MI-CHAP3.ppt 185KB Mar 29 2010 04:55:25 AM
Bab 3. THE CULTURAL CONTEXT FOR
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Tujuan Bahasan
1. Mendefinisikan Budaya.
2. Menjelaskan bagaimana persepsi dan stereotipi
berpengaruh terhadap perilaku dalam lingkungan
internasional.
3. Menggambarkan konsep nilai-nilai budaya dan
menghubungkannya dengan berbagai perbedaan,
persamaan dan perubahan internasional yang terja
baik dalam nilai-nilai manajerial maupun kerja.
4. Mengidentifikasi dimensi utama budaya yang relev
dengan pekerjaan dan pengaruhnya terhadap
lingkungan internasional.
5. Membahas analisis nilai negara kelompok dalam
membangun praktek manajemen internasional.
DEFINISI BUDAYA
Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpr
experience and to generate social behavior.
(Hodget and Luthan, 1994,59).
Culture is a pattern of basic assumptioninvented, discovered or
developed by a given group as it learns to
cope with its problems
of external adaptation and internal
integration that has work well
enough to be concidered valid and therefore
to be taugh to new
member as correct way to percieve, think
and feel in relation
to those problems. (Schein, 1992,
)
Tingkatan Budaya (Schein) :
KARAKTERISTIK BUDAYA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LEARNED
SHARED
TRANSGENERATIONAL
SYMBOLIC
PATTERNED
ADAPTIVE
PERBEDAAN BUDAYA
Budaya dapat mempengaruhi :
1. Transfer Teknologi
2. Managerial Attitude
3. Managerial ideology
4. Hubungan bisnis pemerintahan
5. Cara manusia berpikir dan
berperilaku
Budaya mempengaruhi manajemen internasiona
dan tercermin
Pada kepercayaan dasar dan perilaku – perilaku
manusia.
Terdapat beberapa contoh khusus dimana buday
masyarakat
secara langsung mempengaruhi pendekatan
centralized vs decentralized
manajemen,
safety vs risk
antara lain
:
individual reward vs group reward
informal vs formal procedurs
high vs low organizational loyalty
coorporation vs competition
short term vs long term horizon
stability vs innovation
DEFINISI PERSEPSI DAN STEREOTIPI
A perception is a person’s interpretation of reality and
in different culture often have different
perception of the same event.
A stereotype is the tendency to perceive another perso
belonging to a single class or category.
Values are basic convictions that people have regarding
what is right and wrong, good and bad,
important or unimportant.
DIMENSI-DIMENSI BUDAYA
Geerrt Hofstede (peneliti Belanda) menemukan ada 4 d
budaya yang membantu menjelaskan bagaimana
mengapa orang-orang dari berbagai budaya
berperilaku sebagaimana yang mereka kerjakan.
4 Dimensi budaya tersebut adalah :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individuality VS Collectivity
Masculinity VS Femininity
POWER DISTANCE is the extent to which less powerful
members of institutions and organization
accept that power is distributed unequal
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE is the extent to which people f
threatened by ambiguous situation and h
created belief and institutions that try to
avoid these.
INDIVIDUALISM is the tendency of people to look after
themselves and their immediate family on
Collectivism is the tendency of people to belong to groups
collectives and to look after each other in
exchange for loyalty.
MASCULINITY is defined by Hosted as a situation in whi
the dominant values in society are
success, money, and things.
Femininity is the term used by Hosted to describe
a situation in which the dominant values
in society are caring for others and
quality of life.
Comparison of Low Power Distance and High Power Distance Country
Low Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are
minimize
There should be, and is
interdepence
Between less and more powerrful
people
Parent theat children as equals
Student treat teacher as equals
Decentralization is popular
More educated people hold less
authoritarian values than less
eeducated people
Hierarchy in organization means
in equality of roles, but the
hierarchy is establised mostly for
purposes of convinience
There is a nerrow salary gap
between those at the top of the
organization and those at the
bottom
High Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are
expected and disired.
Less powerful people should be depend
Powerful people
Parent teach children to be obidient.
Student treat teacher with respect.
Centralization is populer.
Both more and eeducated people show
almost equally authoritarian values.
Hierarchy in organization reflects the
existential inequally between those at
the top of organizations and those lowe
down.
There is a wide salary gap between tho
the top of organization and those at th
The ideal boss in abenevolent autocrat
Privileges and symbols of status are bo
expected and popular
Partial Comparison of Low Uncertainty Avoidance countries
And High Uncertainty Avoidance Countries
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
There few laws and rules and they
are fairly General.
People believe that if the rules
cannot be
respected, they should be
changed.
Protest by citizens are acceptable.
People are positive in their view
of social institution.
There is a positive attitude toward
young people.
Society is characterized by
tolerance andmoderation
There is a belief in generalist and
common sense.
People believe that one group’s
belief shouldnot be imposed on
another.
There is religious, political and
ideologicaltolerance.
High Uncertainty Avoidance
There are many laws and rule and
they
are very specific.
People believe that if the rules
cannot be respected, they,
themselves are sinners and should
repent.
Protest by citizens are unacceptable
and should be repressed.
People are negative in their view of
social institutions.
There is a negative attitude toward
young people.
Society is charactherized by
extremism and low-and-order
concerns.
