Global Uprising Radical Politics Since 1

Last changed: 22/09/07

Global Uprising:
Radical Politics since 1968

School of Politics and IR

Level 3 module
M13074
Autumn Semester 2007-8
Prof. Simon Tormey
Room C104/6 Law and Social Sciences
simon.tormey@nottingham.ac.uk
http://homepage/ntlworld.com/simon.tormey/

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Summary of Content:
This module surveys some of the key developments in radical political thought and practice
since 1968 through the study of exemplary texts and contemporary analyses of new political
forms. The main aim is to understand how theorists have responded to the crisis of

‘modernist’ ideological approaches such as anarchism, socialism and particularly Marxism.
The latter has in theoretical terms been the dominant paradigm in radical theory since the
end of the nineteenth century and forms the theoretical and conceptual frame of the module.
If Marxism - and other ‘isms’ - are dead or irrelevant what replaces them in radical politics?
How is dissatisfaction, alienation, anomie to be expressed in political terms? What happens
after the (Communist) Party is over’?
With one semester to examine these issues a highly selective approach has to be taken which
involves taking snapshots of a complex and demanding body of work concerning the theory
and practice of contemporary radicalism. Nevertheless I have attempted to select items that
seem exemplary and give an indication of the directions radical thought and practice have
gone. Also, it should be borne that the relationship with Marxism is itself complex – indeed
a number of these theorists would describe themselves as ‘Marxist’ even as they tear up what
others regard to be the fundaments of Marxism.
The module follows the following sequence:
1. All Power to the Comrades! Marx, Lenin and the modernist paradigm in
radical thought and practice - The legacy of Marx’s thought on radical politics,
and in particular the nature of Leninism and the Bolshevik Revolution.
Consideration of the work of a contemporary Leninist – Slavoj Zizek.
2. “Take your Dreams for Reality!” 1968, The Situationist International and the
revolution in everyday life focusing on the work of Raoul Vaneigem and Guy

Debord. The Situationists were a key inspiration for ‘culture jamming’ and the view
the first task of revolutionary praxis is to puncture the otherwise all consuming
culture of capitalism and the commodity form.
3. From Vertical to Horizontal: Deleuze and Guattari and the rise of the network
form. One of the more challenging works of radical theory A Thousand Plateaus
presents a depth critique of modernist thought and offers a model of thinking
through organisational interaction, the rhizome that has become enormously
influential in contemporary activist circles.
4. Post-Marxism, post-class, post-party politics: Laclau and Mouffe and radical
populism. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy is a key work building on the Gramscian
legacy in radical thought. Their work makes much of the proliferation of New Social
movements, identity politics and the necessity for alliances between otherwise
disparate groups and movements. Their paradigm valorises ‘populism’ as a
progressive form of politics, best exemplified in contemporary politics by the figure
of Chavez, President of Venezuela.

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5. ‘Change the world without taking power’. Really?: Holloway, Marcos,
Zapatismo - we look at a very recent work, John Holloway’s Change the World

Without taking Power. His work reflects important shifts in terms of the role of
vanguards and radical groups and was inspired by the examples of the Zapatistas and
the writings of their spokesperson Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos.
Aims:
Deepen understanding of contemporary politics; compare new and traditional forms of
radical thought and action; understand contemporary political processes from the point of
view of subaltern groups and movements.
Learning Outcomes:
a) Knowledge and understanding • knowledge of various radical tendencies, positions,
theoretical positions • knowledge of the development of oppositional politics since 1968 •
understanding the reasons why representative politics is in crisis and the modalities and
forms of post-representation in theory and practice.
b) Intellectual skills • ability to move between a variety of approaches and methods for the
study of contemporary politics • ability to evaluate competing accounts of the emergence of
complex political phenomena • ability to use a variety of data and evidence and primary and
secondary material to sustain hypotheses • ability to engage in detailed textual analysis
c) Professional and practical skills • evidence gathering and evaluation • advanced writing
skills under exam conditions • independent learning • ability to contribute to discussions and
debates in groups • effective time and resource management • ability to organise large scale
insurrection on the basis of horizontal political exchanges.

Module Organisation
If you have any questions relating to the reading list please e-mail
simon.tormey@nottingham.ac.uk. It is not viable for me to hold office hours as they would
have to be cancelled most weeks due to meetings etc. However I am always very pleased to
meet with students to discuss anything related to the module. Please email
maria.wade@nottingham.ac.uk for an appointment offering some times that are
convenient for you. I live in C106 of the West Wing of Law & Social Sciences (accessed via
C104).
Teaching
Teaching will be delivered by a 2 hour lecture-class to be held on Wednesdays from 9-11
pm in A05 Pharmacy, followed most weeks by 1 hour of film/discussion. The format
incorporates elements of formal lecturing based on powerpoint notes which are available on
my website, question and answer sessions, film and multimedia presentations. Attendance is
compulsory and a register will be taken in lecture. A film will be shown most weeks between
11-12 in the same room.

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If interest permits we will also convene a voluntary reading group which will meet weekly
between 12-1pm. The reading group will focus on the core or examinable readings. Some

weeks I will attend and on other occasions the group will be facilitated by Dr Andy
Robinson, a Post-Doctoral researcher in the school who specialises in the issues looked at
here.
Lecture programme
1. Marx I - The rationalist-modernist paradigm in political thought – with particular
reference to Marx
2. Marxism II - Leninism and the rise of the Party – to be followed by The People’s
Century: 1917 and the Bolshevik Revolution
3. Situationism I: Vaneigem and Debord on the Spectacle and the revolution in
everyday life
4. Situationism II: the Inheritance – Punk, Detournement, Culture Jamming, Banksy
and aesthetic revolt –to be followed by some strange short films (lab of the
insurrectionary imagination, the Clown Army etc.)
5. Post-Anarchism I – Trees and Rhizomes – introduction to Deleuze and Guattari.
6. Post-Anarchism II – the rise of the network form, hacktivism, horizontalism and
‘smooth space’ with more strange films
7. Laclau and Mouffe I – post-Lacanian thought and the problem of ‘lack’
8. Laclau and Mouffe II – populism as hegemonic politics, the case of Chavez – to be
followed by Venezuela Rising
9. Zapatismo I – introduction to Holloway

