MALAY LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG THE SPEAKERS IN DESA BARU BATANG KUIS.
MALAY LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG THE SPEAKERS
IN DESA BARU BATANG KUIS
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
RISKI AMRINA SARI
Registration Number: 8136111051
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Sari, Riski Amrina. Registration Number 8136111051. Malay Language
Maintenance Among The Speakers in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Thesis.
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School, State
University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study explained Malay language maintenance among the speakers in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis. The objectives of the study are (1) to find out the factors
affecting language maintenance (2) to find out the strategies in maintaining the
Malay language in Desa Baru Batang Kuis and (3) to find out the reasons why the
speakers have to maintain Malay language in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. The method
of this study was descriptive qualitative research. The participants were 30 Malay
people who live in Desa Baru Batang Kuis taken by purposive random sampling.
The data were taken from questionnaire and interview as instrument. The
questionnaire used to answer the factors affecting the Malay language
maintenance and the strategies in maintaining Malay language. While the
interview was used to answer the reasons in maintaining Malay language. The
data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman matrix (1994). This research
found the following results (1) There are six factors affecting Malay language
maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis such as: living together and see each
other, ethno linguistic vitality, use of the language in family domain
(intramarriage and intermarriage), use of the language in neighborhood domain
and use of the language in religion domain, following traditional ceremony. (2) To
maintain Malay language, the Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis conducted
some strategies like: using Malay language in social meeting, establish traditional
organizations, listening the radio in vernacular language, watching vernacular
language Channel, family language policy, reading article and journal in
vernacular language. (3) The reasons why the Malay people maintain the language
are: they were proud being Malay people and speak Malay language, Malay
language shows their identity as Malay people, and Malay language is the element
of national culture and also a source of vocabulary for Indonesia language.
i
ABSTRAK
Sari, Riski Amrina. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111051. Pemertahanan Bahasa
Melayu Antara Penutur di Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Tesis. Jurusan Linguistik
Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan
(UNIMED). 2015.
Penelitian ini memaparkan pemertahanan bahasa Melayu antara penutur di Desa
Baru Batang Kuis. Penelitian ini bertjuan (1) untuk menemukan faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa, (2) untuk menemukan strategi-strategi
mempertahankan bahasa Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis, dan (3) untuk
menemukan alasan-alasan mengapa penutur masih mempertahankan bahasa
Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalah analisa deskriptif kualitatif. Partisipan adalah 30 orang Malayu yang
tinggal di Desa Baru Batang Kuis diambil dengan penentuan sample dengan
pertimbangan tertentu. Data diambil dari kuesioner dan interview sabagai
instrument. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjawab faktor-faktor apa yang
mempengaruhi pemertahan bahasa Melayu dan strategi mempertahankan bahasa
Melayu. Sedangkan interview digunakan untuk menjawab mengapa orang Melayu
mempertahankan Bahasa Melayu. Data di analisa dengan matriks oleh Miles dan
Huberman (1994). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) ada enam faktor yang
mempengaruhi pemertahan bahasa Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis seperti:
tinggal bersama dan sering berjumpa satu sama lain, kebanggaan terhadap suku
dan bahasa Melayu, menggunakan bahasa Melayu di lingkungan keluarga
(pernikahan sesama suku dan pernikahan berbeda suku), menggunakan bahasa
Melayu di lingkungan tetangga dan menggunakan bahasa Melayu di lingkungan
keagamaan dan mengikuti adat istiadat. (2) Untuk mempertahankan bahasa
Melayu, orang-orang Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis melakukan beberapa cara
yaitu: menggunakan bahasa Melayu di pertemuan sosial atau, dan pembentukan
organisasi adat tradisional, mendengarkan program radio yang berbahasa daerah,
menonton acara televisi yang berbahasa daerah, aturan penggunaan bahasa di
keluarga, membaca artikel dan jurnal yang berbahasa daerah, (3) Alasan mengapa
orang-orang melayu mempertahankan bahasa Melayu adalah; mereka bangga
menjadi orang Melayu dan berbahasa Melayu, Bahasa Melayu menunjukkan
identitas mereka sebagai orang Melayu, dan Bahasa Melayu adalah unsur dari
budaya nasional dan juga sumber kosa kata untuk Bahasa Indonesia.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
The writer would like to express her deep devotion and thanks to the
almighty Allah SWT, for everything has given to the writer to finishing this
thesis. Shalawat and Salam to Prophet Muhammad SAW as the messenger, has
brought the humankind from the bad characters to the good ones.
The writer would like to express her great gratitude to Prof. Sumarsih,
M.Pd. her first adviser for the valuable time spent in giving the guidance,
comments and criticism to manuscript of the thesis. She also would like to thank
Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum. her second adviser who patiently spent
valuable time for advising, guiding and giving great help in the clarification of
important ideas to complete this thesis.
