Kuliah Umum di Fakultas Ekonomi UNPAR

Kuliah Umum – Sesi Pagi

Adaptasi dan
Mitigasi
Perubahan Iklim
Joseph Viandrito, SE, Msi.
Fakultas Ekonomi UNPAR Bandung
14 November 2014

Bahasan kita pagi ini:
• Apakah Perubahan Iklim itu ada atau bualan semata?
• Apa hubungannya Perubahan Iklim dengan Ilmu Ekonomi?
• Mengapa pandangan Schumpeter kian penting untuk kita?
• Apa mungkin pembangunan ekonomi tanpa fosil?
• Apa peluang kerja yang terkait Perubahan Iklim?
• Adaptasi dan Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim berbasis masyarakat itu seperti
apa?
• Sebagai akademisi, kita bisa menyumbang apa untuk adaptasi dan
mitigasi perubahan iklim?

Apakah Perubahan Iklim itu ada atau bualan

semata?
• Tahun 1998, Robert B. Laughlin, dapat Nobel bidang Fisika, yang
menegaskan tidak ada kaitannya konsumsi energi yang tinggi yang
menghasilkan gas rumah kaca dengan perubahan iklim. Itu cuma hal
natural, suatu siklus geologis 100 tahunan, bukan karena industry.
• Tahun 2007, Al Gore, tokoh yang
rajin kampanye perubahan iklim
dapat Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian

 melegitimasi bahwa perubahan
iklim benar adanya.

Apakah Perubahan Iklim itu ada atau bualan semata?
• Cuaca ekstrim makin sering
terjadi: badai, cyclone, putingbeliung…
• Polusi udara: asap, meningkatnya
CO2
• Berkurangnya air tanah
• Seringnya tanah longsor dan
banjir bandang

• Meningkatnya pencairan salju di
gunung dan kutub
• Makin panas dan lamanya musim
kemarau
• Naiknya temperatur udara
• Intrusi air laut ke daratan
• Naiknya permukaan air laut dan
hilangnya pulau-pulau
• Berubahnya musim tanam
• Seringnya gejala El Nino dan La
Nina

Toba effect
• Letusan gunung Toba, 73,000 tahun lalu
berdampak serius, tidak hanya pada iklim
global, tapi juga sejarah umat manusia.
• Gunung Toba menyemburkan 2,800
km3 material debu ke udara. Bandingkan
dengan letusan Gunung Tambora yang
hanya 20 km3.dan Gunung St. Helena yang

hanya 1 km3.. Akibatnya, cahaya matahari
tak bisa menembus bumi selama 6
tahun, hingga bumi mengalami jaman es
selama 1,000 tahun. Populasi manusia
merosot jadi hanya 10,000 orang.

• Out of Afri a dan
sampailah di Indonesia

Dampak Perubahan Iklim

Climate Change Effects

Sea Level Rise
Ocean Warming

Impacts on Indonesia
Disappearing Small Islands
Salt Water Intrusion
Decline in Fisheries Harvest

Loss of Biodiversity

Increased
Temperature

Increased Fire Risk
Increased Disease Risk, Range

Increased Rainfall
Increased
Evaporation
Increased Tropical
Storms

Floods and Land Slides

Changes in Planting Season
Drought, Food Security
Transport Vulnerability

Food and Water Scarcity

Changes in mean climate,
variability, extreme events
and sea level rise

Impact on poverty and
national development
planning targets

Increased temperature and
changes in precipitation
reduce agricultural and
natural resources

Lowered industrial output
and labour productivity,
high inequality, impacts
on trade, and fiscal and
macro-economic growth,

and poverty-reducing
effects

Change in precipitation, runoff and variability leads to
greater water stress
Increased incidence or
intensity of climate related
disasters lead to damage to
assets and infrafstructure
Temperature, water and
vegetation changes
contribute to increase
prevalence of disease

Reduced productivity
and security of poor
people‟s livelihood
assets, and reduced
access for the poor to
their livelihood assets

Impact on the eight MDG

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Less effective coping
strategies among the
poor, and increased
vulnerability of poor
people

7.

8.

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Food security jeopardized, more intense disasters threaten livelihood
Achieve universal primary education
More vulnerable livelihoods means more children engaged in employment;
infrastructure damage from disasters
Promote gender equality and empower women
Women make up two-thirds of world’s poor and are more adversely
impacted by disasters.
Reduce child mortality
Children more vulnerable to malaria and other diseases, which are spread
more widely by climate change
Improve maternal health
Pregnant woman particularly susceptible to malaria
Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Increase prevalence of mosquito-bone diseases

Ensure environmental sustainability
Climate change indication of unsustainable practices. Move toward more
energy-efficient model of consumption
Promote global Partnerships
Wider forums must acknowledge the role of climate change in impacting
MDGs

s

Impact on Indonesia








Deforestation rate (2000 – 2005) -> 2,8 Million Ha/year & Forest fire (West Borneo in
2006) -> loss of 91 Million USD (source: www.beritabumi.or.id)

Flood (February 2007) result in 8 Billion USD loss (source: www.detikfinance.com)
Landslide -> 80 Million USD/year
Human health : Dengue, Malaria, Diarrhea
Landslide: There were > 1,400 disasters in the period of 2003-2005 and around 53%
related to hydro-meteorology (34% was flooding and 16% landslide)
Rise of Sea Level
The disappearing of small Island -> within 2005 – 2007, 24 small islands
disappear, the location:
•
•
•
•
•





3 island in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD)
3 island in Papua

5 island in Riau
2 island in west sumatera
7 island in the coastal area of Jakarta (source: Ministry of Oceanary & Fishery)

Drought (Cirebon District in 2006) result in loss of 8.6Million USD (source:
http://greenpena.blogspot.com)
During El Nino years (1994, 1997,2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006) shown that 8
reservoirs in Java have produced electricity below normal capacities
During El Nino 1997 has caused serious problems to coral reef ecosystems where 9095% of coral reefs at the depth of 25m have experienced coral bleaching

Impact on Indonesia - Drought
 The availability of water is very dependent on the climate, due to the limited
supply of water (only covers about 37% of urban population and 8% of rural
population) causing people and industries use deep groundwater resources 
land subsidence that creates areas vulnerable to flood and salt water
intrusion

Kalau air laut naik 2 feet (70 cm) di
2050, bagaimana wajah Indonesia?

Bye-bye suku
Asmat, Bintuni, Pontianak, Banjarmasin, Palembang, Semarang, Suraba
ya, Jakarta….

Jakarta
Coastal
Region
in 2050

a

Mitigasi dan Adaptasi, apa bedanya?
• Respon perubahan iklim yang telah, sedang, dan akan terjadi adalah dengan
melakukan upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim untuk mengatasi penyebab perubahan
iklim, dan upaya adaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim untuk mengatasi akibat atau
dampak perubahan iklim.

