An Analysis of The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse In Danielle Steel’s Malice

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN DANIELLE STEEL’S MALICE

A THESIS BY

MENTARI

REG. NO. 100705075

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN DANIELLE STEEL’S MALICE

A THESIS BY

MENTARI

REG. NO. 100705105

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP.19541117 198003 1 002 NIP.19750209 200812 1 002

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on Saturday 23 May, 2015

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara

Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. ………..

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. ………..

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. ………..

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MENTARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : MENTARI

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN DANIELLE STEEL’S MALICE

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bissmillahirrahmanirrahim.

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT who gives strength, health, and patience for me as finishing this thesis, entitled An Analysis of The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse In Danielle Steel’s Malice. Thanks for blessing me in order to get a S1 Degree in English from Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

I place on record, my sincere thank you to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara for the continuos encouragement. I wish to express my sicere thanks to Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar,M.S, as the Head of English Department, and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D, as the Secretary of English Department for providing me with all the necessary facilities for the research.

Though only my name appears on the cover of this dissertation, a great many people have contributed to its production. I owe my gratitude to all those people who have made this dissertation possible and because of whom my graduate experience has been one that I will cherish forever. I would like to give thanks to all lectures in English Department for giving me valuable knowledge, advices, times, and facilities during my academic years. I would also like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. for her guidance during my research. Her support and inspiring suggestions have been precious for the development of this

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thesis content and Mahmud Arief Albar, SS. M.A as co-supervisor for his valuable corrections and advices in finishing this thesis.

Many friends have helped me stay sane through these difficult years. Their support and care helped me overcome setbacks and stay focused on my graduate study. I greatly value their friendship and I deeply appreciate their belief in me. To Fatih Amalia Nst (Meme), you’re my partner in crime, Kak! To Siti Nurhafizah Landau (Oja), I will miss your attitude that sometimes unpredictable. Still fat and sweet darlings! To Depika Shaela Damanik (Cila), I will greatly miss your confused reaction in capturing conversations that we do. They always welcomed me and encouraged me to take part in their activities and made me feel part of their big family. They incessantly giving support, encouragement to me immediately resolve this thesis. Thank you because you have spent a lot of time for me. I will forever remember in my heart the stories and the moments you girls shared with me during these years together! I would never forget all the chats and beautiful moments I shared with some of my friends and classmates. They were fundamental in supporting me during these stressful and difficult moments. Other close friends I would like to mention here in Medan: Yuni, Annis, Uswatun, Nadia, Ninis, Ryan, Saut, Eri, Pilja, and Eby. They always help me in exchanging any ideas and give the enjoyable studying environment. They made my life at USU a truly memorable experience and their friendships are invaluable to me. I wish to thank my best friend in high school, Cut Maulida Niaty, for all the emotional support, camaraderie, entertainment, and caring her provided.

Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my family. My Bapak and Mamak for their unflagging love and unconditional support throughout my life and my studies.

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My sister Novi Fenita and her husband Rusfika, my fabulous nephews: M.Ediz Mika Rahil and M.Fatir Billah who have bought great joy to my life. My craziest brothers Sannova, M.Wali Al-Khalidy, M.Noer Khalis, M.Tamlikha. I know many times you didn’t quite understand my life or my choices, but you have always supported me. And you have always been proud of me. I love you all and I hope I can live up to the dreams you have for me. You made me live the most unique, magic and carefree childhood that had made me who I am now!

I am ready to start the journey!

Medan, May 2015

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ABSTRAK

Dalam membahas sebuah karya sastra, terdapat banyak unsur yang dapat dijadikan objek permasalahan, salah satunya adalah dampak psikologi. Malice merupakan sebuah karya sastra yang membahas tentang pelecehan seksual. Novel karya Danielle Steel ini menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan seksual terhadap anak merupakan hubungan antara seorang anak dengan orang yang lebih tua atau orang dewasa dimana anak tersebut dipergunakan sebagai objek pemuas kebutuhan seksual pelaku. Dampak dari perilaku kekerasan seksual terhadap anak-anak tersebut cenderung mengganggu perkembangan psikologis si anak. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini untuk menganalisis kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dan bagaimana dampaknya serta bagaimana cara mengatasi dampak tersebut. Metode penulisan menggunakan deskripsi kualitatif. Persepsi korban terhadap tindak kekerasan yang dialaminya yakni semua korban menilai bahwa mereka kotor, bersalah, dan merasa malu dengan orang lain. Disamping itu, mereka juga masih mempunyai tujuan hidup yang ingin dicapainya. Dengan dukungan dari teman-teman dan lingkungannya, korban akan mampu untuk mencapai apa yang diharapkannya.

Kata Kunci: Psikologi, Kekerasan Terhadap Anak, Pelecehan Seksual Terhadap Anak, Dampak Psikologi Dari Pelecehan Seksual.

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ABSTRACT

In discussing a literary work, there are many elements that can be made as the object of problems, one of them is psychological impact. Malice is a literary work that discusses about sexual abuse. A novel by Danielle Steel show that sexual abuse on children is relationship between a child and older man like brother or parents which the children is applied as an object of sexual need. The impacts of sexual abuse on children intend to interfere with the child's psychological development. The purpose of this thesis to analyze the sexual abuse on children, how its impact and how to overcome these impacts. Method of writing using a qualitative descriptive. The perception of victim’s to sexual abuse that they got is all of the victims assumed that they had been full of dirt, guilt and shame. Besides that, they still had dreams of their life. With the support of friends and the environment, the victim will be able to achieve what she expected.

Keywords: Psychology, Child Abuse, Sexual Abuse on Children, Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 5

1.3 Objective of the Study... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7

2.1 Literary Psychology ... 7

2.2 Character ... 9

2.3 Child Abuse... 13

2.3.1 Verbal Abuse... 14

2.3.2 Physical Abuse ... 14

2.3.3 Emotional Abuse ... 16

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2.4 The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children 20 2.5 How The Victim Overcome The Psychological Impact of

Sexual Abuse ... 21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 23

3.1 Research Method... 23

3.2 Technique of Collecting Data ... 23

3.3 Data Analysis ... 24

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ... 27

4.1 Sexual Abuse on Children ... 27

4.2 Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse ... 34

4.2.1 Anxiety ... 34

35 36 37 38 4.3 How The Leading Character Overcome the Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse ... 40

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 47

5.1 Conclusion ... 47

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REFERENCES ... 49 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Biography of DANIELLE STEEL APPENDIX B Literary Works

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ABSTRAK

Kata Kunci: Psikologi, Kekerasan Terhadap Anak, Pelecehan Seksual Terhadap Anak, Dampak Psikologi Dari Pelecehan Seksual.

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ABSTRACT

Keywords: Psychology, Child Abuse, Sexual Abuse on Children, Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of The Study

Nowadays, many crime that victimizes children. One of the most common cases is sexual abuse. Child abuse occurs in a range of situations, for a range of reasons. For example are, the disharmony in the household, the low income of the family, or other supporting factors that can be trigger violence. Child sexual abuse has been part of history for centuries but it has not always been an acceptable subject of public conversation. For years, it was taboo in society to discuss any disturbing intimate details of family life and public knowledge about sexual abuse was minimal. Whittier in her book The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Emotion, Social Movements, and the State (2009) said that most people, if they knew anything about child sexual abuse, thought that it only happened among the poor and ethnic minorities. Awareness and public discourse about child sexual abuse did not occur until the late 20th century. People started to speak openly about child sexual abuse and take concerted action against it. Child sexual abuse was first widely exposed in the public eye in the early 1970s when feminists led an anti-rape movement and used child sexual abuse as one example of a repressive patriarchal society.

