of creatures in art. Characters are divided into two;
static character which gives the appearance of changing simply because our picture
of the character is revealed bit by bit; and dynamic character which is one who is
modified by action and experiences, and one objective of the work in which the
character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions.b. Theory on Characterization
The theory of characterization explains how the characteristics of the
characters are described. Reaske in his book How to Analyze Drama states that all
characterization must be presented through dialogue; characters speak about each
other and characters speak about themselves particularly of course about their
central emotions, such as love and hate (1966: 40). Reaske also explains six ways of the characterization to describe the character in the play. i. The appearance of the character In the prologue or in the stage directions the playwright often describes the character in the physical sense. ii. Asides and soliloquies All of the further characterization is of course established through dialogue. We learn about the characters as they speak. And specifically, we are apt to understand the characters best when they speak in short asides or in longer soliloquies. iii. Dialogue between characters Not only does the language of the character speaking alone characterize him, but his language when speaking to others also sheds a great deal of light on his personality. iv. Hidden narration While a character in a play is never directly described by the playwright himself, there are nevertheless descriptions of the characters. One of the devices of characterization frequently employed is having one character in a play narrate something about another character. v. Language It cannot be emphasized too many times that the language of any given character is extremely central to his personality attributes. Not only must we pay close attention to the kind of words which the character uses, but also we must be careful to remember how the character speaks. vi. Character in action As the characters become more involved in the action of the play we quite naturally learn more about them. For once the playwright chooses to have a character act in one way rather than another, we immediately understand that character much better. Motivation usually translates into action in the real world and there is no reason to assume that the same does not hold true in the world of the characters in the stage (Reaske, 1966:46- 48).
With these six ways to reveal the characteristics of the character in the story
the writer uses these six ways to reveal the characteristics of the characters in the
play.2. Theory of Personality Development
The writer uses two theories in this part of the study that are covered by
theory of psychology. The first theory is the theory on personality. This theory will
explain the definition of the personality and the difference with the character and
the individual. The second theory is the theory on personality development, it used
to see the definition of personality. This theory also explains about the factors that
influence someone’s personality development, such as the influence of the family
When the writer uses the theory of character, the writer finds that a
character has different characteristics with the other character. In this study, the
writer uses the theory of personality. First of all the writer will expain the definition
of the personality. In this study, personality is explained in how the dominant
characteristics of the characters influence their behavior in their life. The writer
finds that the personality has been explained in many perception by many theorists.
According to Larry A. Hjelle and Daniel J. Ziegler in the Personality Theories:
Basic Assumptions, Research and Applications (1981: 7), they say that many
conception which is dealing with personality are in commons.1.Most definitions depict personality as some kind of hypothetical structure or organization. Behavior, at least in part, is seen as being organized and intergrated by personality. In otherwords, personality is an abstraction based on inferences derived from behavioral observation.
2.Most definitions stress the need to understand the meaning of individual differences. With the word “personality”, the palpable of uniqueness in all individuals is indicated. Further, it is only through the study of personality that the special properties or combination of properties that distinguish one person from another can be made clear.
3. Most definitions emphasize the importance of viewing personality in terms of a life history, or developmental, perspective. Personality represents an evolving process subject to a variety of internal and external influences, including genetic and biological propensities, social experiences and changing environmental circumstances. Personality of the characters can be seen from many aspects. It can be seen
from their behavior, the uniqueness of the characters and a life history. Those
aspects can influence the personality of the characters.Based on the personality theory, personality involves the human behavior
and the psychology. The personality relates to the behavior of the human being and
tells the uniqueness of the human being. According to Larry A. Hjelle and Daniel J.
Ziegler in the Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions,Research and Applications
(1981: 3), they explain how the personality relates with the psychology.Personality theories, then, have distinct scientific functions in psychology. A crucially important point, however, is that all theories of human behavior are constructed by human beings.
When the writer uses theory of personality, it will need the explanation
about the connection between personality and character. Hurlock in her book,
Personality Development , stated that personality is often confused with
“character”. The two are not synonymous, and cannot be used interchangeably.
Character implies a moral standard and involves a judgement value. When used in
connection with personality, character relates to behavior that is regulated by
personal effort and will (Hurlock, 1974: 8).With this quotation, the writer knows that the personality theory can be
related with many others aspects. In this thesis, the writer relates the theory of
personality with the psychology of the characters in the story.When the writer uses the theory of personality, the writer finds the
personality of human being is developed. In the personality development, the writer
finds that personalities of human being are unique. Hurlock in her book Personality
Development stated that each personality pattern is unique in that it differs from all
other patterns in the combination and organization of its constituent traits, in the
strength of the different traits, and its core the person’s concept of himself
(Hurlock, 1974: 8). It explains that human being have different types and uniqueness in their behavior. i. The Influence of Family When the writer talks about the family, it explains the position in the
family. Each position in family has their own responsibility. Hurlock (1974: 359-
360) states the psychological position of a person in the family resulting from his
order of birth, affects his self concepts both directly and indirectly. The direct
effect that comes from the role of the person is expected to play in the home and
what different family members expect of him. Indirectly, ordinal position
influences the self concept through the effect that competitiveness and rivalry
among siblings has on the home climate and through the way the individual’
behavior in relation to social expectations is judged by the people who are
significant in his life.ii. The Influence of Environment The enviroment can influence someone’s personality around himself.
People are interact with the others through their behavior and social attitudes in the
environment. According to Kurt Lewin in Paths to Succesful development:
Personality in the Life Course which is edited by Lea Pulkinen and Avshalom
Caspi, states that environmental contributions to personality development are often
overlooked, perhaps because of a tendency to focus on internal dispositions.
Departing from this position, Kurt Lewin (1939: 203) asserted that context
permeates all aspects of development, including personality (Lewin, 1939: 203).C. Theoretical Framework
This thesis will reveal the personality development of the characters in the
plays of Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone. First of all, the writer uses the theory of
character and characterization to analyze the characteristics of the characters of
Antigone and Ismene. To answer the problem formulation number one, the writer
uses theory of character and characterization to reveal the characteristics of
Antigone and Ismene. The characteristics of the characters in the play will be
revealed based on their behavior and their dialogues in the play.The Theory of psychology which contains of the theory of personality and
theory of personality development will be used by the writer to reveal how
personality of the characters in the play developed. In the theory of personality
development, the writer see how the personality of the characters in the play is
influenced by the family and by the environment around the charater’s life. When
personality of some characters are developed, the writer needs to find the causes as
the evidence.The personality development of the characters will be revealed by seeing
the action and the behavior of the characters. Based on theory of the character and
characterization, the writer tries to analyze the interpretation of the characters of
Antigone and Ismene by their action in the play. The character of Antigone is
brave, full of ambition and trust in her beliefs. It is different from the character of
Ismene that is afraid to fight against the law which can make her and her sister get
the death punishment. So, the personality of antigone and Ismene develops because
of the different perception between both of them.To understand how the personality of Antigone and Ismene develops in
Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone, the writer uses the theory of personality
development that explains the personality can be influenced by the family and
environment. Through this theory the writer can also understand the motivation
behind the action of the characters and understand the behavior of the character
which is can be influenced by the family and environment in the play. The writer
uses the theory of the personality development because the this theory is the most