10. Zapatismo II – Holloway, Marcos, Zapatismo - to be followed by Zapatista!

Written Work Assignments
This module is offered at 20 credits. It is assessed via a 3 hour unseen written examination
worth 100% of the final mark for the module.
Whilst there is no requirement to submit summatively assessed essays, formative assessment
is important to evaluating one’s progress. You are thus very welcome to submit essays in the
course of the module to gauge how well you are doing and receive some feedback in
advance of the exam. The deadlines for formatively assessed essays are 7th November and
12th December. Essays on a topic related to the course should not exceed 2000 words and

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should be submitted in lecture or via email on or before these dates. To be clear such essays
will not count towards the final mark of the module – though of course they will help in
other ways (e.g. when it comes to me writing a reference for you).
Coursework Support
Please contact me if you have any difficulties with the module or the assessed work. I will be
available to see students without appointment during my office hours. Appointments to
meet at other times can be made via email.

Module Evaluation
Feedback and evaluation are crucial to the success of any module. We want students to have
their say on politics modules. Evaluation is by way of a module questionnaire to be
completed by students at the end of each semester. The questionnaires are analysed and a
full report prepared. Each report is reviewed by the Teaching Committee on an annual basis.
Guide to Sources and Reading:
The reading list is extensive, and students are advised wide reading is not merely desirable
but essential. Although you are not expected to read everything on the list you are expected
to read something. There is a growing literature on contemporary radical politics, and a vast
literature on the theoretical approaches covered in the course. Your understanding will be
strengthened if your reading reflects a range of perspectives.

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Reading
General Introductory Reading:
The following texts are the best guides to the general issues discussed in the module.
Tormey, Simon (2004) Anti-Capitalism: A Beginner's Guide (Oxford: Oneworld) This is usually
£9.99, but can be found via Amazon for much less – as low as £3.
Tormey, Simon (2006) Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism (London: Sage) Has

chapters on some of the thinkers we are concerned with: Laclau and Mouffe; Deleuze
and Guattari etc. but it is quite expensive (no, I don’t make huge sums out of these
books).
Day, Richard (2005) Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements (London:
Pluto) – more demanding than my anti-capitalism book, but covers similar ground and
would be an excellent alternative – good bibliography too.
Starr, Amory (2005) Global Revolt: A guide to the Movements Against Globalisation (London: Zed
Books).
Notes From Nowhere (2004) We are Everywhere: The Irresistible Rise of Global Anticapitalism
(London: Verso) – short on ‘theory’; but excellent in all other respects.
Topic 1: Marx, Lenin and the modernist paradigm in radical thought and practice
Orienting Questions
•

In what sense is Marx typical of ‘modernist’ theorizing? In what ways is he ayptical?

•

What are the principal elements of a Marxian theory of revolutionary change? Are
they ‘vertical’, totalitarian, irrelevant?

•

Was Lenin faithful to Marx’s work? If not, so what?

•

Is the ‘return’ to Lenin (as manifest in the work of Zizek) to be celebrated?

Essential reading
Note – all the Marx and Lenin texts (and many of the anarchist texts) are available on line
from Marxists.org or the anarchist archive.
Marx, K. and Engels F. (1848) The Communist Manifesto
Lenin, V I (1903) What it is to be Done?
Zizek, Slavoj (2001) ‘Repeating Lenin’ from www.lacan.com - examinable
Secondary Reading
Marx, Karl (1844). On the Jewish Question.
Marx, Karl (1845). The German Ideology.
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Marx, Karl (1852) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
Marx, Karl (1843) The German Ideology
Marx, Karl (1859) Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy
Marx, Karl (1864) Class Struggles in France
Marx, K. (1871) The Critique of the Gotha Programme
Bakunin, Mikhail (1867-72). Marxism, Freedom and the State.
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/mf-state/
Stirner, Max (1843) The Ego and its Own London: Rebel Press
Thomas, Paul (1975) Marx and the Anarchists, London: Routledge
Lenin, V I (1917) The State and Revolution
Further Reading
Aronson, Ronald (1995) After Marxism, New York: Guilford Press.
S Avineri (1975) The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx
Callinicos, Alex (1989) Marxist Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cleaver, Harry (1989) Reading Marx’s Capital Politically, London: AK Press
L Coletti (1967) ‘Marx, Engels and the Concept of the Party’, Socialist Register
Derrida, Jacques (1994) Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New
International P. Kamuf, London: Routledge.
Draper, Hal (1984) Marx’s Theory of Revolution, 3 vols.
Farber, Samuel (1984) Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy

Femia, Joseph V. (1993) Marxism and Democracy, Oxford: Clarendon Press,.
Gottlieb, Roger S. (1992) Marxism, 1844-1990 : Origins, Betrayal, Rebirth, New York:
Routledge.
Harding, Neil (1977) Lenin's Political Thought, London: Macmillan,.
Harding, Neil (1996) Leninism, Basingstoke: Macmillan,.
Hunt, Richard N. (1975) The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels, London: Macmillan,.
Johnstone, Monty (1967) ‘Marx, Engels and the Concept of the Party’, Socialist Register
Kolakowski, Leszek (1978) Main Currents of Marxism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lenin, Vladimir Iliych (1995) Lenin's Final Fight, New York: Pathfinder.
Lewin, Moshe (1969) Lenin's Last Struggle, London: Faber.
Liebman, Marcel (1975) Leninism under Lenin, London: Merlin.
Lichtheim, George (1964) Marxism : An Historical and Critical Study, London: Routledge and
K. Paul,.
Loewenstein, Julius I. (1980) Marx against Marxism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,.
Mclellan, David (1975) Marx, Glasgow: Fontana.
(1979) The Thought of Karl Marx
Mclellan, David (1979) Marxism after Marx : An Introduction, London: Macmillan,.
Lukács, György (1970) Lenin : A Study on the Unity of His Thought, London: NLB,.
Milliband, Ralph (1980) Marx and Politics, London.
Polan, A. J. (1984) Lenin and the End of Politics, London: Methuen.
Sartre J-P (1967) ‘Masses, Spontaneity, Party’, Socialist Register
Service, Robert (1991) Lenin : A Political Life, London: Macmillan,.
Singer, Peter (1980) Marx, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, Andrew and Simon Tormey (2005) 'A Ticklish Subject? Zizek and the Future of
Left Radicalism' Thesis Eleven 80, 94-107 – on my web site