Mitigasi dan Adaptasi – definisi
• Mitigasi - suatu intervensi antropogenik (yang dilakukan manusia) untuk
mengurangi tekanan yang berasal dari manusia pada sistem iklim; ini
mencakup strategi-strategi untuk mengurangi sumber-sumber dan emisiemisi gas rumah kaca serta upaya untuk meningkatkan penyerap gas rumah
kaca
• Adaptasi - penyesuaian dalam sistem alam atau sistem manusia sebagai
respons terhadap stimulus iklim yang aktual telah ada atau yang
diperkirakan akan terjadi atau pengaruh-pengaruh dari stimulus
tersebut, yang dapat mengurangi kerugian atau memberi peluang yang
menguntungkan. Tindakan adaptasi dilakukan untuk mengurangi dampak
negatif dan mengambil mafaat positifnya. Dengan kata lain mengelola hal
yang tidak dapat dihindari, keniscayaan perubahan iklim.

Apa resikonya mengabaikan perubahan iklim?
• Perubahan iklim akan mempengaruhi risiko bencana dalam dua
hal, pertama dengan meningkatnya ancaman-ancaman cuaca dan
iklim, dan kedua dengan meningkatkan kerentanan masyarakat
terhadap ancaman-ancaman bahaya alam, terutama melalui degradasi
ekosistem, serta perubahan-perubahan dalam penghidupan
masyarakat.
• Perubahan iklim juga akan menambah tekanan lain terhadap
penurunan kualitas lingkungan hidup dan pertumbuhan perkotaan yang
cepat dan tidak terencana baik, yang selanjutnya akan semakin
mengurangi kemampuan masyarakat untuk mengatasi bahkan tingkat
ancaman cuaca yang ada saat ini.

Adaptasi : Menghadapi dampak – mengelola yang dak bisa dihindari
Mi gasi : Menghadapi penyebab – menghindari yang dak bisa dikelola
GAS RUMAH KACA

Mi gasi
Perubahan Energi

PEMANASAN
GLOBAL
Perubahan Siklus Air

PERUBAHAN IKLIM

•
•
•
•

Kebakaran Hutan
Tanah Longsor
Kekeringan
Banjir

• Kenaikan Muka
Air Laut
• Badai/Pu ng
Beliung

DAMPAK FISIK

TANGGAP

DAMPAK NON-FISIK

• Kelembapan
• Angin
• Perawanan
• Hujan
• Suhu
• Penguapan

• Energi
• Kesehatan
• Infrastruktur

• Transportasi
• Pariwisata
• Irigasi

Adaptasi

2. Apa hubungannya Perubahan Iklim
dengan Ilmu Ekonomi?

Klasik, Keynes dan Schumpeter
• Mazhab klasik:
Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan diperlukan
faktor-faktor produksi:
• Tanah  koloni, penjajahan
• Modal  wabah cari emas
• Sumber daya alam  rempah-rempah
• Tenaga kerja  perbudakan
Tangan tak kelihatan yang akan
mengatur segala sesuatunya menjadi
efisien.
Ekonomi otomatis akan mencapai
equilibrium. Tapi kok ada stagflasi?

Keynes bilang, negara tidak
boleh sepenuhnya lepas
tangan, perlu campur-tangan
lewat intervensi fiscal

Schumpeter bilang:
Itu semua tidak cukup.
Pertumbuhan bisa terjadi hanya
lewat: evolusi
kelembagaan, kewirausahaan
dan inovasi teknologi yang
terus-menerus.

Revolusi Industri – sang biang keladi
• James Watt adalah bagian dari kelas menengah masyarakat yang
sedang tumbuh, haus pengetahuan, ingin cepat kaya melalui
terobosan inovasi.
• Tahun 1760 (9 tahun sebelum ditemukan mesin uap), Inggris
mengimpor 1,000 ton kapas. Tahun 1850, impor kapas jadi 220,000
ton. Apa cerita selanjutnya? Cari pasar! (cari jajahan)
• Datanglah era Revolusi Industri di Barat, yang secara rakus
mengkonsumsi bahan bakar dari fosil: batubara, gas dan minyak
bumi.

Mengapa revolusi industri tidak bermula di China, tapi
malah Inggris, padahal ada banyak penemuan penting?
Penemuan dan inovasi di China:
Mata bajak – abad 6 SM, Besi tuang/cor – 4 SM, Ubah besi tuang jadi baja –
2 SM, Jembatan gantung – 1 SM, Kemudi – 1 M, Pintu air – 10 M, Mesin
pintal – 12 M
Bahkan 71 tahun sebelum Columbus menemukan Amerika dengan tiga kapal
kecilnya, Laksamana Ceng Ho dengan lebih dari 100 kapal besar sudah
berlayar hingga Afrika, Amerika, Australia, Antartika
Ini sejalan dengan Teori Karl Marx bahwa faktor Social politik berperan
dalam menentukan arah keputusan ekonomi. Kondisi sospol ini menghalangi
inovasi yang semestinya bisa meningkatkan keunggulan komparatifnya. 
perlu perjuangan kelas.

Mengapa revolusi industri tidak terjadi di
Indonesia?
• Kerajaan-kerajaan lama masih bermazhab merkantilis, hingga
datangnya penjajah yang justru menegaskan mazhab itu.
• Di jaman modern, lingkungan sosio-politik (seperti oligarki kekuasaan
dengan kolusi, korupsi & nepotismenya) sangat berpengaruh.
Lihatlah Indonesia 1998, yang tadinya digadang-gadang jadi The New
Emerging Tiger (PDB per kapita $1050 - 1996), malah jadi The New
Beggar ($400 - 1998)
• Ulangan saat Raja Jawa (Pakubuwono) harus bayar VOC 10,000 real tiap tahun
selama 20 tahun, dan 1,700 ton beras tiap tahun, 15,000 real untuk biayai
tentara VOC yang menjaga kerajaan. Plus kekuasaan atas seluruh daerah
pesisir utara untuk VOC.

Pertumbuhan ekonomi cuma 5 – 7%. Bisa lebih nggak sih?
• Kapal besar disubsidi malah jual solar. Ikan dicuri
• Perijinan didagangin. Pajak dimainin
• Infus (subsidi) ke perbankan untuk menyehatkan (BLBI/Century), malah infusnya yang
di- sikat .
• Kredit untuk masyarakat untuk berinvestasi, malah lebih banyak untuk konsumsi.
• APBN dan APBD tidak memberi insentif fiscal, karena porsi anggaran rutinnya terlalu
dominan  moratorium PNS 5thn.
• Masyarakat tidak kreatif, apalagi inovatif, malah konsumtif: impor garam
(Gandhi?), impor minyak, impor beras, impor buah, impor daging.
• Indonesia selalu juara sebagai negara paling terkorup (Transparancy International)
• Ikut pakta perdagangan bebas, tapi tidak siap jadi produsen, lebih siap jadi konsumen
• Jual sumber daya alam mentahan habis-habisan, tapi ingin dilihat dunia sebagai
penyelamat iklim (sekarang dia berhasil jadi Ketua GGGI)

Besarnya Konsumsi katanya menyelamatkan
Indonesia saat krisis ekonomi
Jika semua warga negara di bumi bergaya hidup seperti orang
Amerika, diperlukan 4,16 bumi. Kalau ikut gaya hidup India Cuma 0,49
bumi. Gaya hidup Indonesia? Bandung?
• Konsumsi tinggi, tapi duitnya cuma dari menjual bahan mentah.
Mending kalau stoknya banyak.
• Barang tambang dan minyak terus dikeduk, dijual sebanyakbanyaknya (hanya sampai 2014?)  pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi
(Of the existing 10,566 mining license (IUP), only 4,151 permits
that declared as clean and clear).