Child abuse as the sole form of emotional/psychological maltreatment is often the most difficult to identify and prevent. Child sexual abuse is a rather deviant behavior of adult to their children or child, this tendency is commonly related to ‘doing’ forces upon the child or children as victim of anger or disappointment of their parents. It may happen because parents are supposed to have power, strength

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and authority upon the powerless children or child. They think they own their kids and they may do the way as they like.

In terms of statistics, according to NSPCC official statistics, published annually, show the amount of child sexual abuse recorded by authorities in the year. The problem is much bigger than shown in official statistics, as most crimes are not disclosed and/or reported. Most sexual abuse isn’t reported, detected or was prosecuted. Usually the victims don’t tell anyone that they’re being sexually abused. It’s a crime that is usually only witnessed by the abuser and the victim. 1 of 20 children in the UK, have been sexually abused. Sexual abuse includes any unwanted sexual activity, as well as criminal sexual activity with an adult, where physical contact took place. It does not include non-contact sexual abuse (such as flashing or saying sexual things) or "consensual" sexual activity between adolescents. 4.8% of 17 year olds reported contact sexual abuse at some point in childhood. 34% of 11-17 year olds sexually abused by an adult said nobody else knew about it. Over 90%

of sexually abused children was abused by someone they knew.

In Indonesia, one example of the case occurred at the Jakarta International School. In The Sydney Morning Herald World news article published that there is a parent who reports to police for children sexual abuse case at the Jakarta International School. Dewi, who is mother of AL, a victim of children sexual abuse is reported JIS to the police because of the attitude to JIS which seems wash hands as the sexual abuse occurred to JIS. AL has contracted herpes and a bacterial infection allegedly as a result of two anal rapes by members of the schools outsourcing cleaning staff in February and March in 2014. They are alleged to have attacked the boy during school hours when he went to the toilet near his classroom. The issue of

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child sex assault is rarely aired in Indonesia, but coverage since the attack has prompted suggestions that it's a growing problem.

The symptoms of the psychological impact of sexual abuse including guilt, anxiety, depression, interpersonal isolation, somatization, shame, low self-esteem, self-destructive behavior, post-traumatic stress reactions, poor body imagery, sleep disturbance, suicide, nightmares, anorexia or bulimia, criminality in adulthood, relational and/or sexual dysfunction, compulsive behavior like alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling, over eating, over spending, and sexual obsession or compulsion. Since children sexual abuse are a kind of mental/emotional abuse, and because that can induce post-traumatic stress reaction, or even post-traumatic stress disorder. Adults with abuse histories also present with physical problems more frequently than

those who have not experienced abuse. (Retrieved from

Children who have been sexually, psychologically, or experience emotional problems that can affect their academic performance and social skills. As adults, victims of abuse may experience difficulty maintaining healthy relationships and productivity at work. According to Freud (Walgito in Pengantar Psikologi Umum, 2004: 78) instinct distinguished from two categories, namely the instinct for life and instinct to die. Instinct for life cover hunger, thirst, and sex. This is a strength instinct creative and manifests called libido. Instead, the instinct to die is strength destructive, which can be addressed to himself, such as self-harm, suicide, or directed to the outside as forms of aggression. Regarding anxiety, Freud (Walgito, 2004: 78) argues that there are three kinds of anxiety, namely objective anxiety, neuretik, and moral. Worry objective arising from fear of danger in real. Anxiety is

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fear neuretik punishment for the expression of desire impulsive. Moral anxiety arises when a person violated moral norms that exist.

Psychology is a scientific discipline that fully struggling with the problems of man and humanity. Psychology is also the science that tries to explain, predict, and control the behavior of human mental. The particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual is called personality.

In Malice, sexual abuse on children is being the main topic. Furthermore, the sexual abuse on children is interested to discuss in this thesis. Malice is the novel that portrayed the psychological impacts of sexual abuse on children through in leading character, Grace Adams. She is a woman who got sexual abuse from her closest family. The events which are befallen Grace Adams shown that each problem usually affected trauma to a person's personality. Grace Adams is the victim of several different kinds of abuse. She is a woman with a past full of deep, dark, hurtful secrets. She is described in the novel as "a stunning beauty", daughter of an influential lawyer. She has spent the last years nursing dying mother through her finals battle with cancer. On the night of her mother's funeral, she is brutally raped by her father and, after years of such repeated abuse, she snaps and kills him. At the age of 17 years old, she faced up her prison sentence because she murdered her father. After her release two years later, she rebuilds her life.

Novel and other literary works are not just discussing about social life and romance. It is not for entertainment only. Now, novels discuss more serious conflict, such as psychology. Through the novel, the reader can learn and understand the cases of psychology in the easiest way. Nurgiyanto in his book Teori Pengkajian Fiksi (2000:14) says that novel is basically a form of storytelling about life fragmentary human nature. Disclosure techniques are solid and between elements is an integrated

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structure. Novels tell the extraordinary events of the lives of the characters. Good story will describe specific details considered necessary in order not to bore and reduce the tension levels.

1.2Problems of The Study

In accordance with the title of this proposal some questions are arranged which act as the center of problems. Problems that the writer would like to analyze are:

1. How are sexual abuse on children and its impact portrayed in Danielle

Steel’s Malice?

2. How does the leading character overcome the psychological impact of sexual abuse?

1.3Objectives of The Study

Based on the formulation of a problem that has been established above, this proposal aims:

1. To describe sexual abuse on children and the impact portrayed in Danielle Steel’s Malice.

2. To describe how the leading character overcome the psychological impact of sexual abuse.

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1.4Scope of The Study

In this thesis I restricted my analysis in sexual abuse on children described in the novel “MALICE”. The problem will be limited to describing how the leading character, Grace Adams was sexually abused by her father, its impacts which could have a negative impact on psychological such as , and how she overcomes of that action on her psychology.

1.5 Significance of The Study

The significance of this study is to give more understanding about the relationship between literature and psychology. Malice adapts the psychological impact to the victim of sexual abuse as the theme of its novel and this study is expected to enrich readers knowledge about psychological problems found in a novel.

This thesis offers an understanding the knowledge of what literature is and the intention of the works content. The research would be useful for other people who are interested in learning aspects on literature, especially aspect psychology.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literary Psychology

There is a close relationship between psychology and literature. Terry Eagleton in Literary Theory An Introduction (2008: 4) says, “literature is a ‘special’ kind of language, in contrast to the ‘ordinary’ language we commonly use. But to spot a deviation implies being able to identify the norm from which it swerves.” Thus, literature is a language that uses special way to delivering something, and it has meaning, and the meaning of its own. John Peck and Martin Coyle in Literary Terms and Criticism (1984: 1, 102) said that literature has genre. Genre means a type or class of literature. Today, it is known as poetry, drama and the novel, different from earlier times the major genre recognized as epic, tragedy, lyric, comedy and satire. Novels are all about human condition or people in society. Writers have always been interested in term of human life, the development of the novel reflects a view of life towards a new interest in the complexities of everyday experience. Most novels are concerned with ordinary people and the problems in societies in which they find themselves.

Psychology deals with the study of observable patterns of human’s behavior. Literature exhibits how human beings behave in dealing with their problems and environment. It is obvious enough that psychology, the study of psychic processes, can be brought to bear upon the study of literature, for the human psyche is the womb of all the sciences and arts.

Psychology entered literary works because the writer uses his emotions in writing literary works. Literary work is the result of an author’s expression of the

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soul in which the author described the psychological atmosphere, good atmosphere of thought and emotion. Roekan (in Aminudin 1990: 91) said that literary psychology considers that the literary work is the result of the creativity of authors that use language media and perpetuated for the sake of aesthatics.

