An Analysis Of Adjective Clauses Found In Jane Green’s Novel Another Piece Of My Heart
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Veit (1986:6) states that grammar is a person’s subconscious language
knowledge. The structure of expressions consists of the structure of words,
phrases, clauses and sentences. Clause comes from the combination of words.
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called parts of speech, according
to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. Wren and Martin
(1986:4) states that the Parts of Speech are eight in number they are noun,
adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Phrase
is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. It does
not have a subject or a verb. Rozakis (2003:102) says that phrase consists of
prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, appositive phrase, verbal
phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase, and infinitive phrase.
The combination of clause forms sentences. This means everyone needs
to understand clause first so that they can write sentences well. Based on that
reason, this paper attempts to discuss about clauses and more specifically the
adjective clause.
2.1 Definition of Clause
Azar (1985:220) says that a clause is a structure that has a subject and a
verb. There are two kinds of clauses: independent clause and dependent clause.
An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and
verb of a sentence. It can stand alone as a sentence. It is also called a main clause.
A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an
independent clause. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.
5
McClelland and Marcotte (2003:232) state that a clause is a group of
words that has both a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in
English: independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a
complete thought. The meaning is clear. There are no questions in your mind. An
independent clause is a sentence (S - V - C). For example:
1) Financial aid is sometimes available. (the meaning is clear)
2) Most students want to stay in school (the meaning is clear)
3) Students often look for jobs on campus (the meaning is clear)
A dependent clause is not a complete idea. A dependent clause often has
a S – V – C, but it is not a sentence because the meaning is not clear. There is a
question in your mind. You need more information. For example:
1) When students miss too many classes
what happens?
2) If parents can’t find dependable child care
what happens?
3) If a student has serious financial problems
what happens?
Frank (1972) says that there are three types of dependent clauses: noun
clause, adverbial clause and adjective clause. They will be discussed one by one.
2.2 Kinds of Clauses
2.2.1 Noun Clause
Frank (1972:62) says that noun clause consists of a subject and predicate
that functions as a noun. One of its most common functions is as the object of a
verb, especially of a verb of asserting or mental activity. If such a verb is in the
past tense, the verb in the noun clause object takes past form also. A noun clause
6
may be classified according to the kinds of sentences from which they are derived;
statements, questions, requests, exclamations.
Table 2.1 Types and Functions of Noun Clause
Types
1) Statement
Introductory Conjunction Function
That
Subject
Subject after it
Subjective complement
Object of verb
Appositive
2) Question
Whether
If
Who
What
Which
When
Where, Why, How
Subject
Subjective complement
Object of verb
Object of preposition
Subject
Subjective
complement
Object of verb
Object of preposition
3) Request
That
Object of verb
4) Exclamation
What
How
Object of verb
Object of preposition
Examples:
Statement
1) That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all. (subject)
2) It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil. (subject after it)
3) My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil. (subjective complement)
4) I know that coffee grows in Brazil. (Objectof verb)
5) His belief thatcoffee grows in Brazil is correct. (Appositive)
7
Question
1) Whether he gets the money doesn’t concern me. (Subject)
2) The question is whether he will get the money. (Subjective complement)
3) Do you know if he will get the money? (Object of verb)
4) We were concerned about whether he would get the money. (Object of
preposition)
5) How he gets themoneyis his own affair. (Subject)
6)The question is how he will get the money.(Subjective complement)
7)I don’t know how he will get the money. (Object of verb)
8)We were concerned about how he would get the money.(Object of preposition)
Request
1) He suggested that I write the letter soon.(Object of verb)
Exclamation
1) I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was. (Object of verb)
2)We talked aboutwhat a pretty girl she was. (Object of preposition)
2.2.2 Adverbial Clause
Frank (1972:23) says that an adverbial clause consists of a subject and
predicate introduced by a subordinate conjunction like when, although, because
and if.Most types of adverbial clauses function as modifying the verb of the main
8
clause. An adverbial clause may be used in initial position, final position, and
occasionally in mid-position with the main verb of the sentence. A comma usually
appears after an introductory clause, but is much less common before a clause in
final position. A clause in mid-position must be set off with commas.
Examples:
1) When he comes, you may call me out. (Initial)
2) He invited me, although I refused, to attend his wedding ceremony. (Middle)
3) Shut all the windows before you go out. (Final)
Table 2.2 Types of Adverbial Clauses
1) Adverbial Clause of Time
2)
3)
4)
5)
When, while, as, before, after, until,
since.
Where, wherever.
Although, though, even though.
So, that, so that, such a…that.
In order that, so that, that, in the hope
that.
If, unless, if only, on condition that, in
case, as long as, so long as, provided
that, in the event that.
Because, since, as, in as much as.
As
As…as, so…as, more…than,
less…than.