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Robinson, Andrew and Simon Tormey (2006) 'Zizek's Marx: 'Sublime Object or 'Plague of
Fantasies'?' Historical Materialism 14:3, 145-74. – on my web site
Robinson, Andrew and Simon Tormey (forthcoming) – ‘Did somebody say Leninism? – on
my website.
Thoburn, N. (2002) 'Difference in Marx: The Lumpenproletariat and the Proletarian
Unnamable' Economy and Society 31:3, 434-60.
Tucker, Robert C. (1970) The Marxian Revolutionary Idea, London: Allen & Unwin,.
Ulam, Adam B. (1969) Lenin and the Bolsheviks, London: Fontana.
Wood, Allen (1980) Karl Marx
Zizek, S. (2001) 'What Can Lenin Tell Us About Freedom Today?' Rethinking Marxism 13:2,
1-9.
Zizek, Slavoj (2001). Repeating Lenin. http://www.lacan.com/replenin.htm
Zizek, S. (2002) 'A Plea for Leninist Intolerance' Critical Inquiry 28:2, 542-66.
Zizek, Slavoj (2002). 'Afterword: Lenin's Choice' in Revolution at the Gates: Selected Writings
of Lenin from 1917. S. Zizek. London, Verso: 167-336.

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Topic 2. 1968, The Situationist International, culture jamming and the revolution in
everyday life
Orienting questions:
•

Who were the Situationists and what was their contribution to understanding
contemporary consumer society?

•

What is ‘detournement’, ‘culture jamming’, ‘guerrilla advertising’, ‘subvertising’?

•

Is Situationism a contradiction in terms?

•

Is there life beyond The Matrix?

Essential Reading
Debord, Guy (1967) The Society of the Spectacle (1967)
Vaneigem, Raoul (1968) The Revolution in Everyday Life (1968) – chapters 15, 18-20 are
examinable
Secondary Reading
Debord, Guy, Gianfranco Sanguinetti, et al. (1990) Theses on the Situationist International and Its
Time, London: B.M. Chronos.
Debord, Guy (2004) Panegyric. Volumes 1 & 2, London ; New York: Verso.
Home, Stewart (1996) What Is Situationism? : A Reader, Edinburgh, Scotland ; San Francisco,
CA: AK Press.
Knabb, Ken (1981) Situationist International Anthology, Berkeley, Calif.: Bureau of Public
Secrets.
Further Reading
Andreotti, L. (2000) 'Play-Tactics of the Internationale Situationniste (Ludic Philosophy and
the Situationist Movement in Arts, Politics and Urbanism)' October 91, 37-58.
Ball, E. (1987) 'The Great Sideshow of the Situationist International' Yale French Studies 73,
21-37.
Blazwick, Iwona (1989) An Endless Adventure-- an Endless Passion-- an Endless Banquet : A
Situationist Scrapbook : The Situationist International Selected Documents from 1957 to 1962 :
Documents Tracing the Impact on British Culture from the 1960s to the 1980s London ; New
York: ICA Verso.
Bonnett, A. (2006) 'The Nostalgias of Situationist Subversion' Theory Culture & Society 23:5,
23-+.
Clark, T. J. and D. Nicholson-smith (1997) 'Why Art Can't Kill the 'Situationist
International'' October 79, 15-31.
Duncombe, Stephen (2002) The Cultural Resistance Reader London: Verso
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Gardiner, Michael (2000) Critiques of Everyday Life, London: Routledge.
Gray, Christopher (1998) Leaving the 20th Century: The Incomplete Work of the Situationist
International London: Rebel Press.
Heath Joseph and Andrew Potter (2004) The Rebel Sell: How the Counter Culture Became
Consumer Culture London: Capstone
Houissa, A. (2003) 'Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents'
Library Journal 128:1, 111-11.
Kaufmann, V. (2006) 'The Lessons of Guy Debord' October 115, 31-38.
Klein, Naomi (2000) No Logo London: Fontana
Mcdonough, T. (2006) 'Guy Debord, or the Revolutionary without a Halo' October 115, 3945.
Plant, Sadie (1992) The Most Radical Gesture : The Situationist International in a Postmodern Age,
London ; New York, NY: Routledge.
O'Sullivan, S. (2005) 'From Possible Worlds to Future Folds (Following Deleuze): Richter's
Abstracts, Situationist Cities, and the Baroque in Art' Journal of the British Society for
Phenomenology 36:3, 311-29.
Rasmussen, M. B. (2004) 'The Situationist International, Surrealism, and the Difficult Fusion
of Art and Politics' Oxford Art Journal 27:3, 367-+.
Stracey, F. (2003) 'Surviving History: A Situationist Archive' Art History 26:1, 56-77
Sussman, Elisabeth, Institute of Contemporary Art (Boston Mass.), et al. (1989) On the
Passage of a Few People through a Rather Brief Moment in Time : The Situationist International,
1957-1972, Cambridge, Mass. Boston
Watson, B. (2003) 'A Declaration of the Rights of Human Beings: On the Sovereignty of
Life as Surpassing the Rights of Man' Radical Philosophy 122, 40-42.
Wollen, P. (1989) 'The Situationist International' New Left Review 174, 67-96.
Web sites
Note: there is a good entry with links on the wikipedia entry ‘situationist’.
www.notbored.org
www.adbusters.org
www.labofii.net/home/ (lab of the insurrectionary imagination)
www.clownarmy.org/
www.bopsecrets.org/ (bureau of public secrets)
www.spacehijackers.co.uk/html/welcome.html
www.billboardliberation.com/
www.graphicattack.org.uk/
www.banksy.co.uk

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Topic 3. Post-Anarchism - Deleuze and Guattari and the rise of the network form
Orienting Questions
•

How does the approach favoured by Deleuze and Guattari break with modernist
approaches?