Overview of major regulatory frameworks on mining
...there appears to be a power struggle: Nationalist vs. Localist, Protectionist vs. Liberalist...
Resource
Nationalism
Pressure &
„Hattanomics‟
took a lead

Mining
Law
1967

Regional
Autonomy
Law No. 22
& 25 of
1999, and
No. 32 of
2004

Introduce
the CoW
framework

Power struggle:
National vs.
Local govt. &
Nationalist vs.
Liberalist

CoW status
changes, smelter,
divestment, more
revenue & bigger
role of national
government over
local govt.
Disputes
on Mining
Permits,
Extensive
Illegal
Mining,
Illegal
Logging,
Corruption

Law No.
9/2009 on
Coal and
Mineral
Mining (the
Mining Law).

Illegal Mining
and Bad
Mining
Practices,
Rush to
Export Raw
Material

National
Government
Fights

National
Government
Fights Back

Trade Ministry
Regulation No
29/2012: Tariff
for 65 minerals

Presidential Decree No. 3
of 2012 – Establishment
of “Contract of Work
Renegotiation” Team)

Ministerial
Regulation
No. 7/2012
on the
increase in
Value Added/
Smelter

Finance Minister
Regulation
75/2012
20% tariff on
exports of 65
types of
minerals

Huge
Mining
Investment
Drives
Competition
Small miners
are dying

ANI and
APKASI
Won a
judicial
Review
from MA
towards
PP 7/2012

Big Miners
complaints, e
ven some
refused the
smelter policy

s

PP No 23/2010:
Divestment
Policy 20%
Pro Market
Supporters:
“Back to the Law
No. 11/1967”

Localist &
Pro Market
Fight

ESDM
Minister
Regulation
No. 11/
2012 and
No. 24/2012

PP No
24/2012:
Divestment
Policy 51%

?

Mining in the years ahead
Huge investment, but unprepared companies
and small miners are dying

The Power of Regional
Autonomy
- and the risk for WBN The regional authorities of the
provinces, regencies and municipalities
shall administer and manage their own
affairs according to the principles of
regional autonomy and the duty of
assistance
(1945 CONSTITUTION Article 18 (2)
The provincial government has the right
to cancel the license if the mining
activities destroy the environment (Law
No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection and
Management of the Environment).

State-Owned Enterprise and Foreign Enterprises
usually lose in court against local governments: 1).
PT Tambang Batu Bara Bukit Asam Tbk. lost against
16 new mining licenses in Lahat South Sumatera. 2)
PT Aneka Tambang Tbk. (Antam) lost against one
local company in Konawe Utara. 3) Rio Tinto
Indonesia lost against 14 new mining licenses in
Morowali, Sulawesi Tengah. 4). PT Inco Tbk lost
against PT Hotman Internasional in Morowali
5). Churchill Inc. lost against PT Nusantara (owned
by Prabowo) in East Kutai.

Many mining companies operate inside or close to WBN mining areas. They
already have IPPKH (Permits for Forest Borrow & Use for mining exploration
activity - Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan Untuk Kegiatan Eksplorasi
Tambang) from the Ministry of Forestry:
1. PT Adita Nickel Indonesia (#1)
2. PT Adidaya Tangguh (#2 – Blok 6, dan #3 – Blok A1)
3. PT Bintara Hardasurya #4 – Blok D1, dan #6 – Blok D4)
4. PT Gane Tambang Sentosa (#7)
5. PT Indotama Mineral Indonesia (#11 – Blok H 3)
6. PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (#12)
7. PT Zouk (#15 – Blok G2)
(Source: Forestry Ministry)
• How are their ties with the local government?
• Who owns those companies?

Note: WBN i for ed that the area has ee dee ed y the go er e t as
a d lear , ea i g that it does ot o erlap ith other i i g o pa ies.

lea

Hai calon Sarjana
Ekonomi, apa
pandanganmu?
Realisasi Pengeluaran Kota Cilegon Menurut Jenis
Tahun Anggaran 2011
• Pendapatan asli daerah hanya berkontribusi
29,50% atau sekitar Rp253,212,004,831 dari
total pendapatan daerah sebesar
Rp858,320,973,326.
• Belanja Rutin = 81 %, Belanja Modal = 19%, Tak
terduga = 0.1%

• Apa kerjanya orang yang sudah menghabiskan
81% itu, dan pembangunan macam apa dengan
hanya menyisihkan 19%?.
• Apa masih perlu kita membayar pajak, kalau
ternyata tidak dialokasikan untuk
pembangunan?

Inovasi itu rohnya pertumbuhan ekonomi
• Peran faktor produksi terhadap pertumbuhan
Faktor produksi

1970-an

1980-an

1990-an

Tenaga kerja &
modal

79,2%

63,9%

58,5%

Inovasi

20,8%

36,1%

41,5%

Sumber: Science and Technology Policy Institute

Inovasi adalah hasil kerja kreatif yang memerlukan kegigihan , eksperimen serta
analisis cermat dan akhirnya dapat dimanfaatkan oleh users/konsumen

Pilih jadi bangsa perakit, pembuat atau
pemulung?
• Dari

ade-i

ke i

o ated-i

• Klaster teknologi tumbuh seperti jamur. Mengikuti pola Silicon Valley, Cina bikin klaster
serupa di Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, dll (12 kota); India di Bangalore, Daedeok di
Korea, Hsinchu di Taiwan dan Biopolis di Singapura.
• Klaster teknologi China berhasil menarik 12,000 perusahaan hi-tech, termasuk 43
perusahaan hi-tech dunia seperti Microsoft, Intel, Google, NEC.

• Bagaimana Indonesia?