At this opportunity she also would like to thank all staff of the English
Applied Linguistic Program Prof. Busmin Gurning M.Pd the head of English
Applied Linguistics for his idea given to the writer and Mr. Farid for aboundantly
helpful and invaluable information on administrative requirements for the degree
of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum)
The writer’s great thanks also go to her examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. They
had given suggestions, criticisms, opinions and improvements for this thesis. He also
would like to express her thankfulness for all lectures teaching him during the
academic years of LTBI. Then, all students of LTBI Executive A1 who had given
encouragement in writing this thesis.
iii
Finally, her special gratitude is also dedicated to her beloved father Amril
Nazib and mother Darmisah for supporting her in finishing her thesis. Her
brothers and sisters Yanuar Amri, Rahmat Setiawan, Usnul Fahreza, Novita Sari,
S.Pd. Aifa Namira, S.Pd SD. Halimah Lubis, S.Pd.I. And Serda Gendra Tri
Wibowo for supporting.
Medan, Mei 2015
Riski Amrina Sari
8136111051
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................
ix
LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................
x
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................
xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study .....................................
1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ...........................................
6
1.3 The Objective of the Study .........................................
7
1.4 The Scope of .the Study ..............................................
7
1.5 The Significance of the Study .....................................
7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework ...............................................
9
2.1.1. Sociolinguistics ................................................
9
2.1.2. Language Choice..............................................
10
2.1.3. Language Maintenance ....................................
11
2.1.3.1. The Factors affecting Language
Maintenance ..........................................
v
14
2.1.3.2. Strategy for Language Maintenance ......
20
2.2 Relevant Studies ..........................................................
23
2.3 Conceptual Framework ...............................................
26
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method .........................................................
29
3.2 Site and Participants ....................................................
29
3.3 Technique of Data Collection .....................................
30
3.4 Instrument of Data Collection .....................................
31
3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study ...............................
31
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis ........................................
33
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDING AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis ..............................................................
34
4.1.1. Factors affecting Malay Language Maintenance
34
4.1.1.1. Living together and see each other frequently
36
4.1.1.2. Ethno Linguistics Vitality ...........................
39
4.1.1.3. Use of the Language in Family Domain
(Intramarriage and Intermarriage ................
40
4.1.1.4. Use of the Language in Neighborhood
Domain .......................................................
43
4.1.1.5. Use of the Language in Religion Domain ..
45
4.1.1.6 Practice Traditional Ceremony ....................
48
vi
4.1.2. Strategy of Language Maintenance ....................
50
4.1.2.1. Using Malay Language in Social Meeting .
52
4.1.2.2. Establish Traditional Organization .............
54
4.1.2.3. Listening the Radio in Malay Language
Program…………………………………….
55
4.1.2.4. Watching Malay Language Program ..........
57
4.1.2.5. Family Language Policy .............................
58
4.1.2.6. Reading Article and Journal in Malay
Language…………………………………..
60
4.1.3. The Reasons of Maintaining Malay Language ...
62
4.1.3.1. Proud Being Malay People .........................
62
4.1.3.2. Show the Identity as Malay People ............
63
4.1.3.3. Malay Language Is the Element of National
Culture and Source of Vocabulary for Bahasa
Indonesia ....................................................
64
4.2 Findings .......................................................................
65
4.3 Discussion ...................................................................
66
4.3.1. Factors Affecting Malay Language Maintenance
66
4.3.2. Strategies of Malay Language Maintenance ......
67
4.3.3. The Reasons of Maintaining Malay Language ...
68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .................................................................
vii
69
5.2 Suggestions .................................................................
70
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
72
APPENDIX ................................................................................................
76
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1.........................................................................................................
37
Table 2.........................................................................................................
39
Table 3.........................................................................................................
41
Table 4.........................................................................................................
43
Table 5.........................................................................................................
45
Table 6.........................................................................................................
48
Table 7.........................................................................................................
52
Table 8.........................................................................................................
54
Table 9.........................................................................................................
59
Table 10.......................................................................................................
57
Table 11.......................................................................................................
58
Table 12.......................................................................................................
60
Table 13.......................................................................................................
62
ix
LIST OF PICTURES
Pages
Grapic 1 Factors affecting Malay language maintenance .......................... 35
Grapic 2 Strategies of language maintenance ............................................ 51
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix 1 Questionnaire .......................................................................... 76
Appendix 2 Questionnaire result of factors affecting Malay language
maintenance ............................................................................ 78
Appendix 3 Questionnaire result of sttrategies of language maintenance . 80
Appendix 4 Interview ................................................................................. 82
Appendix 5 Transcript of Interview ........................................................... 83
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.The Background of the Study
Language is needed for every human being to communicate to other
people. Language is the basis of all communication. Without language, no culture
in the society would be developed because people will lack a means which they
can express their ideas to one another. Jandt (2003:40) states that language is a
way of marking cultural identity.
Language can not be separated from human life because it plays an
important role in the process of social interaction. Through language, there
happens cooperation and interaction between people. Talk to our friends, families
and associates by using a language as a medium of communication. All people in
the society communicate and express their feeling by using a language.