•

What is ‘post-anarchism’ and how does it differ from ‘anarchism’?

•

What is ‘network’/’horizontal’ politics and how does it differ from traditional
politics?

•

Does effective political action require representation?

Essential Reading
Deleuze and Guattari, Plateaux 1 ‘The Rhizome’ from A Thousand Plateaus (1980) – ( Plateau
1 is examinable)
Secondary Reading
Guattari, Felix and Antonio Negri (1990) Communists Like Us: New Spaces of Liberty, New
Lines of Alliance M. Ryan, New York: Semiotext(e).
Deleuze, Gilles. (1983) Nietzsche and Philosophy, London: Athlone Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. (1983) On the Line, New York City, N.Y.: Semiotext(e).
Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari (1984) Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, London:
Athlone Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. (1987) Dialogues, New York: Columbia University Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. (1994) Difference and Repetition, London: Athlone Press.
Deleuze, G. (1980) ‘Many Politics’ in Dialogues II edited by Claire Parnet, London, Athlone.
Further Reading
Bey, Hakim (1996). Immediatism.
http://www.as220.org/as220/weblog/articles/immediatism.html?seemore=y 12 April
2005
Bey, Hakim (2002) The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism, New
York: Semiotext(e).
Call, Lewis (2002) Postmodern Anarchism, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Duttmann, A. G. (2002) '... And... And...: Deleuze Politics' Angelaki 7:3, 171-76.
Goodchild, P. (1996) Deleuze and Guattari: An Introduction to the Politics of Desire, London: Sage.
Lecercle, J. J. (1995) 'Michael Hardt, Gilles Deleuze' Radical Philosophy, 48.
Marks, John (1998) Gilles Deleuze: Vitalism and Multiplicity, London: Pluto.
May, Todd (1995) The Moral Theory of Poststructuralism, University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State
University Press.
May, Todd (1994) The Political Philosophy of Post-Structuralist Anarchism, Pennsylvania, PN: Penn
State University Press.
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Newman, Saul (2001) From Bakunin to Lacan: Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power,
Oxford: Lexington Books
Newman, Saul (2005) Power and Politics in Poststructuralist Thought: New Theories of the Political
London: Routledge
Patton, Paul (2000) Deleuze and the Political, London: Routledge.
Pearson, K. A. (2004) 'Demanding Deleuze' Radical Philosophy, 33-38.
Protevi, John (2004) Political Physics London: Continuum.
Robinson, Andrew and Simon Tormey (2005). 'Horizontals, Verticals and the Conflicting
Logics of Transformative Politics' in Confronting Globalization. C. el-Ojeili and P.
Hayden. London, Palgrave.
Schrift, A. D. (2000) 'Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze, and the Subject of Radical Democracy'
Angelaki 5:2, 151-62.
Smith, D. W. (2003) 'Deleuze and the Liberal Tradition: Normativity, Freedom and
Judgement' Economy and Society 32:2, 299-324.
Thoburn, Nicholas (2003) Deleuze, Marx and Politics, London: Routledge.
Zizek, Slavoj (2004) Organs without Bodies: On Deleuze and Consequences, London: Routledge.
Tormey, Simon (2006) 'Not in My "Name": Deleuze, Zapatismo and the Critique of
Representation' Parliamentary Affairs 59:1, 138-54. [ A reply from a Laclau and Mouffeist, Lasse Thomassen, was published in the same journal in 60:1 2007 - with a rejoinder
by myself and Andy R]
Tormey and Townshend (2006), Key Thinkers, Chapter on Deleuze and Guattari.
Tormey, Simon (2005) ‘A Creative Power? The Uses of Deleuze’ Contemporary Political Theory
4:4
And the internet/cyberpolitics
Anderson, B: (1991) Imagined Communities, 2nd edn, Verso: London.
B, Nixon, P, Rucht, D: Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens and Social Movements, Routledge:
London and New York.
Bell, D and Kennedy, B (eds.): (2000) The Cybercultures Reader, Routlege: London and New
York.
Castells, M: (2000) The Rise of the Network Society, vol.1 of The Information age: Economy,
Society and Culture, 2nd edn, Blackwell: Oxford.
Everard, J: (2000) Virtual States, Routledge: London and New York.
Guisnel, J: (1997) Cyberwars, Plenum Trade: New York and London.
Jordan, T: (1999) Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet, Routledge:
London and New York.
Kahn, R and Kellner, D: ‘New media and internet activism: from the “Battle of Seattle” to
blogging’, New Media and Society, 6 (1), Sage: London and Thousand Oaks.
Kidd, D: ‘Indymedia.org.’ in McCaughey, M and Ayers, M (eds.) (2003) Cyberactivism: Online
Activism in Theory and Practice, Routledge: New York and London
McCaughey, M and Ayers, M: (2003) Cyberactvism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice,
Routledge: New York and London.
Smith, M and Kollock, P: (1999) Communities in Cyberspace, Routledge: London and New
York.

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Taylor, Paul and Jordan, T: (2004) Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a cause?, Routlege:
London

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Topic 4. Laclau and Mouffe – ‘Post-Marxism’ and the project of hegemony
Orienting Questions
•

What is the ‘post’ in ‘post-Marxism’?

•

What is a ‘hegemonic’ politics and how does it differ from non-hegemonic forms?

•

What is the relationship between hegemony and populism?

•

Is Chavez the quintessential hegemonic figure in contemporary politics?