• Indonesia berencana membangun Bandung High Tech Valley (1996) tapi dihajar
KrisMon, Sekarang baru digagas lagi Bandung Raya Innovation Valley (BRIV), tapi masih tidak
jelas.
• Konsumen rakus produk teknologi, seperti smartphone, computer, dll. bikinan China
• Menurut Laporan World Economic Forum 2012-2013, ada 5 besar penghambat daya saing
Indonesia: Inefisiensi birokrasi, Korupsi, infrastruktur rendah, akses pembiayaan, inflasi.
• Pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia mengandalkan ekspor bahan mentah (termasuk bahan
bakar fosil) dan konsumsi, tanpa dorongan inovasi/entrepreneurship dan produksi

Zizhu chuangxin !!
(inovasi di tangan sendiri, di tanah sendiri)
• Dari

ade-i

ke i

o ated-i

• Klaster teknologi tumbuh seperti jamur. Mengikuti pola Silicon Valley, Cina bikin
klaster serupa di Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, dll (12 kota); India juga bikin di
Bangalore, Daedeok di Korea, Hsinchu di Taiwan dan Biopolis di Singapura.
• Klaster teknologi di China berhasil menarik 12,000 perusahaan hi-tech, termasuk 43
perusahaan hi-tech dunia seperti Microsoft, Intel, Google, NEC.

•
•
•
•

Dana riset terus meningkat: 1,49% GDP (2007)  2,5% (2020)
Insentif penemuan baru yang dipatenkan  pemotongan pajak 25%
Jumlah paten melonjak 73%: 99,278 (2001)  171.619 (2005)
Bandingkan pertumbuhan paten di AS 6%, Korsel 5%, Eropa 4%, Jepang 1%

Bagaimana Indonesia?
• Indonesia: Dana Riset 1% PDB. Sarjana teknik 11,5%, Sarjana sains 3,6%
• Indonesia berencana membangun Bandung High Tech Valley (1996) tapi dihajar
KrisMon, Sekarang baru digagas lagi Bandung Raya Innovation Valley (BRIV), tapi masih
tidak jelas.
• Konsumen rakus produk teknologi, seperti smartphone, computer, dll. bikinan China
• Menurut Laporan World Economic Forum 2012-2013, ada 5 besar penghambat daya
saing Indonesia: Inefisiensi birokrasi, Korupsi, infrastruktur rendah, akses
pembiayaan, inflasi.
• Pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia mengandalkan ekspor bahan mentah (termasuk
bahan bakar fosil) dan konsumsi, tanpa dorongan inovasi/entrepreneurship dan
produksi.
• Meski demikian ada hasil karya Indonesia cukup membanggakan: Panser Anoa buatan
Pindad dibeli Malaysia, Fast Patrol Boat buatan PT PAL dibeli Timor Leste, PT Dirgantara
bikin pesawat amfibi, Kereta Kedinasan Presiden RI dibikin PT Inka. PT PAL buat kapal
barang Star 50 berbobot 50.000 ton dijual ke Jerman.

Bercita-cita mencapai PDB 3,7 trilyun dollar di tahun 2025.
PDB 2010 masih $419 milyar. Apa nggak ketinggian mimpinya?
Bisa, asal ikut kata Schumpeter: Terus berinovasi. Tapi kok….
1. Masih kurang insentif dan dukungan regulasi

• Proses persetujuan paten 1,5 – 3 tahun + biaya registrasi Rp2,5 juta
• Tidak ada insentif atau potongan pajak buat industry yang alokasikan dana litbang
atau inovasi produk.

2. Komunikasi dan interaksi kalangan akademisi dan bisnis masih lemah

• Kalangan bisnis masih enggan memanfaatkan hasil riset akademisi. Masih lebih
senang jualan barang asing/distributorship yang sudah diriset asing.
• Kapasitas riset universitas tidak dimanfaatkan (diajak kerjasama, untuk riset pasar) 
kasus produk Halalku .

3. Technopreneurship masih kurang

• Kalangan UKM – techno preneurship di Taiwan menyumbang 31% omzet national
sales dan 75% employment di sektor swasta.

4. Tidak ada klaster inovasi yang tersebar.
• Perlu hati-hati memaknai jargo mari kita
tingkatkan investasi asing , kalau itu hanya
berarti kita jadi tukang rakit, tidak akan berguna.
Inovasi adalah kunci.
• Masing-masing daerah punya keunikan. Contoh:
Indonesia Timur bisa melakukan banyak inovasi
kelautan. Seperti di Larantuka, Sucofindo
berinovasi membuat pembangkit listrik tenaga
arus laut, tapi terhambat besarnya dana riset
dan economies of scale.
• Riset tentang potensi sumber daya laut untuk
medis belum dilakukan.
5. Remunerasi peneliti (innovator) terlalu kecil.
• Gaji pokok Profesor Gol. IV/E di LIPI sebesar
Rp3,6 juta + tunjangan Rp1,6 juta = Rp5,2 juta
per bulan. Bandingkan dengan gaji Guru SD
golongan IV/A di Serang dengan take home pay =
Rp6,5 juta per bulan. Di Malaysia, peneliti tingkat
professor = Rp36 juta. Di Jepang = Rp60 juta.
Honor konsultan riset individual di Indonesia =
$400 – $1,000 per hari.

6. Fasilitas litbang tidak memadai
• Lihatlah Puspiptek Serpong yang
mangkrak

7. Manajemen litbang tidak kondusif
• Banyak lembaga riset jalan sendiri-sendiri:
BBSDLP, LIPI, dll.
• Kita lihat apakah pembentukan
Kementerian Baru yang menyatuan
Perguruan Tinggi dengan Ristek bakal
memperbaiki koordinasi dan manajemen
litbang.
Kapasitas Ekonomi Indonesia

2012

2030

Peringkat Perekonomian Dunia

16

7

Penduduk Kelas Konsumen

45 juta

135 juta

Penduduk yang tinggal di perkotaan

53%

71%

Sumbangan terhadap PDB

74%

86%

• Sumber: Mc Kinsey 2012

Membuat dan menjual apa yang dibutuhkan.
Tidak lebih.
• Frugal innovation
 Scenario:

• Sedikitnya sumber daya
• Lemahnya daya beli
• Besarnya kebutuhan
Muncul inovasi produk yang terjangkau: Mobil Tata Motors (india) = Rp18 juta, Kacamata, jam tangan dan
motor murah dari China, motor ambulans dari Afsel. Operasi by-pass jantung di Bangalore, India cuma
$7,500, bandingkan dengan di Amerika $144 ribu. RS yang spesifik dan tidak perlu membeli peralatan super
mahal yang tidak dibutuhkan, membuat harga operasi jadi murah. Turbin pembangkit listrik mikrohidro
Hanjuang karya Eddy Permadi (Desa Cihanjuang, Cimahi) jadi murah karena komponen local, sehingga
mudah dirawat, diganti onderdilnya.