Indonesia is multilingual country which consists of different ethnic groups.
Every ethnic has different vernacular language. Vernacular languages in Indonesia
as mother tongue face a challenge against the existence of Indonesia language and
foreign language. Based on the data of UNESCO in the year of 2001, there are
6.900 languages in the world. 2.500 of them are extincting. UNESCO says that
Indonesia is a country which has multi varieties of languages, but it is also facing
a very big danger of language shift. Based on the data of UNESCO, almost 200
languages do not exist any longer after three generations, because they lost their
speakers. 900 languages in the world are in danger of extinction nowadays.
Furthermore, based on the record of UNESCO, Indonesia takes the third position
with 147 shifting languages. 169 ethnic languages of 742 in Indonesia are facing
danger of extinction because their speakers are less than 500 people (UNESCO,
2001). As Yamamoto (2009) said that Language are disappearing because people
stop using their heritage language and instead start using another, often the
language of political, economic, military, and religious dominance.
Nowadays, language shift potentially happen in vernaculars in Indonesia.
Gunarwan (2004) found that Lampung language is shifted because of Indonesian
language pressure. Siregar (1998) also found that language shift happen in the
young generation bilingual society in Medan. The data show that the language
shift happens in Indonesia continually.
Weinreich (1968) defines that language shift is often used to refer to
change at a community level and the terms language loss or non-acquisition of
language are used in reference to an individual’s declining or use of a group’s
original language with concurrent increased or dominant use of another more
widely used language. If the language shift cannot be stopped, the minority
language will lose. Language is one of ethnic identity symbol. It means that
Indonesia will lose one of its ethnic identities. In keeping the existence of ethnic
identity needs language maintenance.
Pauwels (2005) states that language maintenance is generally applied to
individuals or community of speakers continuing to use their language in a
situation of language contact, where there is competition from one or more
languages to be the sole language used in particular domains or situations. It
means that maintaining the language is important. It is supported by Holmes
(2001) said that where the language is considered as an important symbol of
minority group’s identity, it is likely to be maintained longer. Moreover
Schiffman (1995) warned that if language is not maintained, there can be several
results. One is language death, speakers become bilingual, younger speakers
become dominant in another language, and the language is said to die.
As found in Desa Baru Batang Kuis that Malay people still maintain
Malay language in communication. The researcher was found the maintenance of
Malay language in Desa Baru Batang Kuis in the following conversation between
Malay people.
A
: Alang, nak kmane ko?
Brother, where will you go?
B
: Nak ke Rumah Sakit, ngantarkan sabun ne
To the hospital, I want to give this soap
A
: Tuk ape sabun tu?
What for that soap?
B
: Istriku dah melahirkan semalam
My wife has given birth yesterday
A
: titip salam tuk istri ko ya
Convey my regards for your wife
B
: iye..iye…nak ke Rumah Sakit dulu ya
Ok…I will go to the hospoital
Based on the conversation above, showed that they use Malay language
when they communicate with their friend. The transmission of Malay language in
young generation is still continue, eventhough their children use Bahasa Indonesia
in daily conversation, but they can speak Malay language.
A
: Atok, aku nak beli ne Atok
Grandfather, I want to buy this
B
: yang mana ko mau, berapa?
Which one do you want, how much?
A
: satu aja Atok
Just one grandfather
A
: nak kemane ko siap ne?
Where will you go after this?
B
: nak pulang la Atok
I want to go home grandfather
A
: jangan lupe tutup tingkep tu ye!
Don’t forget to close the window!
B
: iye lah Tok
Ok grandfather
Based on the data above, Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis
had maintained their language. They use Malay language when they communicate
with other Malay people. Moreover, when adult communicate with their children.
They still use Malay language. The researcher interviewed them to find the reason
why they still use Malay language. They said that, they proud with Malay
language and they close each other if they use Malay language. By using Malay
language they can show their identity as Malay people. As Carson (2001) said that
the maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of
its speakers. Therefore language must be protected, preserved and maintained.
The phenomena of language maintenance make the researcher interested to
found out the factors affecting language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis.
How they maintain their language and their reasons why they still use or maintain
Malay language.
The previous research about maintenance of addressing terms has been
conducted by Ulfa (2013) with the title “The Maintenance of Addressing terms of
Acehnese Young Generation in Intermarriage Family”. The subjects were 20
children of intermarriage family which consist 0f 10 children whose parents are
Acehnese mother and Non-Acehnese father. The result found that there are
fourteen respondents (70%) maintaining the addressing terms and there are six
respondents (30%) shift the addressing terms. There are four factors that influence
young generation in maintaining the addressing terms, namely: parents’ role,
attitude, demography and environment. Family tradition, ethnic identity and
politeness are the reason of young generation maintenance the addressing terms.