Adverbial Clause of Place
Adverbial Clause of Concession
Adverbial Clause of Result
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
6) Adverbial Clause of Condition
7) Adverbial Clause of Reason
8) Adverbial Clause of Manner
9) Adverbial Clause of Comparison
Examples:
1) The new machine works just as efficiently as the old one did.
2) The gown we saw yesterday is less expensive than this one.
3) You may do it as you like.
4) I don’t know whether he is going to party or not.
9
5) So long as someone is willing to treat her, she would go to the movies.
6) He sat in the front row, so that he heard every word of the lecture.
7) We will be glad to go with you to the theatre tonight provided that we can get
a baby-sitter.
2.2.3 Adjective Clause
Wren and Martin (1986:23) stated that adjective is a word used with a
noun to describe, or point out, the person, animal, place or thing which the noun
names, or to tell the number or quantity. Azar (1992) says that adjectives describe
nouns. In grammar, we say that adjectives modify nouns. The word modify means
“change a little”. Adjectives give a little different meaning to a noun: intelligent
student, lazy student, good student. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A
final –s is never added to an adjective.Jones and Mann (2001:36) say that
adjectives can also describe qualities like feelings and emotions or abstract
concepts, for example, sharp pain; fierce anger; genuine integrity
Adjectives are also used in adjective clauses. Wren and Martin
(1986:264) stated that an adjective clause is a group of words which contains a
subject and a predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective. Azar
(1992:238) says that an adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a
noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. As we
have known, an adjective clause in a complex sentence is a subordinate clause
which does the work of an adjective, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the
main clause. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun such as who,
10
whom, whose, that, which or by a relative adverb such as when, where, and why.
An adjective clause is also called relative clause.
Thomson and Martinet (1984:43) say that there are three kinds of relative
clauses, they are defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses and
connective relative clauses. The relative pronouns used in the adjective clauses
can refer to persons, things, places, times and reason. Those relative pronouns can
take different functions in an adjective clause, they are relative pronoun as
subject, relative pronoun as object of verb, relative pronoun as object of
preposition and relative pronoun as possessive.
Table 2.3 Types of Adjective Clauses
No.
Noun Meaning
Relative Pronoun
Who
Whom
1)
A person
Whose
That
Which
2)
A thing
That
3)
A time
When
4)
A place
Where
5)
A reason
Why
11
Examples:
1) I met a man who is kind to everybody.
2) The river which flows through town is polluted.
3) Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television.
4) Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born.
5) Making noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat
with her brother.
12
Veit (1986:6) states that grammar is a person’s subconscious language
knowledge. The structure of expressions consists of the structure of words,
phrases, clauses and sentences. Clause comes from the combination of words.
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called parts of speech, according
to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. Wren and Martin
(1986:4) states that the Parts of Speech are eight in number they are noun,
adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Phrase
is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. It does
not have a subject or a verb. Rozakis (2003:102) says that phrase consists of
prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, appositive phrase, verbal
phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase, and infinitive phrase.
The combination of clause forms sentences. This means everyone needs
to understand clause first so that they can write sentences well. Based on that
reason, this paper attempts to discuss about clauses and more specifically the
adjective clause.
2.1 Definition of Clause
Azar (1985:220) says that a clause is a structure that has a subject and a
verb. There are two kinds of clauses: independent clause and dependent clause.
An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and
verb of a sentence. It can stand alone as a sentence. It is also called a main clause.
A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an
independent clause. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.
5
McClelland and Marcotte (2003:232) state that a clause is a group of
words that has both a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in
English: independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a
complete thought. The meaning is clear. There are no questions in your mind. An
independent clause is a sentence (S - V - C). For example:
1) Financial aid is sometimes available. (the meaning is clear)
2) Most students want to stay in school (the meaning is clear)
3) Students often look for jobs on campus (the meaning is clear)
A dependent clause is not a complete idea. A dependent clause often has
a S – V – C, but it is not a sentence because the meaning is not clear. There is a
question in your mind. You need more information. For example:
1) When students miss too many classes
what happens?
2) If parents can’t find dependable child care
what happens?
3) If a student has serious financial problems
what happens?
Frank (1972) says that there are three types of dependent clauses: noun
clause, adverbial clause and adjective clause. They will be discussed one by one.
2.2 Kinds of Clauses
2.2.1 Noun Clause
Frank (1972:62) says that noun clause consists of a subject and predicate
that functions as a noun. One of its most common functions is as the object of a
verb, especially of a verb of asserting or mental activity. If such a verb is in the
past tense, the verb in the noun clause object takes past form also. A noun clause
6
may be classified according to the kinds of sentences from which they are derived;
statements, questions, requests, exclamations.