• Crowd sourcing  Penjaringan ide berhadiah:
• www.apaidemu.org
• IBM’s Glo al I o atio Ja

Apa peluang kerja yang terkait Perubahan
Iklim?
• Bidang pangan: Inovasi pupuk organic (biofertilizer), membuat database
mikroba local, database benih lokal, bidang biologi molekuler: Benih unggul
tahan iklim. Sejauh ini Balai Benih Padi dan Sereal Maros baru temukan benih
jagung kaya vitamin A.
• Bidang kesehatan: riset biologi berbasis keanekaragaman hayati dan budaya
Indonesia, buat database vaksin (flu burung, bisa
ular, campak, dll.), inventarisasi sumber daya genetic (darat dan laut).

• Bidang energy: riset teknologi renewable energy aplikatif per daerah
(angin, surya, arus laut, gelombang laut, biomassa, biodiesel, dll) - masa
nunggu dana hibah

We can
contribute
through:

• Embarking on a process of
ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGE to adapt policies
and procedures to the
realities of climate change

1.ADVOCATING for
just policies to
mitigate climate
change and support
poor communities‟
1.MITIGATING climate adaptation efforts
change through multiplebenefit projects that also
support adaptation
activities.
• Helping especially
poor, vulnerable
communities ADAPT
to climate change.

• Bidang air bersih: bersinergi dengan semua stakeholders, buat regulasi yang
jaga sumber mata air (bukan buat industry air kemasan saja), mendorong
penerapan teknologi applikatif untuk menjaga sungai, danau, setu dari
pencemaran kimbah dan sampah.
• Bidang sosial: mendukung Desa mandiri energy, desa pemanfaat air  Kasus
Desa klotok, tuban
• Bidang ekonomi: Pegawai/Pejabat fungsional di Kementerian (menyiasati
moratorium PNS), Konsultan desa  1 M per desa, CSR perusahaan, peluang
Lelang jabatan  track record and hands-on experience jadi penting.

Apa mungkin pembangunan
ekonomi tanpa fosil?
• Saat ini 85% produksi masih bergantung
pasokan energi fosil. Dunia
menghabiskannya dengan sangat
cepat, meski proses membuatnya butuh
waktu ratusan juta tahun.
• Fossil fuels take millions of years to make.
We are using up the fuels that were made
more than 300 million years ago. So, it's
best to not waste fossil fuels. They are not
renewable; they can't really be made again.
We can save fossil fuels by conserving
energy.

Oil “ho k tahun 1970-an. Apa akibatnya bagi dunia?
• Negara OPEC mengembargo minyak. Harga pun melonjak.
• Denmark menerapkan pajak karbon dan banting setir ke energy angin  Denmark today is the
world's leading exporter of wind turbines and has an unemployment rate of about 2 percent.
• Shah Iran memacu modernisasi, malah backfire dan memicu revolusi Islam. Ayatollah Khomeini
jadi popular dengan melakukan subsidi harga minyak keseluruh negeri. (Iran's government earned
$44.6 billion from oil exports and spent $25 billion on subsidies).
• Negara-negara Eropa dan Jepang merespons dengan manaikkan pajak bensin. Jepang secara
drastis melakukan efisiensi energy.
• Brazil segera memproduksi ethanol dari gula tebu dan sekarang tidak lagi bergantung pada impor
minyak.
• America  In 1975, Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, which established
corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards that required vehicle efficiency for new cars—
to 27.5 miles per gallon—within ten years.
• Uni Soviet, the world's second-largest oil producer, makin kuat mencengkeram Eropa Timur
hingga Afghanistan.

Enak jamanku, tho?  Opo iyo, mbah?
• Bagi Indonesia, jaman itu bukan oil shock, tapi oil boom.
• Pemerintahan Suharto ditolong oleh oil boom tahun 1970-an. Banyak duit untuk
menggerakkan roda pembangunan. Minyak dikuras, disisakan sedikit buat kita
sekarang.
• Cadangan minyak Indonesia cuma 9 milyar barrel. Tiap tahun diambil 500 juta
barrel. Ya sudah habis dalam 18 tahun.
• Kecukupan pangan karena revolusi hijau, tanah dipacu untuk menghasilkan dengan
dihamburi pupuk kimia. Memang terjadi kecukupan hasil (enak jamanku, tho?)….
Tapi setelah itu tanah menurun produktivitasnya akibat pupuk kimia yang berlebih
jamannya Suharto (Ora enak jamanku saiki, goro-goro jamanmu, mbah…)  proyek
FAO di NTT/NTB.
• Tahun 2000, Indonesia perlu 30,8 juta ton beras dan 4,62 juta ton protein hewani.
Di tahun 2020, saat penduduk 288 juta orang, kebutuhan beras jadi 42,3 juta ton
dan protein hewani 6,34 juta ton.

"When oil prices became higher, the reforms
e a e slo e
• Suharto, Brezhnev, dan banyak diktator… diberkati oleh
harga minyak yang tinggi. Saat harga jatuh, jatuh juga
mereka…
• Akhir decade 1980-an, harga minyak Cuma $10 – $40 per
barrel. Hal itu cukup untuk merobohkan tembok Berlin di
tahun 1989, memecah-belah negara Soviet, dan akhirnya
menjatuhkan Suharto.

Paman Sam ngomong ke Arab Saudi:
• Gu s, here's the deal: Keep your pumps open, keep your prices
low, and don't bother the Jews too much, and you can do whatever
you want out back. You can treat your women badly. You can deprive
your people of what- ever civil rights you like. You can print whatever
crazy conspiracy theo-ries about us you like. You can educate your
children to be intolerant of other faiths as much as you like.. . . Only
one thing we want from you: Just keep your pumps open, your prices
low, don't hassle the Israelis too much—and do whatever you want
out back."
• THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN - “Hot, Flat, and Cro ded

Kita masih tergantung energy fosil.
Lalu pilihannya apa?
Komponen Energi 2005

Batubara

Minyak

Gas

Terbarukan

Energi Nuklir – Direncanakan tahun 2016
berdiri PLTN Gunung Muria
 masih ditentang masyarakat
Energi Gas – Tahun 1986 digaungkan
program langit biru.
Lho kok jumlah mobil gas malah turun:
6,000 mobil BBG (2000) jadi 2,500 mobil
BBG (2008)  stasiun pengisian masih
terbatas.
Petro China kuasai lading gas di Jambi, 2/3
energy Singapore tergantung pasokan dari
Jambi.

• Energi Gelombang Laut: Indonesia punya garis pantai 81.290 km, bisa
produksi energy 70 Giga Watt. (PLN tahun 2011 = 35 GW). Balai Pengkajian
Dinamika Pantai (BPDP) di Yogyakarta sudah bangu8n prototype  belum
didukung pemerintah pembuatannya.
• Energi angin: sejauh ini baru menghasilkan 1,8 Mega Watt dari total
potensi 9,29 Giga Watt
• Energi Surya: belum digarap. HIVOS dan MCA baru merintis di Pulau
Sumba.
• Energi Panas Bumi: Potensi total 28.803 Giga Watt
• Energi biomassa: sampah, limbah kelapa sawit
• Energi biogas: kotoran ternak
• Energi air: mikro-hydro
• Energi arus laut: Sucofindo sudah bikin. Feasibility study di Larantuka
sudah. Tapi masih tidak ekonomis.