In addition, Sitinjak (2013) with the research about language maintenance
in inter-ethnic couples. The subjects of this study are people who married with
different ethnic, specifically Javanese-Batak and Batak-Javanese. The subjects of
this study were 8 couples, four couples for Javanese (husband) – Batak (wife) and
four couples for Batak (husband)- Javanese (wife). This study focused on the
factor affect language maintenance in inter-ethnic couples and the reason
maintaining the language. The conclusion which found by the researcher that
attitude and identity is the dominant factor in language maintenance in inter-ethnic
couple, and other ways in maintaining the language such as informal education,
participating in social fields, joining ethnic church services, and visiting
homeland.
The previous research observed about the maintenance of addressing terms
of Acehnese young generation in intermarriage family and maintenance of
language in inter-ethnic couples. Those researchers focus in intermarriage family.
This research is focused on the language maintenance in community. The research
will have the different finding from the previous research. Because of this
research about language maintenance of Malay language in Desa Baru Batang
Kuis is not conducted yet. The researcher needs to know the language
maintenance in community; the factors affecting language maintenance, how the
way they maintain and the reasons maintain Malay language. For the reason, the
research about Malay language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis is needed
to do.
1.2.The Problems of the Study
Previous studies revealed that the success of maintaining a heritage language
depend on many factors, such as family relationships, intramarriage, parental
attitudes and peer influence. However, in the present study will be conducted to
investigate how is the Malay in Desa Baru Batang Kuis maintain their language.
Specifically, the study addresses maintenance the following research questions.
1. What factors do affect the maintenance of Malay Language in Desa Baru
Batang Kuis ?
2. How do the Malay people maintain their language?
3. Why do the Malay people maintain their language?
1.3.The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the research question. To be more
specific of the objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the factors affecting Malay language maintenance in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis.
2. To know how Malay people maintain the Malay language in Desa Baru
Batang Kuis.
3. To find out the reasons why Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis
maintain their language.
1.4. The Scope of the Study
There are many vernacular languages in Medan but this study only focuses
on Malay language. Malay language maintenance is investigated through the
language use of Malay speakers in Desa Baru Batang Kuis.
1.5.The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for;
1. The enrichment of theories of language planning especially on language
maintenance.
2. Improving the knowledge about the vernacular language and how to
maintain.
Practically, the results of this study are useful for:
1. As reference for the university students who are interested in studying
language maintenance
2. For the next researchers who are interested in conducting any further
studies in language maintenance.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
This thesis is about the Malay language maintenance among the speakers
in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. It was aimed to find out the factors support Malay
language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Base on the analysis, the
conclusions are stated in the following;
1. Factors affecting Malay language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis are;
living together and see each other frequently, ethno linguistic vitality, use of
the language in family domain (intramarriage ang intermarriage), use of the
language in neighborhood domain, use of the language in religion domain and
practice traditional ceremony. Living together and see each other frequently
and ethno linguistic vitality have big role in Malay language maintenance. It
means that living together and see each other, they able to practice and speak
the language in their environment and their daily communication. Using the
language in their daily communication affect them to maintain their language
and increased their proud of Malay people.
2. The strategies of language maintenance that conduct by Malay people in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis; they are as using vernacular language in social meeting,
establish traditional organization, listening the radio in vernacular language,
watching vernacular language Channel, Family language policy, and reading
article and journal in vernacular language. The more dominant strategies that
conduct by Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis to maintain Malay
language are using vernacular language in social meeting and establish
traditional organizations. These strategies conducted by Malay people in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis to maintain their language
3. Proud being Malay people and speak Malay language are reasons of the
Malay people in maintaining Malay language. Furthermore, by using Malay
language shows their identity as Malay people. Malay language is the element
of national culture and also a source of vocabulary for Indonesia language are
other reasons why they maintain Malay language.
5.2. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, there are several suggestions that are needed
to be shared to some elements;
1. It is suggested to Malay parents to use Malay language in their daily
communication. The habitually in using Malay language affects their
children acquisition. Certainly, the children will learn the language from
their parents. They acquire Malay language and the children can practice it
with their parents and with other Malay people in their daily
communication.
2. Indonesia is a country of islands and consists of many ethnic groups. Some
of the ethnic groups are endangered, one of them is Malay. This is caused
by the entry of foreign cultures through several media, which indirectly
affect the development of culture and language. And therefore it is
recommended to all elements who responsible for the preservation of
Malay ethnic to preserve the culture and language through books and
articles on Malay culture. And this is actually the responsible of the elder
man of Malay people, to book information about Malay, to make it easier
for the next researcher to do some research about Malay.
3. To maintain a certain culture is through introducing the culture especially
to the teenagers who affected by some foreign culture. So that it is
suggested to the Malay organization, not to leave the Malay tradition and
do some gatherings so that the language will be keep used.
4. The next research is suggested to elaborate more about factors affecting
language maintenance, strategies and reasons of maintaining language.
5. To the Malay people, to be aware of this phenomenon and keep using the
language so that Malay language will not extinct.
