LANGUAGE SHIFT AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF TOBANESE IN TARUTUNG.

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LANGUAGE SHIFT AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF

TOBANESE IN TARUTUNG

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

GATOT MIKAEL TAMPUBOLON

Registration Number : 2122220008

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2016

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ABSTRACT

Tampubolon, Gatot Mikael. 2122220008. Language Shift Among The Speakers of Tobanese In Tarutung. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2016.

This study deals with Language Shift Among The Speakers of Tobanese In Tarutung. This study was aimed to analyze what were the factors, the dominant factor and the processes of of language shift among the speakers of Toba language in Huta Toruan VII Tarutung. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected trough questionaires, interviews and recording. The data were analyzed by the factors, dominant factor and the process of languages shift. There were four factors of language shift in Huta Torua VII that found in this study: Economic and social, demographic, attitude and value and miggration factors. From the total 30 person of all the subject the researcher found that 12 of the subjects (40%) that influenced language shift was economic and social factor, 34% (10 of the subjects) were demographic factor, 5 subjects (16 %) were attitude and values factor, and migration factor that consist of 3 subjects (10 %). Economic and social factor was dominantly used and the process of language shift was down bilingual (new language-mother tongue). The economic and social factor become the most dominant factor in the whole factors and processes . It was happened because the proffessions of the Toba language speakers were acquired the used of new language and the social success with the status of Indonesian language.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thanks to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ for the blessings during her academic year at English and Literature Department Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in completing the thesis. The writer is also very grateful to the following people:

 Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, Rector of State University of Medan.  Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Languages and

Arts (FBS) State University of Medan for her advice and encouragement to complete the study.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature Department as well as Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the secretary of English and Literature Department for their encouragement and motivation during the writing of the thesis. Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum the head of English literature study program and Nora Ronita,S.Pd, S.S, M.Hum,the Head of English Education Programfor their encouragement to complete the thesis.  Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, and Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum.

the writer’s thesis supervisors who had already motivated him to finish his thesis by giving advices, comments, and corrections that has made him learn many new things in academic.

 Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum. the writer’s Academic Counselor that had given her a great guidance through her academic years.

 Dra. Meisuri, M.A,and Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., the writer’s Examiners who had given valuable advices and suggestions to her for the thesis.

 Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd, the administration staff of English Department, who helped her to fulfill this thesis.

 All the lecturers of English and Literature Department during her academic year at State University of Medan, who have taught and given knowledges to her encouragement and invaluable advices to complete this thesis.

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 A. Tampubolon and R. Simanjuntak their extra ordinary parents who have given him more than he could ask. They are his role models who have given him an unconditional love, prayers, advices, and support. They are the top persons on list who have built the writer to be what he has to be in a good way.

 All the members of Magnificum Et Bonum Choir and Aboda, Eirent Crist’s Small Group more than amazing sisters and brother who have been there with him through his ups and downs and have supported him through his academic activities.

 Anggreyni Tampubolon, Shindy Egianina Tarigan, Hendro Simamora, Hizkia Edo Sinaga, and Wira Buana Manalu, his stunning friends that had accompanied him through years with their laughter, motivation, and every happy moment that he will always remember.  All friends in English Literature 2012 A for the worthy memories as the

college years.

 Adelina Panjaitan, Cendana Tampubolon my housemate and Everyone who can not be mentioned one by one for coloring her life each day.

Medan, Agustus 2016 The writer

Gatot Mikael Tampubolon 2122220008

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF FIGURE... ... vii

LIST OF TABLES……… . viii

LIST OF APPENDICES……… ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background ... 1