Nasib Mobil Listrik
• Dasep Ahmadi, anak Depok, ciptakan mobil listrik Ah adi 5.0 tahun
2012.
• Jarak tempuh 150 km, cukup sekali charging 4 – 5 jam
• Pakai baterai lithium ion 36 buah kapasitas 21 kWh.
• Komponen impor masih 50%, PPN 10%, tanpa insentif
pemerintah, jadinya harga on-the-road = Rp200 jutaan, tapi biaya
operasional cuma Rp50-60 ribu per bulan, jarena tak beli BBM.
• Persoalannya  pengisian listriknya agak report, dan tidak ada
Stasiun Pengisian Listrik

Nasib Yoshua masih lebih baik ketimbang Dasep
• Mark Yoshua Widjaya, lulusan ITS, bikin rancangan mobil.
• Rencananya mau bikin sendiri, tapi dihitung-hitung besar biayanya.
Lagipula tidak ada subsidi dan insentif pajak dari pemerintah, lalu ia
jual rancangannya ke Astra Internasional dan Daihatsu, jadilah mobil
AGYA dan AYLA.

Sebagai akademisi, kita bisa menyumbang apa
untuk adaptasi dan mitigasi perubahan iklim?
• Brand image UI, ITB, UGM. Unpar?
• Adakah skripsi yang membahas:
Sustainable economy, forest management, Valuing Benefit of
Mangroves Forest, Maritime sector, Economics of Global
Warming, Sustainable Waste Management of Kali
Cikapundung, Stakeholder Mapping of Leather Industry in Garut, Cost
and Benefit of Land Acquisition of Chandra Asri, E o o of
e lusio …

Pope F a is: No to a e o o

of e lusio

Just as the o
a d e t Thou shalt ot kill sets a lear li it i order to safeguard the
alue of hu a life, toda e also ha e to sa thou shalt ot to a e o o of e lusio
and inequality. Such an economy kills. How can it be that it is not a news item when an
elderly homeless person dies of exposure, but it is news when the stock market loses two
points? This is a case of exclusion. Can we continue to stand by when food is thrown away
while people are starving? This is a case of inequality.

Today everything comes under the laws of competition and the survival of the
fittest, where the powerful feed upon the powerless. As a consequence, masses of people
find themselves excluded and marginalized: without work, without possibilities, without
any means of escape.
Human beings are themselves considered consumer goods to be used and then discarded.
We ha e reated a thro a a
ulture hi h is o spreadi g. It is o lo ger si pl
about exploitation and oppression, but something new. Exclusion ultimately has to do with
what it means to be a part of the society in which we live; those excluded are no longer
so iet ’s u derside or its fri ges or its dise fra hised – they are no longer even a part of
it. The e luded are ot the e ploited ut the out ast, the lefto ers .

Adaptasi dan Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim
berbasis masyarakat itu seperti apa?

Diambil dari presentasi

Adapting to Climate Change
in Western and Eastern Indonesia
Lessons-learned from Coastal Communities in Aceh
and Climate Smart Farmers in NTB/NTT
By: JOSEPH VIANDRITO
Presented in ASIA – EUROPE MEETING (ASEM)
Manila Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
4-6 June 2014

What we saw on the way to Tacloban...

This picture tells us a story….

What we saw on the way to Tacloban...
After Yolanda/Haiyan
typhoon, the soil have been
salinated or may have water
intrusion from the sea. This
has fostered the colonization
of acrostichum (mangrove
family) that may
replaced/took overthe dying
coconut plants colony.

The soil condition may now
more adaptive for planting
mangrove and its mangrove
family
(Acrostychum, Acantus, Sonn
eratia, Casuarina, Bruguiera, e
tc.), and may no longer
adaptive for coconut plants.

The ideal soil for planting coconut is sandy soil, ashy
mountain and clay soil, with a soil pH 5.2 – 8. and
has a crumb structure so that the roots can develop
properly. Long drought causes production reduced
by 50%, while high humidity causes fungal disease.

What we saw on the way to Tacloban...

•Only two type of plants: Coconut and Nypa. No mangrove, no casuarina...
•Coconut colony is rapidly replaced (took over) by Nypa Palm colony
•Nypa Palm trees are looked faster in self-recovery after typhoon, than coconut
trees.

What we saw on the way to Tacloban...

•No mangrove
•Road construction along the river may endanger communities, if
there is no wall/protection constructed/grow.

Typhoon Haiyan has made
coconut production in Philippines
dropped by more than 30%.
How do we handle this?
Most of coconut trees in Tacloban seems
in the old age of production....
So this may be the right time to replant a
more productive coconut trees, IF we can
prepare the right environment for them to
grow... (do ’t let acrostichum or nypa
colonize the coconut zones)
Besides, planting mangrove (Rhizopora sp.)
may be a good alternative livelihood
income for communities, since Philippines
still depends on import of mangroves
wood (the skin part), that used as
ingredient to mix it with coconut sap in
o de to ake baloc a d tu a
Philippi es t aditio al li uo

This presentation would try to answer below questions:
What kind of Climate Adaptation
strategy that may protect Tacloban
people from the next typhoon?

What kinds of technology and
innovation, that applicable to
communities and local
government?

Indonesia
experience

• 1st case: technology and innovation in mangrove planting, like study of
hidrology, autecology and propagule disbursement.  Aceh case (Western
Indonesia)
• 2nd case: the usage of technology and innovation in predicting rainfall for
o
u it s pla ti g seaso , a d st ateg i i flue i g go e
e t a d people
to use the rainfall modelling  NTT/NTB case (Eastern Indonesia).

Western and Eastern Indonesia
What makes it difference?

Western and Eastern Indonesia:
Different Problems to Climate
Change
• I do esia is the o ld s la gest
archipelago, consisting of 17,000 islands
and spanning across two biogeographic
regions – the IndoMalayan (the western
part) and Australasian (the eastern part).

When the Western Indonesia get
rainy season, the eastern part still
suffer by the drought

 Main problems related to climate change:
 In western Indonesia:

Deforestation, Forest Fires, Degradation of Peat Land and Land Conversion
 The Causes of Climate Change.
 In eastern Indonesia:

Excessive Drought / Temperature Increase, Floods / Intense Rainfall, Sea
Level Rise and Threat to Food Security  The Impacts of Climate Change
Just like: the wester I do esia people did it, the easter people get the i pact…

Indonesia Go e
e ts
Climate Change Adaptation Priority
• Indonesia assigns priority to climate change adaptation programs
in the four following areas:
(i) coastal areas,
(ii) food insecure areas in eastern Indonesia,
(iii) small islands, and
i Ja a s o the
oast, the atio s ke i e p odu tio a eas
(BAPPENAS, 2009).