Budi Utama (2004: 138) gives three reason for the literary psychology included in the study of literature is as follows: (1) determine the behavior and motivation of the characters of literature. Directly or indirectly, the behavior and motivation of the characters also appear in everyday life. Thus in our daily lives we may also meet with people that behavior and motivations are similar to the behavior and motivation of the characters in literature, (2) determine the behavior and motivation of the author, and (3) know the psychological reaction to the reader.

Literature is a place for expressing our thoughts, and shed in a letter. Literature also has an attractive language style, so the reader does not feel bored to keep reading. Human usually become the object of a literary work, because of many things that can be discussed in human life, one of which is a person’s psychology.

John Peck and Martin Coyle (1984: 110) said that a novel usually begins with a description of a place or a character. A characters introduced at the beginning of a novel will usually come into collision with society. Along the story, the characters will be faced with conflict, confrontation, and problematic situation, which usually come from their own family or society.

Character has emotion, feeling, and behavior which support the idea of the story. Novel presents the psychology and psychology itself presents as a knowledge that discusses about human mind in human personality as a character because character is build by using psychological principles. Characters in novels is judged by us to be “psychologically” true. Situations are praised and plots accepted because

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of this same quality. Characters would be “matter” or “content” like any other type of information to be found in literature, e.g., facts from navigation, astronomy, or history.

So, literary psychology is a study that reviewing behavior, attitude, mental, and mind of human through literature. It can be psychology of the writer, reader, or the character on a literary work.

2.2 Character

A character in a novel is a representative of human being in real life. The more we love a character or the more we hate them it shows that the characters are drawn from life. In every story, there is always good and bad character. Each one of them has specific role and certain aim. Even there is bad character, s/he is not born evil, and the conditions change them. Indeed, in certain condition, bad character can be a savior. When we can feel the character’s feeling; look in the same perception of their vision; and think the way they think, while reading the novel, so the author’s purpose is achieved.

It is very important to make character in literary works could represent the real character in real life. The nature of character presentation brings a positive impact for readers to find out what is going on and what is it for. Since, the character mirrors quality of person. It can be traced to generalize opinion for man in general. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction by Kennedy (1983: 47) said that character is an imagined person who exists in the story. Characters in novels are not just like real life people. Characters in novels have been especially created by authors. When author creates characters, he selects some aspects of ordinary people then develops

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some of those aspects. The result is not ordinary people but fictional characters that only exist in the words of novel.

There are some definitions of character according to the writer. Barnet (1983: 71) says, “Character, of course, has two meanings: (1) a figure in literary work, such as; Hamlet and (2) personality, that is, the mental and moral qualities of a figure, as when we say what X’s character is strong, or weak, or immoral, etc”. Edgar V. Roberts (1995:45) says, “A character, then, is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story.” Whether Kennedy (1983:131) says, “In novel, a character may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being.”

Basically, character has its traits. Traits can be the quality of mind or habitual mode of behavior, such as never repaying borrowed money, or avoiding eye contact, or always thinking oneself the center of intention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a person’s primary characteristic.

Just like real human beings, characters are deal with a certain hand in life. Some hands are good ones, others aren’t. How characters play out their hands determines their fate. It is the experience of that fate, as strongly as we can feel it, that we follow as we read. Every main character is challenged in some way. One way of looking at this challenge is to see it as a situation in which a character’s abilities and experience are in sufficient to solve the problem at hand. It is by engaging in these challenges, overcoming some, succumbing to others that characters develop. They are changed as a result of what happened to them as they try to solve their problems and reach their goals.

Roberts and Jacobs (1993: 136) in his book entitled Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing said that character should be true to real life. In

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fiction, character may be defined as a verbal presentation of human being. Trough action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters that are worth caring about rooting for, analyzed even loving, although these are also characters to be laughed, dislike or even hated.

Robert Diyanni in Literature (2nd edition) (1990:36) explores how the literary writers presents and reveals the character. He generalizes and lists methods of revealing character in fiction. Firstly, it is narrative summary without judgment. Secondly, all it is narrative description with implied or explicit judgment. Thirdly, it is about surface details of dress physical appearance. Fourthly, it is about characters actions of what they do and the characters speech of what the say and how they say it; and finally, it is about the characters consciousness of what they think and feel.

From the statement above we can simplify that character in fiction is description and representation of a person qualities. The creation or delegation of character or characters in touch with the actions, gesture, or speech existing in the work by so doing, character is a fictitious living person that has personal qualities of a real person has.

A character in a work of fiction may realize in a character in a work of in a number of ways. Character, after all, has been constructed to make out reported actions, the words they are give to say and the commentary made of on them by their creator. Something must depend on how they are presented.

It has often been assumed that characters in a literary work can be judged

from four levels characterization by D.D.Runes in

http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/11916699-despotism---a-pictoral-history-of-tyranny (1963). These four levels of characterization are helpful for us to see the very basic description of characters. The four levels of characterization are:

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1. Physical: physical level of character supplies such basic facts, as sex, age, and size. It is the simplest level of characterization because it reveals external traits only.

2. Social: social level of characterization includes economic status, profession, religion, family and social relationships –all those factors that place a character in his environment.

3. Psychological: psychological level of character reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivation, likes and dislikes –the inner workings of the mind, both emotional and intellectual which lead to action. Since feeling, thought, and behavior define a character more fully than physical and social traits and since a literary work usually arises from desires in conflict, the psychological level is the most essential parts of characterization.

4. Moral: moral level of character decisions more clearly differentiate characters than any other level of characterization. The choices by a character when he is faced with a moral crisis show whether he is selfish, a hypocrite, greedy, miserly, or he is the one who always acts accordingto his belief. A moral decision usually causes a character to examine his own motives and values, and in the process, his true nature is revealed both to himself and to the readers.

John Peck and Martin Coyle in Literary Terms and Criticism (1984: 109) explained that the realistic novelist offers a subtle analysis of his character, but the fiction novelist takes a simpler view that man’s lusts and desires disrupt life, it might be a less subtle view, but it is disturbing one, as it emphasizes the irrational impulses that motivate people.

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Characters can be divided into three subdivisions such as main character, minor character, and also leading character. Main character is the character whose appearance is the most frequently appear in the story and dominant of the story. Minor character can be defined as the supporting character of the main character and the appearance of minor character is usually infrequently while leading character is the centered individual who is very dominant. Leading character is focused personally and it is different with main character which can involve more than one character.

We often feel sympathy for a character when reading a literary work; on the other hand, we may feel unsympathetic for another. A character’s honesty, boldness, or suffering may create a moving story that stirs our emotion and feeling. On the contrary, a character who is wicked, cruel, dishonest, etc, may give rise to our dislike. The ability of an author to describe his characters makes a reader feel that he is watching the reality of human life, and, consequently, the literary work becomes more interesting.

Grace Adams is a leading character because she is the center of the whole story. Her appearances construct every event of the novel ‘Malice’. She has round character. It is reflected by her action, behavior, and also thought.

2.3 Child Abuse

Abuse—physical, verbal, or emotional maltreatment—can leave psychological wounds that are harder to heal than bodily injuries. Intense, often negative feelings may plague the victim, and he or she may struggle to cope and lead a happy, peaceful life. Distressing memories, anxiety, blocks to intimacy, and trust issues are common, although many people are able to overcome or minimize

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challenges like these. It is never a child’s fault when it comes to the issue of child abuse. Many people may confuse abuse with discipline but there is a very fine line between the two. Mentally unstable parents, more likely than not, abuse their children. Child abuse manifests in various forms, including physical abuse, sexual abuse neglect, and emotional abuse or psychological abuse (Widom, 1989: 160-166).

There are the four primary types of child abuse and it can be seen below: 2.2.1 Verbal Abuse

Verbal abuse is the only any type of communication ability or understanding. Verbal abuse is the most common way to attempt to control the behavior, thoughts, and feelings of another human being. Controlling behaviors are designed to manipulate people into doing what the abuser wants them to do under the guise of love or respect or abject fear.