B. The Problem of Study ... 7

C. The Objective of Study ... 7

D. The Scope of Study ... 7

E. The Significance of Study ... 8

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9

A. Theorical Framework ... 9

1. Sociolinguistic. ... 9

a. Bilingualism... .. 11

b. Language Planning... ... 12

c. Language Shift... . 13

1) Economic and Social Factors... .... . 17

2) Demographic Factor... .. 17

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4) Migration Factor... ... 19

d. pragmatics... . 20

e. Diglosia... .... . 20

2. Tobanese... ... . 21

3. Batak Toba Laguage... ... . 22

4. Indonesian Language... ... . 23

5. The Characteristic of Language... .... . 24

B. Relevant Studies... ... . 25

C. Conceptual Framework... . 28

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ... . 30

A. The Research Design ... . 30

B. The Location of Research... ... . 30

C. The Informants... ... . 30

D. The technique of Collecting Data... .... . 31

E. The Technique of Data Analysis... … 32

1. Questionaire... 32

2. Interview... . . 32

3. Sociolinguistic... . 33

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS... 34

A. Data... . 34

B. Data Analysis... ... . 38

1. The Factors That Influence language Shift in Huta Toruan VII Tarutung... ... . 38

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a. Economic and Social Fact... ... . 39

b. Demographic Factor... ... . 39

c. Attitude and Value Factor... ... . 41

d. Miggration Factor... . 42

2. The Factor Dominantly Used ... . 43

3. The process of language shift reprentation in Huta Toruan VII Taarutung... ... . 43

a. Monolingual ( mother tongue ... . 44

b. Down Bilingual (Mother Tounge - New Language)... .. . 44

c. Equal bilingual (Mother Tounge – New language... . 45

d. Down Bilingual ( New language- Mother Tounge)... . 46

e. _{Monolingual ( New language)... .} 47

2. Research Finding... .. . 48

CHAPTER V. CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION... 49

A. Conclusion... ... . 49

B. Suggsestion... . 50

REFERENCES... ... . 51

APPENDIX A... ... . 56

APPENDIX B... ... . 114

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viii List of Tables

Table 4.1 ... 35 Table 4.2... . 38 Table 4.3... 43

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vii List of Figure

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List Of Appendices

Appendix A... ... 58 Appendix B... ... 115 Appendix C... ... 121

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The existence of language as a means of communication in human life plays a very important role. Where the language holds the role as the connector between humans. Because the role is very important, language is a means of developing an area and as a means to bring change.

Language development was strongly influenced by the consistency in the used of native speakers of the language in everyday life. However this was poorly understood by speakers of the language, thus shifting of a language may occur. This happens almost in every era of the world's languages, especially local languages, where many regional languages were ultimately lost and can no longer be found because of the number of speakers were declining and eventually destroyed languages. It also occurs in the language Batak Toba, where speakers were increasingly reduced so that the impact is worrisome.

The phenomenon of the decrease in Batak Toba language was influenced by many factors. Holmes (2001: 52-61) stated that there were several factors that support laguage shift. He describes that the factors contributing to the language shift such as migration, social and economic Factors, Demographic factor, Political Factors, attitudes and Value.

Batak Toba language as the daily language of Tobanese in Tarutung is replaced by new language Indonesian Language and also the presence of the

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foreign cultures that shifts the used of regional languages. It can be found in areas located in North Sumatra one of them is Huta Toruan VII in Tarutung.

In Huta Toruan VII Batak Toba language used was starting to be shifted by Tobanese into Bahasa Indonesia.

It can be seen from the interaction in the recidents area where the native speaker of Batak Toba language experienced the language shift and language switch between Batak Toba Language into Indonesian language.

From the survey, the researcher has done some records of the representation of language shift among the speaker of Tobanese in tarutung Huta Toruan VII: Example 1 ;

A: Nantulang, sadia sada Fanta on? Aunty, how much is this Fanta ? B: Nadia dek? yang kaleng atau botol?

Which one boy? The bottle one or tin? A: Botol

Bottle B: Empat ribu. Four thousands

A: Dua ya nantulang sama mancis satu. Mauliate nantulang. Aunty, i will take two and one match. Thank you.

Vl : vernacular language Nl : new language

From the conversation above, the A and the B firstly used VL (Batak Toba Language) but after the A use the NL (Indonesian Language) in the next question, the B also reply with the new language. From the example above, it shows that the language shift belong to the third process (Equal Bilingual) where both of the speakers use mother tongue and the new language in a same level.