CASE STUDY 1:
Coastal Communities Adaptation
in Eastern Indonesia
Mangrove Rehabilitation
in Singkil and Simeulue, Aceh

The Need for Climate Change Adaptation in
Coastal Areas
Coastal areas are among the areas most
affected by sea-level rise and land
subsidence-induced environmental
degradation. Both have exposed coastal
areas to regular flooding. Investing in
coastal areas to adapt to sea-level rise, and
protect the coastal communities from
disaster, is a key to meet the MDGs.
Aceh (represents western Indonesia) also facing big tectonic hazards
(quake, tsunami) also stormsurge and typhoon. Therefore through many
projects, people and government respond through supporting climate
adaptation practices in coastal zones. This includes planting soft barriers like
mangrove trees; create programs to reduce deforestation and forest
degradation in peatland; and find out new sources of livelihoods;

LESSONS-LEARNING FROM
MANGROVE PLANTING PROJECTS FAILURES
Donors, governments, UN, and NGOs have invested a lots of
money in mangroves planting projects to respond to
significant drop of Indonesia mangrove forest, from 3,7
million hectares (1993) to 1,5 million hectares (2005).
Why  mangroves rehabilitation projects, that supported
by government and donors, are failed in many areas?
Aim of this presentation:
If all these following challenges and risks are well noted since the
beginning of project, the higher rate of mangrove planting would be
better, as we did in Aceh.

Mangrove
Rehabilitation

The Causes
of Failure

1. Monoculture of mangrove planting  Rhizopora oriented

Many kinds of mangroves species...
But why only Rhizopora sp. to be planted?

2. Beachfront planting blocks natural seeds flow and
grow

Ministry of Forestry spend huge of funds for Mangrove
Rehabilitation Projects, but most of them are dying or failed...

Why?  It is wrong to plant mangroves like planting paddy field

3. Weak in Land Use
Planning
Significant competing land
uses exist by local
stakeholders/ governments ,
 economic issue is more
important

4. Environments are still drastically changing
(We are losing two beautiful lagoons in Cilacap – Central Java
and in Singkil - Sumatera, because we are late in response...
The 1st: Segara
Anakan Lake/
Lagoon, in
Cilacap, Central Java
(left picture) is
dissapearing due to
sedimentation.

No body take response
action...
Government only
cares with rapid onset
than slow onset
disaster...

The 2nd Dissapearing Beautiful Lagoon: Danau Anak Laut, Singkil, Aceh

Left picture shows natural breach that was still open in 2005. Eventually, an
additional breach has occured in the lagoon system, created by businessmen (see
the right picture). The new canal has re-directed the flow of water, which creates
internal sedimentation, as well as i o‐delta formation away from the canal.
Land acquisition from palm oil business took over and give another serius
challenge to mangrove.

5. Mangrove fails to compete with other plants colonization
• Against casuarina, coconut
trees or palm trees
plantation.
• No body aware and take
action

6. Uplifting and Downlifting process has challenged the
sustainability of mangrove planting

Up-lifting of
Simeulue Islands
(top, left and
right), Down-lifting of
Singkil (below)

• Regular earthquake drives the process of land
down-lifting in west coastline of Sumatera, but
uplifting in Sumatera outer islands

7. Did not care and preserve the Mother Trees.

8. Wrong asumption: Not all seashore can be planted

9. Lack of knowledge on Species Ecology and Hydrologic
Patterns

• Many projects are lack of
attention to patterns of
reproduction, propagule
distribution, and successful
seedling establishment

. La k of lo al o
u ities se se of elo gi g to
maintain the mangroves forest

All they need is
condusive environment
to grow...
They can grow by
themselves, and we do
not have to spend a lot
of funds to plant it

Mangroves grows naturally
without intervention in Simeulue
(Comparison: 2006 and 2011

CASE STUDY 2:
Climate Smart Farmers
in Eastern Indonesia
Case of Climate Smart Farmers in Lombok
(NTB), Sumba and West Timor (NTT)

The Need for Climate
Change Adaptation in
Food Insecure Areas
In food insecure areas in eastern Indonesia such as NTT and NTB, strong ElNiño events normally cause the problem of false rains, shortening the length
of rainy season. This condition leads to farmers experiencing repeated crop
failures and rendering it possible only to plant crops once in that year.
Crop failure due to drought during the 2006/07 El-Niño for
example, increased the reliance of NTT farmers to government aid. In
normal years, contribution of go e
e t aid to fa e s total i o e as
only 5%, but in 2006 El-Niño year, it increased to 60% (Kieft and
Soekarjo, 2007).

Therefore through many projects, supporting climate adaptation practices in
agriculture and water resources. Climate Smart Farmers will have to consider
more crop varieties, along with better water management and storage –
supported by more accurate and relevant forecasts that will help their
planting and harvesting.

Nusa Tenggara: Chronic areas for food insecurity

Disaste ‘isk i people s pe spe ti e
No
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Identified HAZARD
in any villages

West
Timor

Sumba Lombok

Total
Villages

Drought and excessive
rain (impact to food
insecurity)
Landslides
Plant pests
Typhoon/ hurricane
Floods
Livestock disease
Earthquake
Prairie fires
Mount eruption
Total villages
conducted DRA

12

14

0

26

11
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
12

4
10
3
5
7
0
3
0
14

4
0
4
0
0
3
0
3
4

19
10
14
8
7
3
5
3
42

Climate related disaster is on the top list...

To know how hard the new farming intervention would be,
a baseline survey (soil and socio-economic survey) was conducted...
Number of
District Name

District

Village

Farmer
Group

Lombok
Tengah

1

1

5

Lombok Barat

1

1

10

Lombok Timur
Sumba Barat
Sumba Barat
Daya
Sumba Timur
Kupang
Malaka
Timor Tengah
Utara

2
1

2
4

12
5

4

16

24

1
2
1

1
2
3

7
2
12

1

4

33

9

14

34

110

Number of soil sample
Chemical
Chemical
Physics
(profile)
(composite)
18

27

15

12

Number
of So-sec
responde
nts
106

31

36

14

13

7

16

51

30

30

110

65

114

59

55

290

Biology

Challe ges i
a keti g e
i dset
for climate smart agriculture (CSA)
• It is not easy to change the mindset of conventional
agriculture into climate smart agriculture concept:
• No e ha i al soil distu a e

• Pe

a e t soil o e

• C op otatio
Challenging to market ideas to Farmers that,
 Have limited educational background: In Lombok 47.40% farmer participants
are not finished elementary school while in Sumba and Timor (46.2% and
50.1% consecutively).
 Have limited land ownership. In Lombok, the average dry land ownership is
only 1.24 hectare per household with dominantly only single cropping pattern
(82.10%). The average maize yields are 3.27 ton/hectare in Lombok. The
most common land preparation by farmer is hand hoe and turning over the
soil (39.5% in Lombok, 78.3% in Sumba, and 66.5% in Timor).