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IN DESA BARU BATANG KUIS
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
RISKI AMRINA SARI
Registration Number: 8136111051
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Sari, Riski Amrina. Registration Number 8136111051. Malay Language
Maintenance Among The Speakers in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Thesis.
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School, State
University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study explained Malay language maintenance among the speakers in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis. The objectives of the study are (1) to find out the factors
affecting language maintenance (2) to find out the strategies in maintaining the
Malay language in Desa Baru Batang Kuis and (3) to find out the reasons why the
speakers have to maintain Malay language in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. The method
of this study was descriptive qualitative research. The participants were 30 Malay
people who live in Desa Baru Batang Kuis taken by purposive random sampling.
The data were taken from questionnaire and interview as instrument. The
questionnaire used to answer the factors affecting the Malay language
maintenance and the strategies in maintaining Malay language. While the
interview was used to answer the reasons in maintaining Malay language. The
data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman matrix (1994). This research
found the following results (1) There are six factors affecting Malay language
maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis such as: living together and see each
other, ethno linguistic vitality, use of the language in family domain
(intramarriage and intermarriage), use of the language in neighborhood domain
and use of the language in religion domain, following traditional ceremony. (2) To
maintain Malay language, the Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis conducted
some strategies like: using Malay language in social meeting, establish traditional
organizations, listening the radio in vernacular language, watching vernacular
language Channel, family language policy, reading article and journal in
vernacular language. (3) The reasons why the Malay people maintain the language
are: they were proud being Malay people and speak Malay language, Malay
language shows their identity as Malay people, and Malay language is the element
of national culture and also a source of vocabulary for Indonesia language.
i
ABSTRAK
Sari, Riski Amrina. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111051. Pemertahanan Bahasa
Melayu Antara Penutur di Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Tesis. Jurusan Linguistik
Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan
(UNIMED). 2015.
Penelitian ini memaparkan pemertahanan bahasa Melayu antara penutur di Desa
Baru Batang Kuis. Penelitian ini bertjuan (1) untuk menemukan faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa, (2) untuk menemukan strategi-strategi
mempertahankan bahasa Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis, dan (3) untuk
menemukan alasan-alasan mengapa penutur masih mempertahankan bahasa
Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalah analisa deskriptif kualitatif. Partisipan adalah 30 orang Malayu yang
tinggal di Desa Baru Batang Kuis diambil dengan penentuan sample dengan
pertimbangan tertentu. Data diambil dari kuesioner dan interview sabagai
instrument. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjawab faktor-faktor apa yang
mempengaruhi pemertahan bahasa Melayu dan strategi mempertahankan bahasa
Melayu. Sedangkan interview digunakan untuk menjawab mengapa orang Melayu
mempertahankan Bahasa Melayu. Data di analisa dengan matriks oleh Miles dan
Huberman (1994). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) ada enam faktor yang
mempengaruhi pemertahan bahasa Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis seperti:
tinggal bersama dan sering berjumpa satu sama lain, kebanggaan terhadap suku
dan bahasa Melayu, menggunakan bahasa Melayu di lingkungan keluarga
(pernikahan sesama suku dan pernikahan berbeda suku), menggunakan bahasa
Melayu di lingkungan tetangga dan menggunakan bahasa Melayu di lingkungan
keagamaan dan mengikuti adat istiadat. (2) Untuk mempertahankan bahasa
Melayu, orang-orang Melayu di Desa Baru Batang Kuis melakukan beberapa cara
yaitu: menggunakan bahasa Melayu di pertemuan sosial atau, dan pembentukan
organisasi adat tradisional, mendengarkan program radio yang berbahasa daerah,
menonton acara televisi yang berbahasa daerah, aturan penggunaan bahasa di
keluarga, membaca artikel dan jurnal yang berbahasa daerah, (3) Alasan mengapa
orang-orang melayu mempertahankan bahasa Melayu adalah; mereka bangga
menjadi orang Melayu dan berbahasa Melayu, Bahasa Melayu menunjukkan
identitas mereka sebagai orang Melayu, dan Bahasa Melayu adalah unsur dari
budaya nasional dan juga sumber kosa kata untuk Bahasa Indonesia.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
The writer would like to express her deep devotion and thanks to the
almighty Allah SWT, for everything has given to the writer to finishing this
thesis. Shalawat and Salam to Prophet Muhammad SAW as the messenger, has
brought the humankind from the bad characters to the good ones.
The writer would like to express her great gratitude to Prof. Sumarsih,
M.Pd. her first adviser for the valuable time spent in giving the guidance,
comments and criticism to manuscript of the thesis. She also would like to thank
Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum. her second adviser who patiently spent
valuable time for advising, guiding and giving great help in the clarification of
important ideas to complete this thesis.