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Example 2:

A: Amang, aha do sahit hu? Doctor, what is my disease?

B: Gejala demam berdarah. Tapi masih gejalanya namboru, It was a symptoms of dengue fever, but it is still only a symptoms Mam.

A: Ai sahit aha i amang? Naung parah do? what is it? a serious disease?

B: Namboru tenang dulu, tunggu kita cek dulu. Dont worry mam, first let us check it up.

A: Maksudnya dokter aku ini harus dirawat di rumah sakit dulu? Doctor means that i must be treated for several days in the hospital?

B: Ia namboru, supaya penyakitnya tidak bertambah parah. Yes mam, so that the disease is not getting worse

A: Tak apalah, yang penting saya bisa sehat

Never mind, my healthyness is the most important. .

In te second example, the language shift that happened in tarutung was the example of language shift process of Equal bilingual and Down Bilinguual (New Language) where in the conversation, the patient firstly used Toba language and in some sentences at the end of the conversation she used Indonesian language. The patient used the two language equally, while the doctor was experienced Down Bilingual (new language), although he understand the Toba language but consistently he used Indonesian language from the beginning until the end of the conversation. It can bee seen when the doctor calling the patient by Toba language style. Here the doctor dominantly used new language expect on speech and the researcher can also found the uses of pragmatic in the conversation where the patient or te doctor used an implied meaning of calling their name. Generally, in all the region a doctor must called the patient pak or bu (Mr or Miss) but here the doctor use Batak Toba style, ‘bu’ is replaced by Namboru and so with the patient she called the doctor Amang ( a Tobanese style when calling someone else such

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as for oldman, doctor, father, priest and many others) . The conversations conclude that both of them experienced diffrent level of language shift although they lived in the same area.

The people in tarutung also must be a multilingual, for instance, a member of a minority group can shop, go to the doctor and access other services by using more than one language depends on what language is used in the situation. Additionally, resistance to language shift tends to last longer in rural than in urban areas. This was explained by the fact that rural groups are isolated from cities where majority language prevails, and they can meet most of their social needs using their ethnic (minority) language. But now we can not deny that the bilingualism and the language shift have happened to the native speakers of some vernaculars in some region or areas that isolated from cities. As the case of language shift and bilingualism that happen in Huta Toruan VII Tarutung.

The researcher has done a preliminary study as a rehearsal of the main survey to avoid some erros . When analysing the preleminary study, the researcher found some errors in the questionaire but beside of it the researcher also found that there were six person of fiveteen Tobanese that experienced language shift.

The phenomenon of language shift make us losing some words or even losing our mother tongue because Indonesian language will be dominated the use of language that is used in the society especially in the isolated area. Chaer (2004:146) says that many linguists of Indonesia predict that in 20 years later, some languages will change or even lose because the origin native disregard using their language. He also states that the language is varied, means even if a language

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has rules or patterns that are similar, but because it is used by the heterogeneous speakers of social background and habits are different, then the language becomes diverse, in order phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and lexicon.

Phenomenon also found in some research that already held by some researchers, first is Moradi (2015) that investigates the language shift that is happened in Iran. In this study, he found that the majority of people attributed language shift to reasons such as the belief in better understanding of educational materials in school as well as achieving fluency in Persian, the role of Persian as the lingua franca for all Iranian ethnics, and the use of Persian in expanded domains. Moreover, the findings maintained that the language shift is not confined to a particular social class but is pervasive among all members of the society.

Dweik (2015) whose study focused on what caused the language shift from Syriac into Arabic. He found that the used of Syriac was still minimally used in certain key domains such as at home with family members and at church. This shift was the result of historical, economic, demographic, linguistic and generational distance. And then Michieka (2012) who focused on the process of language shift. The shift is not necessarily towards English. In fact, She Found Most young people, especially those raised in urban areas, have grown up in families where Kiswahili or a code mixing between Kiswahili and English, is the main home language. Naturally then, these young people do not just prefer Kiswahili, but have not developed enough proficiency in the indigenous languages to allow for interpersonal usage.