On children, verbal abuse happened when a child asks for attention and comments from his parents or nurse maid, however they ignore the child and answered him or her with immoral statements and quieted the child from crying. Verbal abuse is begun through shocking words that shouted at the children ear. That’s why, a child started speaking or giving some comments about everything still his mother was piqued, less control and began to spell abusive language. For examples of verbal abuse are spelling curses and obscenities, saying with the vile language or the doer command children authoritatively.

2.3.2 Physical Abuse

The definition of physical abuse is any physical force or action that results in or may result in a non-accidental injury of a child. Physical abuse may involve

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striking the child a single time or it may involve a pattern of occurrences. Physical abuse is usually connected to physical punishment or is confused with child discipline. Such acts of aggression include striking a child with the hand, fist, or foot or with an object; burning the child with a hot object; shaking, pushing, or throwing a child; pinching or biting the child; pulling a child by the hair; cutting off a child’s air. The parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child, the injury is not an accident. It may, however, been the result of over discipline or physical punishment that is inappropriate to the child’s age.

According to Aronson in Health and Safety in Child Care (1991: 84) said that physical abuse is application of force that produces pain or injury. Spanking, beating, holding hard enough to bruise, cutting, scraping, burning, and typing up a child are forms of physical abuse. Age of the child when physical abuse began: The younger the child was at the onset of physical abuse, the greater the imprint, and thus, the greater the impact. This is particularly evident when the abuse continues throughout the child's life.

Child's relationship to the abuser: When a child has a very close relationship with his/her abuser, the feelings of betrayal are that much greater; the very person who is supposed to protect is instead hurting that child.

Signs of physical child abuse include visible marks of maltreatment, such as cuts, bruises, welts, or well-defined burns, and reluctance to go home. If you ask a child about how he or she got hurt and the child talks vaguely or evasively about falling off a fence or spilling a hot dish, think hard before you accept the child’s story at face value.

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2.2.3 Emotional Abuse

Emotional abuse or psychological abuse refers to the humiliation or intimidation of another person, but is also used to refer to the long-term effects of emotional shock. Emotional abuse is the cornerstone of all the abuses because emotional abuse is always present during physical child abuse, child neglect, and sexual child abuse, and it is the only abuse that can stand on its own. It does not have to accompany any of the other abuses.

Many people including parents, members of the law enforcement community and journalists, think that infants and young children who witness violence are too young to know what happened. They don't take it in. "They won't remember." In fact, infants and young children can be overwhelmed by their exposure to violence, especially--as it is likely to be the case with very young children--when both victims and perpetrators are well known and emotionally important to the child and the violence occurs in or near the child's own home (Osofsky, 1996).

Aronson in Health and Safety in Child Care (1991: 185) states that: Emotional abuse occurs when adults treat children in developmentally inappropriate ways, damaging their spirit and self-esteem through belittling, verbal abuse, excessive demands.

There are six types of emotional abuse. It can be seen below: 1. Rejecting

Putting down a child or youth's worth or putting down their needs such as constant criticism, name calling, telling child he/she is ugly, yelling or swearing at the child, expressing regret the child wasn't born the opposite sex, etc.

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2. Isolating

Keeping a child away from family and friends such as leaving child in room unattended for long periods, not allowing child to have friends, rewarding child for withdrawing from social contact, isolating child in closet, punishing youth for engaging in normal social experiences, etc.

3. Ignoring

Failing to give any response to or interact with a child or youth at all such as no response to infant's spontaneous social behaviors, not accepting the child as an offspring, denying required health care, denying required dental care, failure to engage child in day to day activities, etc.

4. Corrupting

Encouraging a child or youth to do things that are illegal or harmful to themselves such as rewarding child for bullying and harassing behavior, teaching racism and ethnic biases, encouraging violence in sporting activities, inappropriate reinforcement of sexual activity, rewarding child for lying and stealing, etc.

5. Exploiting

Giving a child or youth responsibilities that are far greater than a child/youth that age can handle. It is also using a child for profit such as infants expected not to cry, anger when infant fails to meet a developmental stage, child expected to be 'caregiver' to the parent, young child expected to take care of younger siblings, blaming child or youth for misbehavior of siblings.

6. Terrorizing

Causing a child or youth to be terrified by the constant use of threats and/or intimidating behavior. This includes witnessing, which is when a child or

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youth observes violence, hears violence, or knows that violence is taking place in the home such as with infants and children, excessive teasing, yelling and scaring, unpredictable and extreme responses to child's behavior, extreme verbal threats, raging, alternating with periods of artificial warmth, threatening abandonment, etc.

Emotional child abuse is defined as the constant attack of a child or youth by an adult that negatively affects the child or youth's 6+. It is important to note here the word 'constant'. With emotional abuse, the child/youth receives only negative. Refers to the humiliation or intimidation of another person, but is also used to refer to the long-term effects of emotional shock. Emotional child abuse involves behavior that interferes with a child’s mental health or social development: one website calls it the systematic tearing down of another human being.

2.3.4 Sexual Abuse

The sexual abuse is an umbrella term describing criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor or exploits a minor for the purpose of sexual gratification such as touching of private parts or incest. According to Aronson in Health and Safety in Child Care (1991: 185) in the national study, the most common form of sexual abuse was fondling of a child’s genital, including a high incidence of penetration with a finger, object, or genital organ.

Sexual abuse, which accounts for about 10 percent of child abuse (http://www.redbubble.com/people/pagly2/journal/969659-abuse-part-2), is any sexual act between an adult and a child. Such acts include as follows:

• Behavior involving penetration and for examples: Vaginal or anal intercourse and oral sex

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• Fondling and for examples: Touching or kissing a child's genitals, making a child fondle an adult's genitals

• Violations of privacy and for examples: Forcing a child to undress, spying on a child in the bathroom or bedroom

• Exposing children to adult sexuality and for examples: Performing sexual acts in front of a child, exposing genitals, telling "dirty" stories, showing pornography to a child

• Exploitation and for examples: Selling a child’s services as a prostitute or a performer in pornography

The adult who sexually abuses a child or adolescent is usually someone the child knows and is supposed to trust: a relative, childcare provider, family friend, neighbor, teacher, coach, or clergy member. More than 80 percent of sex offenders are people the child or adolescent victims know

(http://www.redbubble.com/people/pagly2/journal/969659-abuse-part-2). It’s important to understand that no matter what the adult says in defense of his or her

actions, the child does not invite the sexual activity and the adult’s behavior is wrong. Sexual abuse is never the child's fault.

Children are psychologically unable to handle sexual stimulation. Even toddlers, who haven’t formulated the idea that the sexual abuse is wrong, will develop problems resulting from the overstimulation. Older children who know and care for their abusers know that the sexual behavior is wrong, but they may feel trapped by feelings of loyalty and affection. Abusers warn their victims not to tell, threatening children with violence or ostracism, and the shame associated with the sexual activity makes the child especially reluctant to tell. When sexual abuse occurs within the family, children may worry that other family members won’t believe them

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and will be angry with them if they tell — as is often the case. The layer of shame that accompanies sexual abuse makes the behavior doubly traumatizing.

2.4 The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children

While abuse in any form can have a negative impact on an individual’s life, significant emotional or psychological problems do not necessarily result from every case of abuse. The severity of psychological repercussions can vary depending on many factors, such as how well the victim was associated with the abuser and whether the abuse was recognized or dismissed by the friends and family of the abused.

Browne & Finkelhor (1986: 74) said that psychological impacts such as depression, anxiety, fear, distress, guilt and shame have been associated with women who have been sexually abused. Some behaviors that have been identified by researchers as possibly stemming from abuse are aggression, over sexualized behavior, eating disorders, substance abuse, self injurious behaviors, somatic complaints, dissociation, sexual perpetration, academic difficulties, interpersonal difficulties, and suicidal.