At this opportunity she also would like to thank all staff of the English
Applied Linguistic Program Prof. Busmin Gurning M.Pd the head of English
Applied Linguistics for his idea given to the writer and Mr. Farid for aboundantly
helpful and invaluable information on administrative requirements for the degree
of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum)
The writer’s great thanks also go to her examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. They
had given suggestions, criticisms, opinions and improvements for this thesis. He also
would like to express her thankfulness for all lectures teaching him during the
academic years of LTBI. Then, all students of LTBI Executive A1 who had given
encouragement in writing this thesis.
iii
Finally, her special gratitude is also dedicated to her beloved father Amril
Nazib and mother Darmisah for supporting her in finishing her thesis. Her
brothers and sisters Yanuar Amri, Rahmat Setiawan, Usnul Fahreza, Novita Sari,
S.Pd. Aifa Namira, S.Pd SD. Halimah Lubis, S.Pd.I. And Serda Gendra Tri
Wibowo for supporting.
Medan, Mei 2015
Riski Amrina Sari
8136111051
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................
ix
LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................
x
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................
xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study .....................................
1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ...........................................
6
1.3 The Objective of the Study .........................................
7
1.4 The Scope of .the Study ..............................................
7
1.5 The Significance of the Study .....................................
7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework ...............................................
9
2.1.1. Sociolinguistics ................................................
9
2.1.2. Language Choice..............................................
10
2.1.3. Language Maintenance ....................................
11
2.1.3.1. The Factors affecting Language
Maintenance ..........................................
v
14
2.1.3.2. Strategy for Language Maintenance ......
20
2.2 Relevant Studies ..........................................................
23
2.3 Conceptual Framework ...............................................
26
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method .........................................................
29
3.2 Site and Participants ....................................................
29
3.3 Technique of Data Collection .....................................
30
3.4 Instrument of Data Collection .....................................
31
3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study ...............................
31
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis ........................................
33
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDING AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis ..............................................................
34
4.1.1. Factors affecting Malay Language Maintenance
34
4.1.1.1. Living together and see each other frequently
36
4.1.1.2. Ethno Linguistics Vitality ...........................
39
4.1.1.3. Use of the Language in Family Domain
(Intramarriage and Intermarriage ................
40
4.1.1.4. Use of the Language in Neighborhood
Domain .......................................................
43
4.1.1.5. Use of the Language in Religion Domain ..
45
4.1.1.6 Practice Traditional Ceremony ....................
48
vi
4.1.2. Strategy of Language Maintenance ....................
50
4.1.2.1. Using Malay Language in Social Meeting .
52
4.1.2.2. Establish Traditional Organization .............
54
4.1.2.3. Listening the Radio in Malay Language
Program…………………………………….
55
4.1.2.4. Watching Malay Language Program ..........
57
4.1.2.5. Family Language Policy .............................
58
4.1.2.6. Reading Article and Journal in Malay
Language…………………………………..
60
4.1.3. The Reasons of Maintaining Malay Language ...
62
4.1.3.1. Proud Being Malay People .........................
62
4.1.3.2. Show the Identity as Malay People ............
63
4.1.3.3. Malay Language Is the Element of National
Culture and Source of Vocabulary for Bahasa
Indonesia ....................................................
64
4.2 Findings .......................................................................
65
4.3 Discussion ...................................................................
66
4.3.1. Factors Affecting Malay Language Maintenance
66
4.3.2. Strategies of Malay Language Maintenance ......
67
4.3.3. The Reasons of Maintaining Malay Language ...
68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .................................................................
vii
69
5.2 Suggestions .................................................................
70
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
72
APPENDIX ................................................................................................
76
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1.........................................................................................................
37
Table 2.........................................................................................................
39
Table 3.........................................................................................................
41
Table 4.........................................................................................................
43
Table 5.........................................................................................................
45
Table 6.........................................................................................................
48
Table 7.........................................................................................................
52
Table 8.........................................................................................................
54
Table 9.........................................................................................................
59
Table 10.......................................................................................................
57
Table 11.......................................................................................................
58
Table 12.......................................................................................................
60
Table 13.......................................................................................................
62
ix
LIST OF PICTURES
Pages
Grapic 1 Factors affecting Malay language maintenance .......................... 35
Grapic 2 Strategies of language maintenance ............................................ 51
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix 1 Questionnaire .......................................................................... 76
Appendix 2 Questionnaire result of factors affecting Malay language
maintenance ............................................................................ 78
Appendix 3 Questionnaire result of sttrategies of language maintenance . 80
Appendix 4 Interview ................................................................................. 82
Appendix 5 Transcript of Interview ........................................................... 83
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.The Background of the Study
Language is needed for every human being to communicate to other
people. Language is the basis of all communication. Without language, no culture
in the society would be developed because people will lack a means which they
can express their ideas to one another. Jandt (2003:40) states that language is a
way of marking cultural identity.
Language can not be separated from human life because it plays an
important role in the process of social interaction. Through language, there
happens cooperation and interaction between people. Talk to our friends, families
and associates by using a language as a medium of communication. All people in
the society communicate and express their feeling by using a language.