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The used of majority language can makes the minoriy losing some informations and words esspecially the Toba Batak Langage difrrent dialects of a community to others community depends on its region, such like Silidung dialect, Dairi dialect and ect.. It was hard to the people in some areas in Tarutung esspecially in Huta Toruan VII confronting the globalization era. Teens and adults starts shifting Toba language into Bahasa Indonesia and its more dominant on teenagers who are active on social media.

Theoretically Willemyn (1997:64) pointed out that a language can survive for a long time. Subsequent extra linguistic factors, though, may be the prelude to almost complete extinction. Conscious discrimination through linguistic legislation was one of them. Another was growing industrialization and a considerable internal migration (in both directions) which annihilates the linguistic homogeneity of the region and, consequently, the used ability of the minority language. ‘Social integration’ took care of the rest: mastery and usage of the majority language appear to be so indispensable for upward social mobility (and social life in general) that they easily overcome solidarity factors such as cultural and linguistic loyalty.

Thus, grounded on the background of the study, it was necessery analyzed, because of the representation of Toba language among the native speakers in Huta Toruan VII has been endangered their Vernacular as one of the icons of Indonesian languages.

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B. The Problem of The Study

Based on the background of the study, the problems of this study were:

1. What were the factors of language shift among the speakers of Toba Language of Tarutung?

2. What was the dominant factor of language shift among the Tobanese people of Tarutung?

3. How language shift was represented among the speakers of Toba Language of Huta Toruan VII, Tarutung?

C. The Objective of The Study

Based on the problems, this study was aimed:

1. To find out the factors of language shift among the speakers of Toba Language of Tarutung.

2. To identify the dominant factor of language shift among the speakers of Toba Language of Tarutung.

3. To describe the representation of language shift among the speakers of Toba Language of Tarutung.

D. The Scope of The Study

This study focuses on the process of language shift among the Tobanese people of Tarutung while the transcript is taken by the recorded utterances among the native speakers of Toba language who live in Tarutung (Huta Toruan VII). The subject of this study were 30 person in the range age of 17-40 years old while

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they are being separated into two groups; (1) teenager; 17-25 years old and (2) adult; 26-40 years old.

E. The Significance of The Study

Based on the objective of this study expected to be useful whether it is theorically or practically.

Theoritically, this study was expected to enhance the knowledge about language shift and to give a deeper undestanding about it.

Practically, this study was expected to be useful for:

1. The students of English Literature Department of State University of Medan who were interested to practically about language shift, this study is expected to be useful as the additional source and reference 2. The readers experience that will give them a deeper understanding about

the language shift theory itself and to see how it is represented among the society of Tobanese in Tarutung.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. CONCLUSIONS

This study was concerned on Toba Language Shift, this study was aimed to describe the factors influence Toba language shift, and the reason of language shift happen. Based on the findings, conclusions were drawn as the following.

1. In general, the shift of Toba Language into Indonesian Language in Huta Toruan VII Tarutung was affected by economic and social facor, demographic, attitude and value, migration.

2. Economic and social factor became the trigger of language shift happened in Huta Toruan VII Tarutung. It occured because the proffession of people in Huta Totuan VII were teacher and civil servants that acquired Indonesian Language used.

3. The people in Huta Toruan VII used Indonesian Language more than Toba Language, the phenomenon disposed to the fourth process of language shift to the Down Bilingual ( new language – mother tongue

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B. SUGGESTIONS

In relations to the solutions, some constructive points wer suggested as the following.

1. The students of English Departement should know the factors and the process of language shift esspecially in communicating with tobanese in order to prevent misunderstanding.

2. It is suggested that the readers should know the factors and the process of language shift in order to aware them keep using their vernacular language and maintanance the vernacular language from the language loss esspecially Toba Language.

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