Table 2.1 Types and Functions of Noun Clause
Types
1) Statement
Introductory Conjunction Function
That
Subject
Subject after it
Subjective complement
Object of verb
Appositive
2) Question
Whether
If
Who
What
Which
When
Where, Why, How
Subject
Subjective complement
Object of verb
Object of preposition
Subject
Subjective
complement
Object of verb
Object of preposition
3) Request
That
Object of verb
4) Exclamation
What
How
Object of verb
Object of preposition
Examples:
Statement
1) That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all. (subject)
2) It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil. (subject after it)
3) My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil. (subjective complement)
4) I know that coffee grows in Brazil. (Objectof verb)
5) His belief thatcoffee grows in Brazil is correct. (Appositive)
7
Question
1) Whether he gets the money doesn’t concern me. (Subject)
2) The question is whether he will get the money. (Subjective complement)
3) Do you know if he will get the money? (Object of verb)
4) We were concerned about whether he would get the money. (Object of
preposition)
5) How he gets themoneyis his own affair. (Subject)
6)The question is how he will get the money.(Subjective complement)
7)I don’t know how he will get the money. (Object of verb)
8)We were concerned about how he would get the money.(Object of preposition)
Request
1) He suggested that I write the letter soon.(Object of verb)
Exclamation
1) I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was. (Object of verb)
2)We talked aboutwhat a pretty girl she was. (Object of preposition)
2.2.2 Adverbial Clause
Frank (1972:23) says that an adverbial clause consists of a subject and
predicate introduced by a subordinate conjunction like when, although, because
and if.Most types of adverbial clauses function as modifying the verb of the main
8
clause. An adverbial clause may be used in initial position, final position, and
occasionally in mid-position with the main verb of the sentence. A comma usually
appears after an introductory clause, but is much less common before a clause in
final position. A clause in mid-position must be set off with commas.
Examples:
1) When he comes, you may call me out. (Initial)
2) He invited me, although I refused, to attend his wedding ceremony. (Middle)
3) Shut all the windows before you go out. (Final)
Table 2.2 Types of Adverbial Clauses
1) Adverbial Clause of Time
2)
3)
4)
5)
When, while, as, before, after, until,
since.
Where, wherever.
Although, though, even though.
So, that, so that, such a…that.
In order that, so that, that, in the hope
that.
If, unless, if only, on condition that, in
case, as long as, so long as, provided
that, in the event that.
Because, since, as, in as much as.
As
As…as, so…as, more…than,
less…than.
Adverbial Clause of Place
Adverbial Clause of Concession
Adverbial Clause of Result
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
6) Adverbial Clause of Condition
7) Adverbial Clause of Reason
8) Adverbial Clause of Manner
9) Adverbial Clause of Comparison
Examples:
1) The new machine works just as efficiently as the old one did.
2) The gown we saw yesterday is less expensive than this one.
3) You may do it as you like.
4) I don’t know whether he is going to party or not.
9
5) So long as someone is willing to treat her, she would go to the movies.
6) He sat in the front row, so that he heard every word of the lecture.
7) We will be glad to go with you to the theatre tonight provided that we can get
a baby-sitter.
2.2.3 Adjective Clause
Wren and Martin (1986:23) stated that adjective is a word used with a
noun to describe, or point out, the person, animal, place or thing which the noun
names, or to tell the number or quantity. Azar (1992) says that adjectives describe
nouns. In grammar, we say that adjectives modify nouns. The word modify means
“change a little”. Adjectives give a little different meaning to a noun: intelligent
student, lazy student, good student. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A
final –s is never added to an adjective.Jones and Mann (2001:36) say that
adjectives can also describe qualities like feelings and emotions or abstract
concepts, for example, sharp pain; fierce anger; genuine integrity
Adjectives are also used in adjective clauses. Wren and Martin
(1986:264) stated that an adjective clause is a group of words which contains a
subject and a predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective. Azar
(1992:238) says that an adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a
noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. As we
have known, an adjective clause in a complex sentence is a subordinate clause
which does the work of an adjective, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the
main clause. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun such as who,
10
whom, whose, that, which or by a relative adverb such as when, where, and why.
An adjective clause is also called relative clause.
Thomson and Martinet (1984:43) say that there are three kinds of relative
clauses, they are defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses and
connective relative clauses. The relative pronouns used in the adjective clauses
can refer to persons, things, places, times and reason. Those relative pronouns can
take different functions in an adjective clause, they are relative pronoun as
subject, relative pronoun as object of verb, relative pronoun as object of
preposition and relative pronoun as possessive.
Table 2.3 Types of Adjective Clauses
No.
Noun Meaning
Relative Pronoun
Who
Whom
1)
A person
Whose
That
Which
2)
A thing
That
3)
A time
When
4)
A place
Where
5)
A reason
Why
11
Examples:
1) I met a man who is kind to everybody.
2) The river which flows through town is polluted.
3) Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television.
4) Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born.
5) Making noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat
with her brother.
12