Indonesia is multilingual country which consists of different ethnic groups.
Every ethnic has different vernacular language. Vernacular languages in Indonesia
as mother tongue face a challenge against the existence of Indonesia language and
foreign language. Based on the data of UNESCO in the year of 2001, there are
6.900 languages in the world. 2.500 of them are extincting. UNESCO says that
Indonesia is a country which has multi varieties of languages, but it is also facing
a very big danger of language shift. Based on the data of UNESCO, almost 200
languages do not exist any longer after three generations, because they lost their
speakers. 900 languages in the world are in danger of extinction nowadays.
Furthermore, based on the record of UNESCO, Indonesia takes the third position
with 147 shifting languages. 169 ethnic languages of 742 in Indonesia are facing
danger of extinction because their speakers are less than 500 people (UNESCO,
2001). As Yamamoto (2009) said that Language are disappearing because people
stop using their heritage language and instead start using another, often the
language of political, economic, military, and religious dominance.
Nowadays, language shift potentially happen in vernaculars in Indonesia.
Gunarwan (2004) found that Lampung language is shifted because of Indonesian
language pressure. Siregar (1998) also found that language shift happen in the
young generation bilingual society in Medan. The data show that the language
shift happens in Indonesia continually.
Weinreich (1968) defines that language shift is often used to refer to
change at a community level and the terms language loss or non-acquisition of
language are used in reference to an individual’s declining or use of a group’s
original language with concurrent increased or dominant use of another more
widely used language. If the language shift cannot be stopped, the minority
language will lose. Language is one of ethnic identity symbol. It means that
Indonesia will lose one of its ethnic identities. In keeping the existence of ethnic
identity needs language maintenance.
Pauwels (2005) states that language maintenance is generally applied to
individuals or community of speakers continuing to use their language in a
situation of language contact, where there is competition from one or more
languages to be the sole language used in particular domains or situations. It
means that maintaining the language is important. It is supported by Holmes
(2001) said that where the language is considered as an important symbol of
minority group’s identity, it is likely to be maintained longer. Moreover
Schiffman (1995) warned that if language is not maintained, there can be several
results. One is language death, speakers become bilingual, younger speakers
become dominant in another language, and the language is said to die.
As found in Desa Baru Batang Kuis that Malay people still maintain
Malay language in communication. The researcher was found the maintenance of
Malay language in Desa Baru Batang Kuis in the following conversation between
Malay people.
A
: Alang, nak kmane ko?
Brother, where will you go?
B
: Nak ke Rumah Sakit, ngantarkan sabun ne
To the hospital, I want to give this soap
A
: Tuk ape sabun tu?
What for that soap?
B
: Istriku dah melahirkan semalam
My wife has given birth yesterday
A
: titip salam tuk istri ko ya
Convey my regards for your wife
B
: iye..iye…nak ke Rumah Sakit dulu ya
Ok…I will go to the hospoital
Based on the conversation above, showed that they use Malay language
when they communicate with their friend. The transmission of Malay language in
young generation is still continue, eventhough their children use Bahasa Indonesia
in daily conversation, but they can speak Malay language.
A
: Atok, aku nak beli ne Atok
Grandfather, I want to buy this
B
: yang mana ko mau, berapa?
Which one do you want, how much?
A
: satu aja Atok
Just one grandfather
A
: nak kemane ko siap ne?
Where will you go after this?
B
: nak pulang la Atok
I want to go home grandfather
A
: jangan lupe tutup tingkep tu ye!
Don’t forget to close the window!
B
: iye lah Tok
Ok grandfather
Based on the data above, Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis
had maintained their language. They use Malay language when they communicate
with other Malay people. Moreover, when adult communicate with their children.
They still use Malay language. The researcher interviewed them to find the reason
why they still use Malay language. They said that, they proud with Malay
language and they close each other if they use Malay language. By using Malay
language they can show their identity as Malay people. As Carson (2001) said that
the maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of
its speakers. Therefore language must be protected, preserved and maintained.
The phenomena of language maintenance make the researcher interested to
found out the factors affecting language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis.
How they maintain their language and their reasons why they still use or maintain
Malay language.
The previous research about maintenance of addressing terms has been
conducted by Ulfa (2013) with the title “The Maintenance of Addressing terms of
Acehnese Young Generation in Intermarriage Family”. The subjects were 20
children of intermarriage family which consist 0f 10 children whose parents are
Acehnese mother and Non-Acehnese father. The result found that there are
fourteen respondents (70%) maintaining the addressing terms and there are six
respondents (30%) shift the addressing terms. There are four factors that influence
young generation in maintaining the addressing terms, namely: parents’ role,
attitude, demography and environment. Family tradition, ethnic identity and
politeness are the reason of young generation maintenance the addressing terms.
