Directory UMM :Networking Manual:computer_network_books:

W e e k

4

COMPUTER NETWORK AND
INTERNET

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.1

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS
OVER SOME DISTANCE
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.2

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE
HIGH SPEED
DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.3

SYSTEM COMPONENTS
•
•

•
•

COMPUTERS
TERMINALS: Input / output devices
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
PROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers, frontend processors
• COMMUNICATIONS
SOFTWARE
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.4

PROTOCOL
RULES & PROCEDURES
TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS

IN A NETWORK
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.5

ANALOG SIGNAL
• CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM
• PASSES THRU SYSTEM
• VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.6

DIGITAL SIGNAL
• DISCRETE WAVEFORM
• TWO DISCRETE STATES:
– 1-BIT & 0-BIT
– ON / OFF PULSE

• DATA COMMUNICATION
• USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG
TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.7

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE
TRANSMITTED:

• TWISTED WIRES: Copper Wires
• COAXIAL CABLE: Insulated Copper Wires
• FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
• MICROWAVE
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.8 Hall
© 2002 by Prentice

FIBER OPTICS
• SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS
• FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE
• TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL
DUPLEX
• EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL
• OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF
NETWORKS

PHOTO
*
SIGNAL
LASER
CABLE
SIGNAL
DETECTOR

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.9

FIBER OPTICS
• BACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries light
signals to distribution nodes, which use
copper wires to user
• DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(DWDM): Next-generation, uses many colors,

(up to 160) each a channel, increases
capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per second
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.10

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES
• PAGERS: Small pager beeps when receives
short message
• CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio
waves to reach antennas within areas called
cells
• MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based
data network using hand-held computers,
cheap, efficient
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.11

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES
• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE:
Cellular; lower power; higher frequency.
Smaller phones not shielded by buildings,
tunnels
• PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized,
hand-held, digital communicator
• SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, Internet
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.12

ORBITING SATELLITES

MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION

UPLINK

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

DOWNLINK

4.13

COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
• TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second
(BPS) or Baud

• BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel;
Difference between Highest & Lowest
Frequencies
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.14

SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA
MEDIUM
TWISTED WIRE

SPEED
300 BPS - 10 MBPS

MICROWAVE

256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

SATELLITE

256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

COAXIAL CABLE

56 KBPS - 200 MBPS

FIBER OPTICS
500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS
BPS: BITS PER SECOND
KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS,
GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

COST
LOW

HIGH

4.15

COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS
• FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer
manages communication for host computer
• CONCENTRATOR: Computer collects messages
for batch transmission to host computer
• CONTROLLER: Computer controls interface
between CPU and peripheral devices
• MULTIPLEXER: Allows channel to carry multiple
sources simultaneously
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.16

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
USER

USER

STAR
Muhamad Abd

HOST

USER

USER

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.17

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
USER

USER

USER

USER

USER

USER

BUS
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.18

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
USER

USER

RING
Muhamad Abd

USER

USER

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.19

LOCAL NETWORKS
• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s
central switching system
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated
channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot
radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share
expensive hardware & software
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.20

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• GATEWAY: Connection to other networks
• ROUTER: Forwards data to other networks
• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):
Manages file server; routes communications on
network
• PEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all
computers have equal power
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.21

WIDE - AREA NETWORK
(WAN)
Network spans large geographic
distances. Can include cable, satellite,
microwave
• SWITCHED LINES: Route determined
by current traffic
• DEDICATED LINES: Constantly
available for high-volume traffic
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.22

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK
(VAN)
•
•
•
•

PRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLY
3rd PARTY MANAGED
USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS
SUBSCRIPTION BASIS
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.23

NETWORK SERVICES
•
•
•
•

PACKET SWITCHING
FRAME RELAY
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)
• SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
• CABLE MODEM
• T1 LINE
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.24

PACKET SWITCHING (X.25)
• FORM OF Value Added Network
• BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL
PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)
• PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST
ECONOMICAL MEANS
• REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.25

FRAME RELAY
• PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS
(FRAMES)
• HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION
• RELIABLE LINES
• NO ERROR-CORRECTION ROUTINES
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.26

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER
MODE (ATM)
• CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each
• USES FIBER OPTICS CABLE
• INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR
HARDWARE SPEEDS
• CAN TIE LAN TO WAN
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.27

INTEGRATED SERVICES
DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR
TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA
OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.28

OTHER SERVICES:
• DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL):
enhancing capacity over copper telephone
lines
• CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for
high-speed access to Internet
• T1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection,
24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per second
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.29

OTHER SERVICES:
• BROADBAND: High-speed transmission,
multiple channels
• NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables
simultaneous transmission of voice, data,
video. Attractive for multimedia applications:
Video collaboration, voice-data call centers,
distance learning, unified messaging
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.30

ELECTRONIC DATA
INTERCHANGE (EDI)
COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER
EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO
ORGANIZATIONS
OF STANDARD BUSINESS
TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS
SELLER
CUSTOMER
*
ORDERS, PAYMENTS

COMPUTER

SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE

COMPUTER

UPDATES, INVOICES

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.31

THE NEW INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (IT)
INFRASTRUCTURE

• LINKS: Workstations, network computers,
local area networks (LAN), server computers
• INFORMATION FLOWS FREELY
THROUGHOUT ORGANIZATION
• MAY BE LINKED: Kiosks, point-of-sales
(POS) terminals, information appliances,
Internet
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.32

THE NEW INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (IT)
INFRASTRUCTURE
• ENTERPRISE NETWORKING: Hardware,
software, networks, data resources.
Creates companywide network to speed
processes, lower costs
• INTERNETWORKING: Linking of separate
networks in an outside of organization
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.33