In Child Sexual Abuse (Family Life) by Jean La Fontain (1990) explain that although people have classified intercourse as a “more serious” sexual abuse and other acts (touching genitals or showing pornography) as “mild” abuse, any act of sexual abuse is traumatizing to a child and should be evaluated as a serious crime. Each different type of abuse causes its own distress because there are boundaries that are invaded and distortions created. Some clinicians suggest that sexual abuse that involves intercourse is more traumatic.

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Children who experience any form of sexual abuse may experience the full spectrum of different forms of sexual activities, which can increase the negative impact of the abuse. In relationships that take place with a family member, it is common for sexual abuse to start at “mild” acts and progress to other, more “serious” sexual acts.

When a child is accessible to the abuser, there is more opportunity for the child to suffer from traumatic events. Also, some researchers have found that experiences with close relatives are more traumatizing than experiences outside the family (Finkelhor & Browne in Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research (1986)). Specifically, Jones and Morris (2007) claim child sexual abuse involving fathers or step-fathers, which is the most common experience, is the most traumatic.

2.5 How The Victim Overcome The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse Victims of sexual abuse on children are three times more likely to suffer from depression, as well as a host of other mental conditions. Though the fear of reliving the feelings of shame, guilt, self-blame and feeling unclean, contaminated or dirty may inhibit victims of sexual abuse from undergoing cervical cancer screenings, it is imperative they do. Women who have been sexually abused are more likely to develop cervical lesions in addition to participating in risky behavior such as drug or alcohol abuse

Therapy can help in a number of ways, including increasing insight into the nature of feelings that are arising facilitating emotional catharsis.

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However, survivors support association, was able to compose a list of steps successfully taken by sexually abused victims to improve their experience.

a. The survivor having time and space to talk about their fears and anxieties of having the test.

b. A friend or supporter being present during the test.

c. The smear taker having an understanding and insight into the issues of

childhood abuse and the legacy of issues that adult survivors can face.

d. A discussion of words/responses which would trigger anxiety or flashbacks for a survivor and finding alternative 'safe' words to replace these. For example, many smear takers would tell the woman to try to relax during the test. The word 'relax' is often used by abusers and can be very frightening for survivors; an alternative is to agree a word in advance to use in discussions with the patient.

e. A private and comfortable environment for undressing and for the smear test to be taken.

f. A clear signal agreed beforehand for the woman to be able to halt the test if she needs to at any stage.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

There are three kinds of research methods, library research, field research, and laboratory research. By analyzing Malice I use library research by using some books which are related to the topic of this thesis. Library research is research you do from books. Library research plays an important role in giving the information or reference which is needed.

3.2 Technique of Collecting Data

In collecting the data, I need some instrument for this thesis. The technique used by gathering all the data from the library or from internet and other supporting material relevant to the topic of the thesis as much as possible. There are two kinds of data; primary data and secondary data. Primary data is a data which directly took by the researcher. Then the secondary data is taken by some written sources.

Danielle Steel’s Malice used as the main source of data. I use some steps in doing this analysis. First, I read whole novel to get deep understanding about the novel. Second, I select the important information about the sexual abuse on children indication in the novel. Third, I quote the text and make the quotation as the data to support the analysis. Fourth, I would make interpretation based on the data that found in the novel and I collect some books to support my analyses.

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3.3 Data Analysis

Theory of Literature by Wellek (1955) explain that there are two methods in analyzing a literary work: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic method approaches the literary works from internal factor, the text. Such as rhythm, rhyme, scheme, form, mood, etc. In the other hand, extrinsic method approaches the literary works from external factors such as biography, autobiography, psychology, philosophy, history, society, religion, etc. Therefore, it is clear enough that the writer used the extrinsic method in analyzing this thesis.

In analyzing Danielle Steel's Malice, the writer followed the procedure, there are; data collecting, data selecting, and data analyzing. First steps, the writer collects and underline the important things from the novel and do the same thing with the related books and references. Second steps are to select all the information that has been collected and only the significant data are used in the process of doing this proposal thesis. The last step, all the selected data is being analyzed to achieve what has been planned in the objective of this thesis and finally a conclusion can be drawn from this thesis.

Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research (Qualitative Research Methods) by Kirk and Miller (1986), there are two kinds of method of analyzing; they are quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative method includes every kind research that based on calculation, number or quantity. In other hand, qualitative method includes every kind research that not based on calculation. In analyzing, the writer used qualitative descriptive method. Whereas qualitative research method is used because Mary W. George in his book The Elements of Library Research (2008)

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explain that qualitative method designates any research that is results are captured in a words, images, or nonnumeric symbols; for instance, researches on dreams.

The qualitative analysis, in general, can be named as the method of understanding the phenomena about what happened with the analysis subject, for example, attitude, behavior, perception, motivation, habit, etc, holistically, and by the descriptive method that applied as the words and language, in specific context naturally, and using the scientific method. Through this method, I analyzing the sentences which are related to the topic of this study about psychological impacts of sexual abuse found in leading character of Malice.

The whole process, from collecting data until analyzing data, will be clearly described in the scheme below:

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Primary Data:

Novel Malice by Danielle Steel

Secondary Data:

Books and articles which concerned with Psychology and Literature, sexual abuse on

children, its impact and how the victims overcome Reading the

novel _{Searching and reading the books and the articles}

Classifying the data based on Psychology and Literature, sexual abuse on children, its impact and how the victims overcome from the psychological impact

Interpreting the data based on theme:

Sexual abuse on children, by taking the quotations

f th t t d t d l

Analyzing the data

Concluding and summarizing the data

Re-reading the novel Malice by Danielle Steel Researcher

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

All types of abuse are painful and can cause psychological distress, and it is not uncommon for a victim of abuse to experience more than one type of abuse. For example, someone who was familial, professional, or social, and it can also occur between strangers. Previously the writer had already mentioned the types of child abuse. But in this chapter, the writer will only discuss about sexual abuse on children, how it’s impacts and how the leading character overcome from the psychological impact of sexual abuse.

4.1 Sexual Abuse on Children

Child abuse is a major problem in the society because the physical and mental harm endured by children are extremely destructive. Child Abuse is action involving physical or emotional injury to a child as well as neglect of the child’s basic needs. According to Hary (1996: 234) “Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian or other person.”

Sexual abuse is an unwanted sexual activity, with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims not able to give consent. Most victims and perpetrators know each other. Richard in his book Childhood Antecedents of Multiple Personality (1985: 24) said that most sexual abuse, however, occurs within the family or the neighborhood. Both male and female infant and youngsters may be sexually abused by both parents and other relatives of both sexes. Female children have been subject both to rape and to other forms of abuse as sexual by their fathers,

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brothers, male neighbors, or the paramours of their mothers, sisters, or other caretakers. Immediate reactions to sexual abuse include shock, fear or disbelief. Long-term symptoms include anxiety, fear or post-traumatic stress disorder. While efforts to treat sex offenders remain unpromising, psychological interventions for survivors — especially group therapy — appears effective.

Sexual abuse also referred to as molestation, is forcing undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. When that force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it called sexual abuse. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is called as child sexual abuse. Sexual abuse on children is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, physical sexual contact with a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.

It is never a child’s fault when it comes to the issue of child abuse. Many people may confuse about with discipline but there is a very fine line between the two. Mentally unstable parents, more likely than not, abuse their. Child abuse manifest in various forms, including physical abuse, sexual abuse neglect, and emotional abuse or psychological abuse (Widum: 1989). Grace is a thirteen-year-old girl who has a harmonious family. At least it can be seen by the environment in which she lives. The environment knows Grace parents and her parents have a very good reputation in the community. No one knows exactly how the attitude of John, Grace father while he was at home. As a teenager, Grace Adams was brutally raped by her father for several times, with the approval and assistance of her dying mother.