In addition, Sitinjak (2013) with the research about language maintenance
in inter-ethnic couples. The subjects of this study are people who married with
different ethnic, specifically Javanese-Batak and Batak-Javanese. The subjects of
this study were 8 couples, four couples for Javanese (husband) – Batak (wife) and
four couples for Batak (husband)- Javanese (wife). This study focused on the
factor affect language maintenance in inter-ethnic couples and the reason
maintaining the language. The conclusion which found by the researcher that
attitude and identity is the dominant factor in language maintenance in inter-ethnic
couple, and other ways in maintaining the language such as informal education,
participating in social fields, joining ethnic church services, and visiting
homeland.
The previous research observed about the maintenance of addressing terms
of Acehnese young generation in intermarriage family and maintenance of
language in inter-ethnic couples. Those researchers focus in intermarriage family.
This research is focused on the language maintenance in community. The research
will have the different finding from the previous research. Because of this
research about language maintenance of Malay language in Desa Baru Batang
Kuis is not conducted yet. The researcher needs to know the language
maintenance in community; the factors affecting language maintenance, how the
way they maintain and the reasons maintain Malay language. For the reason, the
research about Malay language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis is needed
to do.
1.2.The Problems of the Study
Previous studies revealed that the success of maintaining a heritage language
depend on many factors, such as family relationships, intramarriage, parental
attitudes and peer influence. However, in the present study will be conducted to
investigate how is the Malay in Desa Baru Batang Kuis maintain their language.
Specifically, the study addresses maintenance the following research questions.
1. What factors do affect the maintenance of Malay Language in Desa Baru
Batang Kuis ?
2. How do the Malay people maintain their language?
3. Why do the Malay people maintain their language?
1.3.The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the research question. To be more
specific of the objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the factors affecting Malay language maintenance in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis.
2. To know how Malay people maintain the Malay language in Desa Baru
Batang Kuis.
3. To find out the reasons why Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis
maintain their language.
1.4. The Scope of the Study
There are many vernacular languages in Medan but this study only focuses
on Malay language. Malay language maintenance is investigated through the
language use of Malay speakers in Desa Baru Batang Kuis.
1.5.The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for;
1. The enrichment of theories of language planning especially on language
maintenance.
2. Improving the knowledge about the vernacular language and how to
maintain.
Practically, the results of this study are useful for:
1. As reference for the university students who are interested in studying
language maintenance
2. For the next researchers who are interested in conducting any further
studies in language maintenance.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
This thesis is about the Malay language maintenance among the speakers
in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. It was aimed to find out the factors support Malay
language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis. Base on the analysis, the
conclusions are stated in the following;
1. Factors affecting Malay language maintenance in Desa Baru Batang Kuis are;
living together and see each other frequently, ethno linguistic vitality, use of
the language in family domain (intramarriage ang intermarriage), use of the
language in neighborhood domain, use of the language in religion domain and
practice traditional ceremony. Living together and see each other frequently
and ethno linguistic vitality have big role in Malay language maintenance. It
means that living together and see each other, they able to practice and speak
the language in their environment and their daily communication. Using the
language in their daily communication affect them to maintain their language
and increased their proud of Malay people.
2. The strategies of language maintenance that conduct by Malay people in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis; they are as using vernacular language in social meeting,
establish traditional organization, listening the radio in vernacular language,
watching vernacular language Channel, Family language policy, and reading
article and journal in vernacular language. The more dominant strategies that
conduct by Malay people in Desa Baru Batang Kuis to maintain Malay
language are using vernacular language in social meeting and establish
traditional organizations. These strategies conducted by Malay people in Desa
Baru Batang Kuis to maintain their language
3. Proud being Malay people and speak Malay language are reasons of the
Malay people in maintaining Malay language. Furthermore, by using Malay
language shows their identity as Malay people. Malay language is the element
of national culture and also a source of vocabulary for Indonesia language are
other reasons why they maintain Malay language.
5.2. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, there are several suggestions that are needed
to be shared to some elements;
1. It is suggested to Malay parents to use Malay language in their daily
communication. The habitually in using Malay language affects their
children acquisition. Certainly, the children will learn the language from
their parents. They acquire Malay language and the children can practice it
with their parents and with other Malay people in their daily
communication.
2. Indonesia is a country of islands and consists of many ethnic groups. Some
of the ethnic groups are endangered, one of them is Malay. This is caused
by the entry of foreign cultures through several media, which indirectly
affect the development of culture and language. And therefore it is
recommended to all elements who responsible for the preservation of
Malay ethnic to preserve the culture and language through books and
articles on Malay culture. And this is actually the responsible of the elder
man of Malay people, to book information about Malay, to make it easier
for the next researcher to do some research about Malay.
3. To maintain a certain culture is through introducing the culture especially
to the teenagers who affected by some foreign culture. So that it is
suggested to the Malay organization, not to leave the Malay tradition and
do some gatherings so that the language will be keep used.
4. The next research is suggested to elaborate more about factors affecting
language maintenance, strategies and reasons of maintaining language.
5. To the Malay people, to be aware of this phenomenon and keep using the
language so that Malay language will not extinct.
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