Essential Reading
Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical
Democratic Politics, London: Verso. (chapter 4 is examinable).
Secondary Reading
Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe (1987) 'Post-Marxism without Apologies' New Left
Review 166, 79-106.
Laclau, E. (1989). 'The Signifiers of Democracy'. Democracy and possessive individualism: the
Intellectual legacy of C B Macpherson, Toronto; Canada, Albany.
Laclau, E. (1993). 'Universalism, Particularism, and the Question of Identity'. Ethnicity, identity
and nationalism in South Africa: past, present, future, Grahamstown; South Africa, Chicago.
Laclau, E. (1995) '"the Time Is out of Joint"' Diacritics 25:2, 86.
Laclau, Ernesto (1996) Emancipation(S), London: Verso.
Laclau, E. (1997) 'Converging on an Open Quest' Diacritics 27:1, 17-19.
Laclau, E. (2001) 'Can Immanence Explain Social Struggles?' Diacritics 31:4, 3-10.
Laclau, E. (2001) 'Carver, Terrell. The Postmodern Marx' American Political Science Review 95:4,
976.
Laclau, E. (2001) 'Democracy and the Question of Power' Constellations 8, 3-14.
Laclau, E. (2005) On Populist Reason London: Verso
Further Reading
Berns, E. E. (1996) 'Decision, Hegemony and Law: Derrida and Laclau' Philosophy and Social
Criticism 22:4, 71-80.
Bertram, B. (1995) 'New Reflections on the "Revolutionary" Politics of Ernesto Laclau and
Chantal Mouffe' Boundary 2 22:3, 81-110.
Best, B. (1999) 'Strangers in the Night: The Unlikely Conjunction of Fredric Jameson and
Ernesto Laclau' Rethinking Marxism 11:3, 1-19.
Brockelman, Thomas (2003) 'The Failure of the Radical Democratic Imaginary: Zizek
Versus Laclau and Mouffe on Vestigial Utopia' Philosophy and Social Criticism 29:2, 187212.
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Butler, J., E. Laclau, et al. (1997) 'The Uses of Equality' Diacritics 27:1, 3-12.
Butler, Judith, Ernesto Laclau, et al. (2000) Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary
Dialogues on the Left, London: Verso.
Critchley, S. (1998) 'Metaphysics in the Dark - a Response to Richard Rorty and Ernesto
Laclau' Political Theory 26:6, 803-17.
Critchley, Simon and Oliver Merchart (2004) Laclau: A Critical Reader
Daly, G. (1994) 'Post-Metaphysical Culture and Politics: Richard Rorty and Laclau and
Mouffe' Economy and Society 23:2, 173.
El-Ojeili, C. (2001) 'Mouffe, C. The Democratic Paradox; Butler, J, Laclau, E, Zizek, S.
Contingency, Universality, Hegemony: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left' New
Zealand Sociology 16:2, 146-49.
Gilbert, J. (2001) 'A Question of Sport? Butler Contra Laclau Contra Zizek' New Formations
44, 151-56.
Hadfield, A. (1995) 'Narratives of Home and Displacement Ernesto Laclau, Ed., the Making
of Political Identities' Radical Philosophy, 44.
Haver, W. (2002) 'Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek: Contingency, Hegemony,
Universality. Contemporary Dialogues on the Left' Parallax 8:3, 103.
Hetzel, A. (2002) 'Butler, Judith, Ernesto Laclau Und Slavoj Zizek: Contingency, Hegemony,
Universality. Contemporary Dialogues on the Left' Argument 44:5/6, 857-59.
Holub, Renate (1992) Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism, London Routledge
Nash, Kate (2002) 'Thinking Political Sociology: Beyond the Limits of Post-Marxism' History
of the Human Sciences 15:4, 97-114.
Shantz, J. (2000) 'A Post-Sorelian Theory of Social Movement Unity: Social Myth
Reconfigured in the Work of Laclau and Mouffe' Dialectical Anthropology 25:1, 89-108.
Sim, Stuart. (2000) Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, London: Routledge.
Smith, Anne-Marie (2000) Laclau and Mouffe: The Radical Democratic Imaginary London;
Routledge
Thomassen, Lasse and Lars Tonder (eds) (2006) Radical Democracy: Politics Between Abundance
and Lack Manchester: MUP
Torfing, Jacob (1999) New Theories of Discourse Oxford: Blackwell
Tormey, Simon and Jules Townshend (2006) Key Thinkers chapter on Laclau and Mouffe
Townshend, J. (2004) 'Laclau and Mouffe's Hegemonic Project: The Story So Far' Political
Studies 52:2, 269-88.
Veltmeyer, H. (2000) 'Post-Marxist Project: An Assessment and Critique of Ernesto Laclau'
Sociological Inquiry 70:4, 499-519.
Wenman, M. A. (2003) 'Laclau or Mouffe? Splitting the Difference' Philosophy and Social
Criticism 29:5, 581-606.
Wood, Ellen Meiksins (1986) The Retreat from Class London: Verso
Zerilli, L. (2002) 'Butler, Laclau, and Zizek, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality:
Contemporary Dialogues on the Left' Political Theory 30:1, 167-70.
Zizek, Slavoj (1990). 'Beyond Discourse Analysis' in New Reflections on the Revolution of Our
Times. E. Laclau. London, Verso.

15

Topic 5. Holloway, Marcos, Zapatismo
Orienting Questions
•

How according to Holloway can we ‘change the world without taking power?’

•

What is the matter with power? What is the matter with the state?

•

How if at all does Zapatismo illustrate Holloway’s thoughts on radical change?

•

What is the relevance of the Zapatista insurgency for political actors in advanced
industrial society?