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When Grace Adams was just 14 years old, her mother prepared her to be violently sexually assaulted by her father. As evidence, the conversation below took place between Grace and David Glass, her lawyer. That was the first time Grace told her story to others.

"A long time." She looked drained as she glanced back at him. She looked so tired and frail, he almost wondered if she would survive it.

"Four years ... she made me do it the first time." (Steel, 1998: 96)

It is not true that sexual abuse happens because ‘a man cannot control his sexual urges’, just like what Grace father, John said to his wife, Ellen. John threatened to leave him if she did not want to do what John wanted. John sure Ellen did not want that. And true, Ellen did what her husband wants, John did allow sexual intercourse with their daughter. The abuser knew what they were doing and they made a choice to abuse because they had a power. It could be seen on the sentence below:

He made her do anything he wanted just so he wouldn't leave her. And as Grace grew up and grew more beautiful each day, it was easy to see what he wanted, what would be required of her, if she really wanted to keep him. And once Ellen got sick, and the radiation and chemotherapy changed her so dramatically, deep penetration was no longer possible. He told her bluntly then that if she expected to stay married to him something would have to be worked out to keep him happy. It was obvious that she couldn't keep him happy anymore, couldn't give him what he wanted. But Grace could. She was thirteen, and so very lovely.

(Steel, 1998: 26)

When the first time her mother asked Grace to have a sexual intercourse with her father, she told grace about the problem they had and put the responsibility on grace. At first, Grace did not understand what her mother meant, but she finally realized that and cried.

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She painted a terrifying picture, and put the leaden mantle of responsibility on Grace's shoulders. The girl sagged at the weight of it, and the horror of what was expected of her.

(Steel, 1998: 27)

The quotation below shows that Grace's father enjoyed intercourse with her. He came to Grace’s room almost every night to do the things he wants and if Grace refused, then her father would beat her.

He didn't come to her every night, but almost. Sometimes she thought she would die of shame, and sometimes he really hurt her. She never told anyone, and eventually her mother stopped coming into the room with him. Grace knew what was expected of her, and that she had no choice except to do it. And when she argued with him, he'd hit her hard, and eventually she knew there was no way out, no choice.

(Steel, 1998: 27-28)

The victim who received treatment of sexual abuse was usually willing to do it for a reason that was considered very important. For example in Grace’s case, she did it because she wanted to protect her mother. So her father did not beat her or left them. And the only thing she could do was willing to be a love slave of her father. It can be seen in the following quotation:

She did it for her, not for him. She submitted so he wouldn't beat her mother anymore, or leave them. But anytime Grace didn't cooperate with him, or do everything he asked, he went back to his own room and beat up her mother, no matter how sick she was, or how much pain she was in. It was a message that Grace always understood, and she would run shrieking into their room, and swear that she'd do anything he wanted. And over and over and over again, he made her prove it. For over four years now, he had done everything he could dream of with her, she was his very own love slave, his daughter.

(Steel, 1998: 28)

Love for her husband made Grace’s mother was willing to do anything to make him happy. Including allowing her daughter to get laid by her own husband. It was unreasonable that parents should protect children from sexual abuse not advise it.

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But they didn't wait to hear her answer. That night, they came into her room, and her mother helped him. She held her down, and crooned to her, and told her what a good girl she was, and how much they loved her.

(Steel, 1998: 27)

And the only thing her mother had done to protect Grace from him was get birth control pills for her so she wouldn't get pregnant.

(Steel, 1998: 28)

During her 17, on the night of her mother's funeral, he began an especially brutal rape and Grace could no longer stand it. Her father created a situation where nobody would say anything about the abuse, until the situation changed. When her mother died, he mistakenly thought that she would continue to be his victim. It can be seen on the quote below:

"I can't!" she shouted at him, and this time he looked angry. He wasn't going to play these games with her anymore. Not now. And not tonight. There was no point, and no need. She knew what her mother had said to her. His eyes burned into hers as he looked down at her, and grabbed her harder.

(Steel, 1998: 23)

Grace refused her father's deeds suddenly and its made him looked more eager to sleep with her. Grace used to begging never resist the wishes of her father. When Grace mentioned the existence of her mother who had passed away, it made her father looked more excited to sleep with her.

He advanced toward her with eyes that glittered at her, as she took a step backwards, and he grabbed both her arms, and then an instant later, with a single gesture, he tore the pink nylon nightgown in half, right off her shoulders.

"There ... that's better ... isn't it .... we don't need this anymore ... we don't need anything ... all I need is you, little Gracie ... all I need is my baby who loves me so much, and whom I love ..." With a single hand, he dropped his trousers and stepped out of them, along with his shorts, and he stood naked and erect before her.

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That night, he brought Grace to his room. He had never dared take her in his own room. But now it was as though he expected her to step right into her mother's shoes, and fill them in ways that even her mother never could. It was as though he expected her to be his bride now. Even the way he talked to her was different. It was all out in the open. He expected her to be his woman. With all his power, he raped his daughter. Just seen the quotation below:

And as he looked at her body shimmering enticingly at him, her frantic pleas and arguments only served to arouse him further. He looked hard and ominous as he stood holding her in his powerful grip, and with a single gesture he threw her onto his bed, precisely where his invalid wife had lain until only two days before, and for all the empty years of their marriage.

(Steel, 1998: 29)

With such treatment, Grace increasingly felt compelled to end the suffering. She believed that she did not deserve to be treated as such by his father. Although her mother ever told her that she should be kind to her father, but Grace felt it was enough. Her mother was dead there was no reason for him to get laid by his father. . It can be seen in the following quotation:

… he pinned her down with his powerful arms, and the weight of his body. Her legs were swiftly parted by his own, and the familiarity of him forced his way through her with more pain than she had ever known or imagined. For a moment, she almost thought he might kill her. It had never been this way before, he had never hurt her as much as he did now.

It was as though he were beating her with a fist from inside this time, and wanted to prove to her that he owned her and could do anything he wanted.

(Steel, 1998: 30)

… as he continued to pound at her, shouting and grunting. He had slapped her hard several times across the face, but now he was only interested in punishing her with his sexual force and not his hands.

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Victims must dare to against perpetrators of sexual abuse. And Grace knew that with her mother gone, she didn't has to do this and she had to stop. It’s been too long she succumbed to the will of his father and now she didn’t want it anymore. It can be seen on the quote below:

But even as he ravished her, she knew she couldn't do this again. He couldn't do it to her, she couldn't survive it, for him, or anyone. She knew that she was within an inch of falling off the edge of a dangerous ledge, and suddenly as she fought and clawed at him, she knew through the blur that she was fighting for her survival.

(Steel, 1998:30)

Grace struggled with him, she had already decided that she wasn't going to submit again, and as she fought with him, she realized that she had been crazy to think she could stay under the same roof with him, and not have the same nightmare continue. She would has to run away, but first she had to resist, and survive what he was doing to her. She knew she couldn't let him did it to her again.

Even if her mother had wanted her to be good to him, she had been good enough. She couldn't do it anymore, never again. They fought, she was able to grab his gun, and while attempting to defend herself she accidentally killed her father.

… and in panic she squeezed the trigger as he tried to take it. He looked stunned for just an instant as the gun went off with a sound that terrified her, his eyes bulged, and then he fell down on her with a crushing weight. She had shot him through the throat, and he was bleeding profusely, but he wasn't moving. (Steel, 1998: 32)

She looked around her in disbelief. It had come to this. But there had been no other way out. She couldn't take it anymore. She'd had to do it... she hadn't meant to ... hadn't planned it ... but now that she had, she wasn't even sorry. It was her life or his. She would have just as soon died, but it hadn't happened that way. It had just happened, without intent or plan. She had had no choice. She had killed him.