It is also hard to change farming practices...
• The baseline survey result also showed that mostly crop residues are
intentionally burnt (43.4% in Lombok, 41.7% in Timor, and 25.5% in
Sumba, which in Sumba only 38.7% respondents stated that they collect
crop residue for livestock feeds. The rest is to be burned.
• In Lombok most of the farmer respondent use inorganic fertilizer for their
crop (96.10% respondents) while in Sumba and Timor most farmers use
organic fertilizer (56.60% in Sumba and 80.6% in Timor). In Lombok and
Sumba most farmers use herbicide to control weeds (76.30% and
50.90%), while in Timor they use manual weeding (68.5%).

...and, soil fertility
is low...

Lombok

Timor
Level of C organic
content
Very low (Below 1
%)
Low (1 – 2 %)
Moderate (2 – 3 %)
High (3 – 5 %)
Very high above 5
%
Total

Number
of sample
24
38
5

67

Sumba
Number of
sample

%

%

Number of
sample

%

35.82

33

76.74

22

32.84

56.72
7.46

10

23.26

10
17

14.93
25.37

17
1

25.37
1.49

67

100

100

43

100

Soil Bio-physics Baseline Survey Results
• C organic content. Generally organic content (C in %) in almost sample site in
Lombok and Timor are very low, but in Sumba generally are higher than Lombok
and Timor.
The analyses result of C organic content showed that 92.54 % of soil sample from
Timor have very low to low C organic content. In Lombok all soil sample have very
low to low C organic content. While in Sumba 47.76 % soil sample have very low
to low C organic content and 52.24 % with moderate to high C organic content.
• Climate characteristic of NTB and NTT Province.
Most areas in NTT amounting 4,334,487hectare (94.80%) and NTB 1,899,733
hectare (94.52 %) are categorized as dry area with total rainfall less than 2,000 mm
per year.

To join as participants in
Climate Smart Agriculture
Project will certainly make
them totally change their
mindset and habit....
Can they?

Still, there is a hope for climate smart
agriculture
• Interestingly, % farmer stated that they want to participate the
project because they are interested with the methods and
approach of the Climate Smart Agriculture is high: Lombok 53.9
% of respondents, Sumba 73.6 %, and Timor 82.90%.
• Why?  Farmer participants expect that through CSA they will
be able to improve crop yields, improve soil fertility, and have
better collaboration with group members.
• In Sumba and Timor most farmers (48.10% and 73.20%) stated
that their agricultural yield less sufficient for family
consumption.

• Their interest to know about climate uncertainty related to crop
plantings could be used as entering point to convert them into
climate smart farmers. Most farmers in the target areas
consider that uncertain climate rainfall as the main factor (out
of other 7 factors) influencing their agricultural activities
(30.20% in Lombok, 34.90% in Sumba, and 35.30% in Timor).
• In Sumba 47.20% frequently face food shortage and in Timor
34.1% stated rarely face food shortage. Food shortage in
Sumba and Timor is considered caused by harvest failure
(74.50% in Sumba and 50.0% in Timor) due to climate
uncertainty

...and Climate Smart Farmers try...

• Left: Test plot area in Sandubaya Experimental Station before cover crops
planting

• Right: Early growth stage of maize on ridge and furrows system at CA plot of
Patuh Angen Farmer group in Mareje, Lombok Barat. This area never
cultivated and considered by farmer as marginal land.

...and Climate Smart Farmers achieve...

Left: Pumpkins as cover crops on maize crops in Sandubaya Lombok
Right: The observation showed that maize with CSA techniques grow better
as compare to direct dibbling. The CA techniques were replicated during
CA training in other areas as part of practical works.

The early adopters set an example...
The others will easily follow...

Predict the rainfall and set plan for
planting season with communities
Rainfall prediction in TTU, West Timor
April 2013

Mei 2013

Proyeksi Curah Hujan di Sumba Timur

Rainfall prediction in East Sumba
April 2013

The prediction is 85% right in fact, and really help farmers in set
planting season and proper varieties

Rainfall mapping
Running Model

Administrative map

Final Mapping

Involvement and
engagement of as many as
stakeholders will ensure
sustainability

Who will support climate smart farmers
and ensuring sustainability?
A Stakeholder Influence and Engagement Analysis
was conducted to systematically map and evaluate
influential groups (not limited to government
agencies) and individuals that works on the issues
of climate adaptation and DRR at provincial and
district level. This will include those who are
instrumental in shaping public perceptions and
influencing regulatory framework, and crucial to
build a foundation for ustainability.
Influence parameters to be analyzed: Coverage of Influence
(local, provincial, national), Organizational Capacity, Budget profile, Personel capacity, and
Program Capacity.
Engagement parameters: Enthusiasm to involve, Policy
supports, Communication/Coordination, Budget Supports, and Personnel supports

Stakeholder's Closeness in Lombok Island
-evaluatio of project part ers’ achieve e tBupati
Pondok Pesantren/ Sekolah
Koperasi Mele Maju

BPTP

BAPPEDA KAB.
BPBD PROV.
BPBD KAB.

Karang Taruna

BLHP PROV.

FMKR

Dishutbun

KMPB

KLH Lomteng

Gapoktan HKm

Kesbangpolinmas

FF

DPRD

USAID

Dinas Sosial

WN

Dinas Kesehatan

Lombok TV

Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi

Nurani Rakyat

PMI

Radar Mandalika

Pemerintah Desa

Media Lombok Post
Perguruan Tinggi UNRAM
Samantha

Camat
Konsorsium LSM Lomteng
WWF

WFP
Transform

Stakeholder's Influence and Engagement
in Lombok Island

Bupati
BAPPEDA KAB.
BPBD PROV.

-evaluatio of project part ers’ achieve e t-

BPBD KAB.
BLHP PROV.

1

Dishutbun
KLH Lomteng

0,9

Kesbangpolinmas
DPRD
Dinas Sosial

0,8

Dinas Kesehatan

Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi
PMI

0,7

Pemerintah Desa
Camat

Influence (y)

0,6

Konsorsium LSM Lomteng
WFP
Transform

0,5

WWF
Samantha

0,4

Perguruan Tinggi UNRAM
Media Lombok Post
Radar Mandalika

0,3

Nurani Rakyat
Lombok TV
WN

0,2

USAID
FF

0,1

Gapoktan HKm
KMPB
FMKR

0
0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5
Engagement

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

Karang Taruna
Koperasi Mele Maju
Pondok Pesantren/ Sekolah
BPTP

Terima kasih
joseph.viandrito@yahoo.com
+62 (0) 821 6639 2772

Georgius Joseph Viandrito
Education:
•

International Certificates on Tsunami Science and Preparedness Dual Degree, 2008, University of
Washington & Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.

•

Master Degree, Graduate of International Studies Programme 1999, University of Indonesia.

•

Bachelor Degree