Essential Reading
Holloway, John (2002) Change the World Without Taking Power London: Pluto (pp. 1-42 are
examinable)
Marcos, Subcomandante Insurgente (2000) Our Word is our Weapon London: Serpents Tail
Secondary Reading
Alam, M. Junaid (2005). Taking Power Seriously: A Response to John Holloway.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=7610
Bensaid, Daniel (2006) On a Recent Book by John Holloway. International Viewpoint.
Bensaid, Daniel (2006) Twelve Comments, Plus One More, to Continue the Debate with
John Holloway. International Viewpoint. On line
Holloway, John and Elena Pelaez, eds. (1998). Zapatista! Reinventing Revolution in Mexico.
London, Pluto.
Holloway, John (2003) 'Is the Zapatista Struggle an Anti-Capitalist Struggle?' The Commoner 6.
on line
Holloway, John (2006). Drive Your Cart and Your Plough over the Bones of the Dead.
http://www.herramienta.com.ar
Various (2006-). Debate on John Holloway. http://www.herramienta.com.ar/
Further Reading
Beverley, John, Michael Aronna, et al. (1995) The Postmodernism Debate in Latin America,
Durham: Duke University Press.
Burbach, Roger (2001) Globalization and Postmodern Politics : From Zapatistas to High-Tech Robber
Barons, London Pluto Press
Clarke, Ben and Clif Ross (1994) Voice of Fire : Communiqués and Interviews from the Zapatista
National Liberation Army, Berkeley, CA: New Earth Publications.
Collier, G. A. (1999) Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas, London: Food First
Books.
16

Ejército Zapatista De Liberación Nacional (Mexico) (1994) Zapatistas! : Documents of the New
Mexican Revolution (December 31,1993-June 12, 1994), Brooklyn, N.Y., USA:
Autonomedia.
Eschle, Catherine and Bice Maiguashca (2005) Critical Theories, International Relations, and "the
Anti-Globalisation Movement" : The Politics of Global Resistance, London: Routledge,.
Foley, Michael W. and United States Institute of Peace. (1999). Southern Mexico
Counterinsurgency and Electoral Politics. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS36205
Higgins, Nicholas P. (2004) Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion : Modernist Visions and the
Invisible Indian, Austin, Tx.: University of Texas Press.
Katzenberger, Elaine (1995) First World, Ha Ha Ha! : The Zapatista Challenge, San Francisco:
City Lights Books.
Marcos, Simon J. Ortiz, et al. (2001) Questions & Swords : Folktales of the Zapatista Revolution, El
Paso, Tex.: Cinco Puntos Press.
Marcos and Dinah Livingstone (2001) Zapatista Stories, London: KATABASIS.
Olesen, Thomas (2004) International Zapatismo: The Construction of Solidarity in the Age of
Globalization, London: Zed Books.
Olesen, Thomas (2004) 'The Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network: An Infrastructure
Analysis' Global Networks 4:1, 89-107.
Pollack, Aaron (1999) Epistemological Struggle and International Organizing : Aplying the Experience
of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation / C Aaron Pollack, The Hague: Institute of
Social Studies.
Ronfeldt, David F. and Arroyo Center. (1998) The Zapatista "Social Netwar" in Mexico, Santa
Monica, CA: Rand.
Ross, John (2000) The War against Oblivion : Zapatista Chronicles, 1994-2000, Monroe, Me.:
Common Courage Press.
Rus, Jan, Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo, et al. (2003) Mayan Lives, Mayan Utopias : The
Indigenous Peoples of Chiapas and the Zapatista Rebellion, Lanham, Md. ; Oxford: Rowman &
Littlefield.
Russell, Philip L. (1995) The Chiapas Rebellion, Austin, Tex.: Mexico Resource Center.
Robinson, Andrew and Simon Tormey (2005). 'Horizontals, Verticals and the Conflicting
Logics of Transformative Politics' in Confronting Globalization. C. el-Ojeili and P.
Hayden. London, Palgrave

17

Additional general reading on aspects of contemporary radical politics
‘Critical theory’ (aka The Frankfurt School) – not covered directly but a key neoMarxian current which could easily have been a topic had time allowed
Bokina, John and Timothy J. Lukes (1994) Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left,
Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
Habermas, Jurgen (1981) 'Modernity Versus Postmodernity' New German Critique 22, 3-14.
Habermas, J. (1984) [1981] The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and Rationalization of
Society. Volume One. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, J. (1986) ‘Life Forms, Morality and the Task of the Philosopher’ in P. Dews (ed.)
Habermas: Autonomy and Solidarity. London: Verso.
Habermas, J. (1987) [1985] The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, J. (1989) [1962] The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Held, David (1980) Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas, University of
California Press, Berkeley.
Marcuse, Herbert (1964) One Dimensional Man, London: Sphere Books.
Marcuse, Herbert (1969) Essay on Liberation, London: Allen Lane Press.
Passerin d'Entrèves, Maurizio and Seyla Benhabib (1997) Habermas and the Unfinished Project of
Modernity: Critical Essays on the Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Press.
Peters, Michael, Mark Olssen, et al. (2003) Futures of Critical Theory: Dreams of Difference,
Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
World Social Forum Amoore, Louise (2005) The Global Resistance Reader, London: Routledge.
Bircham, Emma and John Charlton (2001) Anticapitalism: A Guide to the Movement, London:
Bookmarks.
Callinicos, Alex (2003) An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers;
Cambridge Polity Press; distributed in the USA by Blackwell publishing Inc.
Fisher, William F. and Thomas Ponniah (2003) Another World Is Possible: Popular Alternatives to
Globalization at the World Social Forum, London; New York: Zed Books.
Leite, José Corrêa and Carolina Gil (2005) World Social Forum: Strategies of Resistance, Chicago,
Ill.: Haymarket Books.
McLeish, Phil (2004) 'The Promise of the European Social Forum' The Commoner 8.
Mertes, Tom and Walden F. Bello (2004) A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really
Possible?, London ; New York: Verso.
Notes From Nowhere. (2003) We Are Everywhere: The Irresistible Rise of Global Anticapitalism,
London; New York: Verso.
Sen, Jai, ed. (2004). World Social Forum: Challenging Empires. New Delhi, Viveka.
Starr, Amory (2000) Naming the Corporate Enemy: Anti-Corporate Movements Confront
Globalization, London: Zed.