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The 17 years old Grace was sentenced for two years in prison on the charge of self-defense which causes death. She felt her life was free from the problem by having killed her father, the man who had raped her for four years. She only had finished dealing with someone who had raped her. But she had to deal with the effects that have been caused by the sexual abused.

4.2 Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse

People who had experienced the profound trauma of childhood sexual abuse are at much greater risk of experiencing various developmental challenges, mental and physical health problems, and familial or social problems-in-living. Given that such abuse is most typically repeatedly perpetrated by a father on a daughter between the ages of 5 and 15, it is difficult to imagine how such horrific childhood experiences could result in anything but the direst consequences over the course of a victim’s life. In fact, it is a resounding testament to their strength and resilience that many such women survive and some even thrive (K.M. Gorey et al. / Child Abuse & Neglect 25 (2001: 348). Victims of abuse, who are at heightened risk for developing mental health issues like depression, are likely to encounter one or more of the following psychological issues, among others:

4.2.1 Anxiety

People who have experienced abuse may be afraid of people or situations that remind them of their abuse experiences. They may be scared to be alone, frightened of strangers, or fearful of sexual intimacy, depending on the nature of the abuse they experienced. Disrupted sleep, compulsive behaviors, panic attacks, and other

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indications of anxiety are somewhat common in victims of abuse. In the novel, it can be seen on the following sentence:

She had locked the door. She always did. At school the other girls made fun of her for being so modest. She locked the doors everywhere. Then she could be sure of being alone, and not being bothered.

(Steel, 1998: 22)

The first time David Glass met Grace, he knows what Molly, a psychiatrist who handles Grace, has seen in teenagers. Grace looked frightened and was clearly illustrated in the face and behavior. It can be seen on the following sentence:

She looked like a nice girl, and she looked as though someone had beaten the life out of her. She was so remote, one almost wondered if one could touch her. She was more like an apparition than a real person. There was nothing ordinary about her. Nothing to suggest that she was a seventeen-year-old girl, a teenager, none of the life or ebullience one would have expected.

(Steel, 1998: 93)

Victims of abuse may feel intense anger at their abusers, at those who knew of the abuse and failed to intervene, and even at themselves for being abused, particularly when they believe they could or should have stopped it. Anger is a natural and normal response to being abused, and victims can learn to manage their anger in a constructive manner that will facilitate healing. Anger that arises because could not stand the behavior of his father. Grace took dared action to stop him. It can be seen in the following sentence:

It was the first time in her entire life that she had defied him. In the past, she had whimpered and cried, but she had never fought him as she did now, she had begged, but never argued. This was new for her, and he didn't like it.

"Mom isn't here now," she said, shaking from head to foot, as she stared at him, trying to dredge something from her very soul that had never been there before, the courage to fight her father.

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(Steel, 1998:24)

It also happens when grace has come out of prison. Louis Marquez, police on duty were watching her during the trial period. Grace was angry with what was Louis said. What was taught by Sally and Luana while in prison made Grace increasingly bold and she did not want to be frightened or even suppressed again as she had before.

But the way he said it made something snap deep inside her, and she took a step closer to him, and put her face close to his with a look of fury.

"I shot the last man who said that to me, and tried to act on it. And don't you forget that, Mr. Marquez. Are we clear now?" (Steel, 1998: 176-177)

A lack of feeling, numbness, confusion, and out-of-body experiences may occur during or after abuse to help the victim avoid the pain and fear associated with abuse. In rare cases, memories of abuse may be repressed, so that the victim

does not have any conscious memory of the abuse. Grace was confused by the

circumstances that happened after the rape and shooting that had just occurred. It can be seen in the following sentence:

Grace grew into a pretty girl with a terrible past. Many men were chasing her but she could not accept their feelings and have a special relationship. Until one day, Grace was treated like a loose woman by the boss where she worked.It made her sad because it reminded her of her father, who only used her.

At twenty-two, she still felt like a child sometimes, and why did this keep happening to her? Why did men hate her so much that all they wanted to do was use her?

(Steel, 1998: 252)

Grace had felt like she was dealing with her father when she was talking to Louis Marquez, the police who would be watching her during the probation period

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after getting out of jail. Louis Marquez reminded her of her father and he made her scared to be close with him. This man cause a flashback about the sexual abuse just because with his power, he forced his will in ordered to be obeyed by Grace. It can be seen in the following sentence:

"How nice. I see you got an early start too," she said, looking angry. What did he think he was pulling? It was her father all over again, and just thinking about that made her tremble.

(Steel, 1998: 176)

Nightmares, hyper-vigilance, flashbacks and other symptoms of PTSD may occur. Victims are likely to avoid certain settings and situations that remind them of the abuse.

Grace felt like she can have any relationship with men because of her traumatic. It shows when Grace was asked out by a male friend of the foundation where she became volunteer.

She didn't want to have an affair with anyone. Not now anyway, and maybe never. It just wasn't what she wanted.

Paul Weinberg had called her several times to invite her to dinner, but she had declined.

(Steel, 1998:202)

"Will you just have lunch with me once for heaven's sake? Just try it. You have to eat. I'll come uptown if you want, during the week. Whatever you like." But she didn't like. She liked him, but she didn't want to date any man, and she didn't know how to tell him.

(Steel, 1998: 205)

When Grace took the time to help the victims of violence in St. Mary, she felt sad. Because they reminded her of the suffering of her past.

It gave her life so much more meaning. And at times it hurt too. It hurt terribly, because it was all so familiar. "It breaks your heart, doesn't it?" one of the nurses commented a week before

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Christmas. Grace had been putting a two-year-old to bed. She had been brain-damaged by her father, who was in jail now. It was odd to think that he was in jail, and her father, who had done things that were almost as bad, had died a hero.

(Steel, 1998: 196)

Guilt and shame are often experienced when a victim believes that he or she deserved the abuse, was responsible for it, or failed to stop it. Shame is a fear-based internal state being, accompanied by beliefs of being unworthy and basically unlovable. Shame is a primary emotion that conjures up brief, intense painful feelings and a fundamental sense of inadequacy. Feelings of shame shut people down so that they can distance from the internal painful state of hopelessness. Guilt is about what we do, while shame is about who we are.

Malice explained how Grace Adams looks and how she acted after she got rape from her father. Although she’s a beautiful girl, but what her father had done to her, made Grace did not concerned about her appearance or behavior of the teenagers around her age. Maybe she did not realize or did not care about her appearance.

She was a pretty girl, or she would have been, if she'd allowed herself to be. At seventeen, she was lean and tall, with graceful shoulders and long thin arms, beautiful long legs, and a tiny waist and full bust.

(Steel, 1998: 10)

Shame can be experienced alone, or solely within ourselves. People could feel ashamed of themselves for thoughts, fantasies, or feelings that they experienced on their own, or in isolation.

But unlike other girls her age, Grace had no interest in clothes, or boys, and if anything, she seemed to diminish her looks, rather than enhance them. She wore no makeup at all, and she wore her long coppery auburn hair straight down her back, with long bangs that hid her big corn flower-blue eyes. She never

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seemed to look straight at anyone, or be inclined to engage them in conversation.

(Steel, 1996: 11)

When the hearing on the Grace’s case, not many witnesses that can be asked by David to defend her. Witnesses were shells knew Grace character because she's shy. It can be seen below:

But there were so few people who knew her, a few teachers, some old friends. Most people said she was shy and withdrawn, and David explained exactly why that was, she was hiding a dark secret at home, and living a life of terror.