INTERNETWORKING
LINK NETWORKS
EACH RETAINS IDENTITY
INTO INTERCONNECTED NETWORK
*
NETWORK
C
NETWORK
A
NETWORK
B

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.34

CONNECTIVITY
MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING
DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE
INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN
INTERVENTION
OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function
on different computer platforms.
Nonproprietary operating systems,
applications, protocols
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.35

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL /
INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)
REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN 1972
1. APPLICATION: Provides screen presentations
2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
(TCP): Breaks data into datagrams
3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, sends
datagrams as smaller IP packets; can repeat
transmission to increase reliability
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.36

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL /
INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles
addressing and interface between computer
& network
5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines electrical
transmission characteristics for sending
signal along networks to destination
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.37

OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT
(OSI)
INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE
MODEL
FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES
OF
COMPUTERS & NETWORKS
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.38

THE INTERNET
BEGAN AS GOVERNMENT CONNECTION
OF UNIVERSITIES
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP):
Organization connected to Internet, leases
temporary connections to subscribers
NO ONE OWNS IT, NO FORMAL
ORGANIZATION
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.39

INTERNET TERMS
• HOME PAGE: WWW screen display
welcomes user to organization’s page
• WEBMASTER: Person in charge of Web
site
• UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL):
Address of specific Internet resource
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.40

CLIENT/ SERVER ON THE
INTERNET
• CLIENT: Runs Web browser, other software,
connects to server
• SERVER: Has Web server (HTTP), Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name
Serving (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Firewall (filters data to & from Internet), Network
News
Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.41

MAJOR INTERNET SERVICES
• E -MAIL: Person -to-person messaging; document
sharing
• USERNET NEWSGROUPS: Electronic bulletin boards
for discussion groups
• LISTSERVs: e-mail list servers for discussion groups
• CHATTING: Interactive conversations
• TELNET: Log on one computer, work on another
• FTP: Transfer files from computer to computer
• GOPHERS: Use menus to locate text material
• WORLD WIDE WEB: Text, audio, graphics, video
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.42

INTERNET ADDRESS
http://si.itb.ac.id/~abduh/si792
PROTOCOL FOR THE
WEB
EXTENSION
HOST
COMPUTER

DIRECTORY
DOMAIN NAME

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.43

INTERNET TERMS
• HYPERTEXT TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
(http): Communications standard used to
transfer Web pages
• HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
(HTML): Popular programming language
for creating Web sites
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.44

SEARCHING THE WEB FOR
INFORMATION

• SEARCH ENGINE: Tool for locating
specific sites or information on WWW
• PORTAL: Point of entry to WWW
• “PUSH” TECHNOLOGY: Server streams
relevant content to browser
• MULTICASTING: Sending data to select
group
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.45

NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
• BROADBAND: Fiber optics and related
technology will provide much higher
delivery speed (target: 10 to 100 million
bits per second to the desktop)
• INTERNET2
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.46

NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
• INTERNET2: New protocols,
higher
transmission speed, interconnected
gigapops (regional high-speed points-ofpresence), connected to high-performance
Backbone Network infrastructure. Will
differentiate priorities of messages,
provide video portals for lifelike video
*

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.47

THE WIRELESS WEB
• MOBILE COMMERCE (m-commerce)
• ACCESS TO WEB ON THE GO:
Anywhere, any time, many functions
• INFORMATION-BASED SERVICES
• TRANSACTION-BASED SERVICES
• PERSONALIZED SERVICES
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.48

INTRANET
• INTERNAL NETWORK
• WWW TECHNOLOGY
• FIREWALL: Security System to Prevent Invasion
of Private Networks
• OVERCOMES COMPUTER PLATFORM
DIFFERENCES
• OFTEN INSTALLED ON EXISTING NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.49

EXTRANET
ALLOWS SELECT USERS OUTSIDE
ORGANIZATION TO USE ITS INTRANET:
• CUSTOMERS
• BUSINESS PARTNERS
• VENDORS
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.50

EXTRANET
DATABASES
CUSTOMER

SUPPLIER

INTERNET

FIREWALL

SERVER

BUSINESS
PARTNER
CLIENTS

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.51

INTERNET BENEFITS
•
•
•
•
•

GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY
REDUCED COMMUNICATIONS COST
LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS
REDUCED AGENCY COSTS
INTERACTIVITY, FLEXIBILITY,
CUSTOMIZATION
• ACCELERATED KNOWLEDGE
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.52

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH IT
INFRASTRUCTURE
• CONNECTIVITY & APPLICATION
INTEGRATION
• LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL
• ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
• HIDDEN COSTS
• NETWORK RELIABILITY, SECURITY,
BANDWIDTH
*
Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.53

Rank

Utility of Internet Services in
Construction
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

0%
25%
Tertiary
50%

Secondary

75%

Primary
100%

Aware

Used

Freq

Email
List Server
Newsgroup
FTP
NFS
Telnet
Gopher
WWW
IRC
MUD
VR
Audio
Video
Phone

Utility

Resposes

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.54

Data From EXTRANET World 1
Market of Web-based Project Management
41.70%

37.90%

16.70%
Manufacture

Muhamad Abd

AEC

3.70%
General

Institut Teknologi Ba

Others

4.55

Data From EXTRANET World 2
Web-based PM in AEC
80%

73%
64%

70%
Percentage

60%

48%

50%
40%

33%

30%
20%
10%

18%
8%

4%

16%

2%

0%

Features

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.56

W e e k

4

COMPUTER NETWORK AND
INTERNET

Muhamad Abd

Institut Teknologi Ba

4.57