18

Tormey, Simon (2004b) 'The 2003 European Social Forum: Where Next for the AntiCapitalist Movement?' Capital & Class 84, 151-60.
Additional Reading that doesn’t quite fit in any category, yet which is nonetheless
potentially useful:
Adams, Ian and R. W. Dyson (2003) Fifty Major Political Thinkers, London; New York:
Routledge.
Bandy, Joe and Jackie Smith (2005) Coalitions across Borders: Transnational Protest and the
Neoliberal Order, Lanham, Md. ; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bello, Walden F. and Anuradha Mittal (2001) The Future in the Balance: Essays on Globalization
and Resistance, Oakland, Calif.: Food First Books: Co-published with Focus on the
Global South: Distributed by LPC Group.
Bhabha, Homi (1994) The Location of Culture, London: Routledge.
Callinicos, Alex (1989) Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Chandler, David (2004) Constructing Global Civil Society: Morality and Power in International
Relations, Houndmills [England] ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cohen, Stanley and Laurie Taylor (1992) Escape Attempts: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to
Everyday Life, London: Routledge.
Danaher, Kevin and Jason Dove Mark (2003) Insurrection: Citizen Challenges to Corporate Power,
New York; London: Routledge.
Day, RJF (2004) 'From Hegemony to Affinity: The Political Logic of the Newest Social
Movements' Cultural Studies 18:5, 716-48.
Derrida, Jacques (1994) Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New
International P. Kamuf, London: Routledge.
Dews, Peter (1987) Logics of Disintegration: Post-Structuralist Thought and the Claims of Critical
Theory, London: Verso.
Diani, Mario and Doug McAdam (2003) Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to
Collective Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Diani, Mario and Ron Eyerman (1992) Studying Collective Action, London: Sage.
Doyle, Timothy (2005) Environmental Movements in Minority and Majority Worlds: A Global
Perspective, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Drainville, Andre C. (2004) Contesting Globalization: Space and Place in the World Economy,
London: Routledge.
Dryzek, John S. (1997) The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses, Oxford; New York:
Oxford University Press.
Freire, Paolo (1996) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, London: Penguin.
Gardiner, Michael (2000) Critiques of Everyday Life, London: Routledge.
Garner, Robert (2000) Environmental Politics: Britain, Europe, and the Global Environment,
Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
Gatens, Moira (1998) Feminist Ethics, Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate.
Germain, Randall D. and Michael Kenny (2005) The Idea of Global Civil Society, London; New
York: Routledge.
Guha, Ramachandra (2000) Environmentalism: A Global History, New York; Harlow: Longman.
Haber, Honi Fern (1994) Beyond Postmodern Politics: Lyotard, Rorty, Foucault, London:
Routledge.
Havel, Vaclav (1985) The Power of the Powerless, London: Hutchinson.
19

Held, David and Anthony McGrew (2002) Globalization/Anti-Globalization, Cambridge:
Polity.
Howard, D. and D. Pacom (1998) 'Autonomy - the Legacy of the Enlightenment: A
Dialogue with Castoriadis' Thesis Eleven 52, 83-102.
Klein, Naomi (2002) Fences and Windows, London: Flamingo.
Lechner, Frank and John Boli (2004) The Globalization Reader, Malden, Mass; Oxford:
Blackwell.
McGee, D. T. (1997) 'Post-Marxism: The Opiate of the Intellectuals' Modern Language
Quarterly 58:2, 201-26.
Merchant, Carolyn (1992) Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World, New York: Routledge.
Pepper, David (1996) Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction, London; New York:
Routledge.
Rubin, Charles T. (1998) The Green Crusade: Rethinking the Roots of Environmentalism, Oxford:
Rowman & Littlefield,.
Sachs, Wolfgang (1993) Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict, London: Zed Books.
Schalit, Joel (2002) The Anti-Capitalism Reader: Imagining a Geography of Opposition, New York:
Akashic Books.
Scott, James (1987) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, New Haven CN:
Yale UP.
Scott, James C. (1992) Domination and the Arts of Resistance, New Haven CT: Yale University
Press.
Seel, Benjamin, Matthew Paterson, et al. (2000) Direct Action in British Environmentalism,
London: Routledge.
Sim, Stuart, ed. (1998). Post-Marxism: A Reader. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
Sutton, Philip W. (2000) Explaining Environmentalism: In Search of a New Social Movement,
Aldershot: Ashgate.
Taylor, Rupert (2004) Creating a Better World: Interpreting Global Civil Society, Bloomfield, CT:
Kumarian Press.
Veltmeyer, H. (2000) 'Post-Marxist Project: An Assessment and Critique of Ernesto Laclau'
Sociological Inquiry 70:4, 499-519.
Wall, Derek (1999) Earth First! And the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism and
Comparative Social Movements, London: Routledge.
Wall, Derek (2006) Babylon Economics London: Pluto.

20

The Exam
The Exam lasts three hours and counts for 100% of the assessment for the module. The
paper consists of 2 sections. Section A is composed of quotes from the key texts examined
in the course of the module – 6 in all. You are asked to comment on the ‘content and
significance’ of 3 quotes. Section B consists of 4 general questions. You are asked to answer
1. All answers count equally, i.e. 25% of the paper.
In view of the above it is imperative that you familiarise yourself with the texts and with the
issues addressed by the module. A good strategy re the former would be to use the
opportunity of the formative essays to write critical assessments of two texts, drawing on as
much of the secondary material as possible.
The questions in Section B cover the following issues which can be regarded as topics for
revision purposes:
1. The relevance of Marxism as a theoretical approach and guide to political action –
this could encompass issues such as the role of the party form; the relevance of the working
class as an agent of struggle; the validity of a single end point (communism) as a horizon for
emancipatory efforts.
2. The relationship between theory and practice – do social movements need ‘theory’?
should political theorists see themselves as ‘political’? Are they representatives in some
sense?
3. ‘New’ forms of politics – networks, detournement, rhizomes, carnival etc – are they
really more effective than traditional forms of mobilisation? Should networks replace
parties?
4. The future of radical politics – how does radical politics mirror contemporary
developments with regard to individualisation. Globalisation, post-modernisation? Are
prospects for radical change to global capitalism better or worse given the absence of an
overarching narrative of emancipation?