(Steel, 1996: 105)

Adult-induced causes of shame involve betrayal by others and a broken trust through disapproval or humiliation. Sexual abuse typically causes the child to feel dirty and bad and she often absorbs the shame of the adult who committed the offense. These feelings are often attached to adverse, confusing, or negative situations and behaviors from our past, and they can be just as potent now as they were then. Some feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment disappear or are transformed quickly. Some of these feelings stay with us for a long time. As unpleasant as they are to think and talk about, these emotions are a part of life, part of how we learn about ourselves, and part of figuring out how we can move forward in a way that feels more in line with who we wish to become. As we each have a great many years ahead of us, we can take a stand with regard to how best to prevent further encounters with these unpleasant feelings.

The impacts of childhood abuse on parenting may differ according to the abuse suffered. Childhood and adulthood victims of sexual abuse or rape are more likely to attempt or commit for sex, age, education, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and the presence of psychiatric disorders. The experience of being raped can lead to suicidal behavior

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as early as adolescence. They also feel embarrassed to talk about what had happened to them.After getting sexual abused, Grace experiencing some impact among others anxiety, anger, dissociati determined to rebuild her lives. She takes time and the process to get out of psychological impact that happened.

4.3 How The Leading Character Overcome the Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse

The victims of childhood sexual abuse experience an array of overwhelming and intense feelings. These may include feelings of fear, anxiety, guilt, and shame. Abusers have been known to tell children that it is the fault of the child that they are abused, shifting the blame away from the abuser, where it belongs, and placing it on the child. Along with this, abusers may threaten or bribe the child into not speaking up; convincing the child that he or she will never be believed. Also, often the person who does it to the victim will tell things like:

• 'it's normal'

• 'don't tell anyone'

• 'it's our secret'

In this case, the abuser is Grace’s father. That’s why Grace doesn’t have any friends. This makes Grace feel scared to tell anyone about the sexual abuse that she experienced. It can be seen in the sentence quoted from the novel, below:

But once she started sleeping with him, it was impossible to talk to any of the kids in school, or even the teachers. She was always sure they'd know, that they'd see something on her face, or her body, like a sign, like a malignancy that, unlike her mother, she wore on the outside.

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That's also happened to Grace when questioned by police and psychologists who deal with her. She did not want to tell what really happened on the night shooting that happened to her father. She chose not to speak because she sure there would be no one was likely to believe what she said. Even if she tried to defend herself, the police and residents of Watseka already believed that she was a madgirl who killed the best man in the neighborhood. It can be seen in the following sentence, where Molly York, psychologists who deal with Grace believed that the girl was raped by her father was talking to a detective handling the case of Grace:

He liked her, but he didn't believe a word of her self-defense theory. She was clutching at straws. John Adams just wasn't that kind of guy. No one in Watseka would have believed it, no matter what Molly York thought, or the hospital told her.

(Steel, 1998: 60)

Oddly enough, it didn't surprise any of them that she had done something so outrageous. They thought she was strange, and she had obviously "snapped," as they put it, when her mom died. It was easy to construct it that way, and to think what the police did, that she had been after an inheritance, or that she had some kind of a temper tantrum, or a fight with him. It was difficult for anyone to believe that John Adams had led a life of utter perversion for four years, at the expense of his wife and daughter. And even more impossible for anyone to believe that he had beaten his wife for years before that.

(Steel, 1998: 100)

Most the victims of sexual abuse survivors cannot be reassured enough that what happened to them is "not their fault." That's what Grace felt when he was questioned by Molly York.

Everyone else would know their ugly secret. Even after their deaths, she still felt an obligation to hide it. It was her fault too. What would people think of her if they knew it?

(Steel, 1998: 66)

The reaction of a victim’s friends and family to the disclosure of the abuse also has the potential to trigger immense feelings of guilt, same and distrust,

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1999

1999 Irresistible Forces

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

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2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

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Non-fiction

• Love: Poems (1984)

• Having a Baby (1984)

• His Bright Light (1998)

• Pure Joy: The Dogs We Love (2013)

• Pretty Minnie in Paris (2014) Picture Books

• The Happiest Hippo in the World (2009) Children's books

Max & Martha series

• Martha's New Daddy (1989)

• Max and the Babysitter (1989)

• Martha's Best Friend (1989)

• Max's Daddy Goes to the Hospital (1989)

• Max's New Baby (1989)

• Martha's New School (1989)

• Max Runs Away (1990)

• Martha's New Puppy (1990)

• Max and Grandma and Grampa Winky (1991)

• Martha and Hilary and the Stranger (1991) Freddie series

• Freddie's Trip (1992)

• Freddie's First Night Away (1992)

• Freddie and the Doctor (1992)

• Freddie's Accident (1992) Filmography

1. The Promise (1979) 2. Now and Forever (1983) 3. Crossings (1986)

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4. Kaleidoscope (1990)

6. Changes (1991)

8. Daddy (1991) 9. Jewels (1992)

10.

11.Message from Nam (1993)

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.Once in a Lifetime (1994)

17.

18.Zoya (1995)

19.

20.

21.Full Circle (1996) 22.Remembrance (1996)

23.

24.

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APPENDIX C

SUMMARY OF “MALICE” NOVEL

As a teenager, Grace Adams was brutally raped by her father for several, with the approval and assistance of her dying mother. When Grace Adams was just 14 years old, her mother prepared her to be violently sexually assaulted by her father. Her mother, dying of cancer, assisted the abuse by holding her down for earlier assaults and providing her with access to birth control pills. Grace was told sexual submission to her father was necessary because her mother was no longer able to satisfy those needs, due to the progression and treatment of her cancer. If she attempted to decline or to say no to these advances, her father would beat her mother, regardless of how frail or ill she was from her lethal illness and the debilitating treatments. He would then rape her, anyway.

He created a situation where nobody would say anything about the abuse, until the situation changed. When her mother died, he mistakenly thought that she would continue to be his victim. At only 17 years of age, on the night of her mother's funeral, he began an especially brutal rape and Grace could no longer stand it. They fought, she was able to grab his gun, and while attempting to defend herself she accidentally killed her father. As a successful attorney who was widely respected in their town, the fallout from his death was swift and she soon found herself on trial.

Through the assistance of her lawyer, with whom she became friends, she was found guilty of a lesser offense and sentenced to four years in prison. While in prison, she is almost assaulted by a gang of female prisoners and is saved at the last minute from mutilation or death, by women that other prisoners feared, Her new friends were lovers and continued to protect her, as she finished high school and earned a degree behind bars. Once released on early parole, she finds a job in Illinois and dates a photographer. After fending off unwanted advances from her boss and the man she was dating, she moves again to New York.

In both places that she lived after prison, she consistently volunteered with domestic abuse victims. In New York, doing so is more dangerous, due to the neighborhood it is in and the number of people needing assistance. In her new job, she attracts the attention of her employer, Charles Mackenzie, but due to her background and her concerns about intimacy, she has rarely dated and has no

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intention of doing so. When she is assaulted after leaving the shelter, Charles shows up at the hospital and the two cautiously become friends, which turns romantic. She tells him about the incest that was forced upon her and her time in prison.

As time passes, she is able to overcome her fears and the two fall in love. After they marry, even though she was concerned that her abuse damaged her physically, they have several children and Charles goes into politics. She starts a non-profit group that is devoted to preventing and reporting child abuse, but a problem occurs when the unscrupulous photographer that she previously dated releases manipulated pornographic pictures of her and the time she spent in prison also gets reported.

The stress they are both under results in a rocky relationship for some time and to their surprise, they find that another baby is on the way. This child was quite unexpected and allowed them to reconnect. As the novel ends, Grace is allowing the truth about her incarceration made public, evidence proves that the nude photos were not of her and Charles wins the election.

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