21

Sample exam paper
GLOBAL UPRISING 2007
3 hours

Students must complete Part A and Part B of the exam paper. All essay
questions count equally (25%).
PART A
Write commentaries on the content and significance of three of the following
extracts:

1. ‘In what relation do the Communists stand to the proletarians as a whole? The Communists
do not form a separate party opposed to the other working-class parties. They have no
interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole. They do not set up any
sectarian principles of their own, by which to shape and mould the proletarian movement …
The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, the most advanced and resolute
section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all
others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the
advantage of clearly understanding the lines of march, the conditions, and the ultimate
general results of the proletarian movement. (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, T h e
Communist Manifesto, s. II)
2. ‘The role is a consumption of power. It locates one in the representational hierarchy, and
hence in the spectacle: at the top, at the bottom, in the middle but never outside the hierarchy,
whether this side of it or beyond it. The role is thus the means of access to the mechanism of
culture: a form of initiation. It is also the medium of exchange of individual sacrifice, and in
this sense performs a compensatory function. And lastly, as a residue of separation, it strives
to construct a behavioural unity; in this aspect it depends on identification.’ (Raoul
Vaneigem, The Revolution in Everyday Life, Chapter 15, ‘Roles’)
3. ‘Unlike the tree, the rhizome is not the object of reproduction: neither external reproduction
as image-tree nor internal reproduction as tree-structure. The rhizome is an antigenealogy. It
is a short-term memory or anti memory. The rhizome operates by variations, expansion,
conquest, capture. offshoots. Unlike the graphic arts, drawing, or photography, unlike
tracings, the rhizome pertains to a map that must be produced, constructed, a map that is
always detachable, connectable, reversible, modifiable, and has multiple entryways and exits
and its own lines of flight. It is tracings that must be put on the map, not the opposite. In
contrast to centered (even polycentric) systems with hierarchical modes of communication
and preestablished paths. The rhizome is an acentered, nonhierarchical, nonsignifying system
without a General and without an Organizing memory or central automaton, defined solely by
a circulation of states’ (Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, Plateau 1,
The Rhizome)
4. ‘Pluralism is radical only to the extent that each term of this plurality of identities find within
itself the principle of its own validity, without this having to be sought in a transcendent or
underlying positive ground for the hierarchy of meaning of them all and the source and
guarantee of their legitimacy. And this radical pluralism is democratic to the extent that this
autoconstitutivity of each one of its terms is the result of the displacement of the egalitarian

22

imaginary. Hence the project for a radical and plural democracy, in a primary sense, is
nothing other than the struggle for a maximum autonomization of spheres on the basis of the
generalization of the equivalential-egalitarian logic’. (Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe,
Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, p. 167)
5. ‘The struggle to liberate power-to is not the struggle to create a counter-power, but rather an
anti-power, something that is radically different from power-over. Concepts of revolution that
focus on the taking of power are typically centred on the notion of counter-power … Antipower is not counter-power, but something much more radical: it is the dissolution of power
over, the emancipation of power-to.’ (John Holloway, Change the World Without Taking
Power, p. 36).
6. ‘“Lenin” is not the nostalgic name for old dogmatic certainty; quite on the contrary, to put it
in Kierkegaard’s terms, THE Lenin which we want to retrieve is the Lenin-in-becoming, the
Lenin whose fundamental experience was that of being thrown into a catastrophic new
constellation in which old coordinates proved useless, and who was thus compelled to
REINVENT Marxism — recall his acerbic remark apropos of some new problem: “About
this, Marx and Engels said not a word.” The idea is not to return to Lenin, but to REPEAT
him in the Kierkegaardian sense: to retrieve the same impulse in today’s constellation. The
return to Lenin aims neither at nostalgically reenacting the “good old revolutionary times,”
nor at the opportunistic-pragmatic adjustment of the old program to “new conditions,” but at
repeating, in the present world-wide conditions, the Leninist gesture of reinventing the
revolutionary project in the conditions of imperialism and colonialism, more precisely: after
the politico-ideological collapse of the long era of progressism in the catastrophe of 1914.’
(Slavoj Zizek, Repeating Lenin – s. ‘Entre nous’)

PART B
Answer one of the following questions
1. ‘The persistence of capitalism renders Marxism more, rather than less,
relevant for those interested in radical politics’. Discuss.
2. What does the trajectory of radical thought since 1968 suggest in terms
of the relationship between radical theory and radical political practice?
3. Which of the non-party political strategies emerging after 1968 would
seem to be the most effective and why?
4. Of the thinkers you have studied in the course of the module, whose
analysis of power seems the most compelling – and why?

23

Finally some dos and don’ts
Do …
•

Attend the lecture-class – attendance requirements are hardly onerous so you need to
make sure you get along and interact.

•

Work around the idea of the module as an ‘onion’ structure at the heart which are
the core/examinable readings, surrounded by layers of other primary work, then
secondary work, activist materials, biographies etc.

•

read and write as the module goes along – submit essays, if only of ‘provisional’
quality to get yourself motivated and learning. Wide reading is not merely desirable
but necessary to do well on the module. If you find the reading demanding(!) then
get along to the reading group.

•

think about the issues we are looking at and engage with websites and news media in
which these issues are addressed – Indymedia gives a particularly good sense of how
the issues looked at here cash out in terms of debating particular strategies. So does
Schnews which is the weekly bulletin of disaffiliated activist currents in the UK.

•

talk to activists and try to broaden your sense of how theory maps onto the world –
or doesn’t. A visit to (for example) the SUMAC in Forest Fields for a film/debate
will sharpen your sense of the stakes involved, as well any protest or demonstration,
conferences and workshops are regularly organised locally. The Centre for the Study
of Social and Global Justice (CSSGJ) housed in the School hosts regular seminars
and workshops which are open to all on themes which strongly overlap with this
module.

•

Let me know if you are struggling generally.

•

Smile – be happy – it might be fun!

Don’t
•

Think the module is necessarily more challenging than anything else on offer in the
School – the exam paper follows