There is a belief in specialist and
experts.
Peole believe there is only one Truth
and they have it.
Partial Comparison of Low Individualism countries
And High Individualism Countries
Low Individualism
High Individualism
As people grow older, they are
People are born into families which continue
to protect them In exchange for loyalty.expected to look after themselves
their immediate family only.
People’s indentities are based on the social
Identity is based on the individual.
network to which they belong to.
are taught to think in term
Children are taught to think in term of children
“we”.
of “I”.
Harmony should always be maintenance
and
Speaking one’s mind is the sign of
Direct confrontation should always be avoided.
an to
honest
The purpose of education is to learn how
do person.
The purpose of education is to learn
things.
to learn.
Education diplomas provide an entry tohow
higher
Diplomas increase the economic wor
Status group.
The relationship between an employer And
and self-respect of individuals.
employee is viewed like a family link. The relationship between an employ
and employee is a contract based on
Relationship prevail over task.
mutual advantage.
Task take precedence over
relationship.
Country cluster
Berdasarkan analisis integratif terhadap penemu
Ronen dan Shenkar, menemukan bahwa ada dela
Besar berkaitan dengan studi selama 15 tahun. N
Membahas menjadi empat kategori saja sebagai
1.
2.
3.
4.
The importance of work goals
Need deficiency,fulfillment and job satisfaction
Managerial and organizational variables, and
Work role and interpersonal orientation.
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Tujuan Bahasan
1. Mendefinisikan Budaya.
2. Menjelaskan bagaimana persepsi dan stereotipi
berpengaruh terhadap perilaku dalam lingkungan
internasional.
3. Menggambarkan konsep nilai-nilai budaya dan
menghubungkannya dengan berbagai perbedaan,
persamaan dan perubahan internasional yang terja
baik dalam nilai-nilai manajerial maupun kerja.
4. Mengidentifikasi dimensi utama budaya yang relev
dengan pekerjaan dan pengaruhnya terhadap
lingkungan internasional.
5. Membahas analisis nilai negara kelompok dalam
membangun praktek manajemen internasional.
DEFINISI BUDAYA
Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpr
experience and to generate social behavior.
(Hodget and Luthan, 1994,59).
Culture is a pattern of basic assumptioninvented, discovered or
developed by a given group as it learns to
cope with its problems
of external adaptation and internal
integration that has work well
enough to be concidered valid and therefore
to be taugh to new
member as correct way to percieve, think
and feel in relation
to those problems. (Schein, 1992,
)
Tingkatan Budaya (Schein) :
KARAKTERISTIK BUDAYA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LEARNED
SHARED
TRANSGENERATIONAL
SYMBOLIC
PATTERNED
ADAPTIVE
PERBEDAAN BUDAYA
Budaya dapat mempengaruhi :
1. Transfer Teknologi
2. Managerial Attitude
3. Managerial ideology
4. Hubungan bisnis pemerintahan
5. Cara manusia berpikir dan
berperilaku
Budaya mempengaruhi manajemen internasiona
dan tercermin
Pada kepercayaan dasar dan perilaku – perilaku
manusia.
Terdapat beberapa contoh khusus dimana buday
masyarakat
secara langsung mempengaruhi pendekatan
centralized vs decentralized
manajemen,
safety vs risk
antara lain
:
individual reward vs group reward
informal vs formal procedurs
high vs low organizational loyalty
coorporation vs competition
short term vs long term horizon
stability vs innovation
DEFINISI PERSEPSI DAN STEREOTIPI
A perception is a person’s interpretation of reality and
in different culture often have different
perception of the same event.
A stereotype is the tendency to perceive another perso
belonging to a single class or category.
Values are basic convictions that people have regarding
what is right and wrong, good and bad,
important or unimportant.
DIMENSI-DIMENSI BUDAYA
Geerrt Hofstede (peneliti Belanda) menemukan ada 4 d
budaya yang membantu menjelaskan bagaimana
mengapa orang-orang dari berbagai budaya
berperilaku sebagaimana yang mereka kerjakan.
4 Dimensi budaya tersebut adalah :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individuality VS Collectivity
Masculinity VS Femininity
POWER DISTANCE is the extent to which less powerful
members of institutions and organization
accept that power is distributed unequal
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE is the extent to which people f
threatened by ambiguous situation and h
created belief and institutions that try to
avoid these.
INDIVIDUALISM is the tendency of people to look after
themselves and their immediate family on
Collectivism is the tendency of people to belong to groups
collectives and to look after each other in
exchange for loyalty.
MASCULINITY is defined by Hosted as a situation in whi
the dominant values in society are
success, money, and things.
Femininity is the term used by Hosted to describe
a situation in which the dominant values
in society are caring for others and
quality of life.
Comparison of Low Power Distance and High Power Distance Country
Low Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are
minimize
There should be, and is
interdepence
Between less and more powerrful
people
Parent theat children as equals
Student treat teacher as equals
Decentralization is popular
More educated people hold less
authoritarian values than less
eeducated people
Hierarchy in organization means
in equality of roles, but the
hierarchy is establised mostly for
purposes of convinience
There is a nerrow salary gap
between those at the top of the
organization and those at the
bottom
High Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are
expected and disired.
Less powerful people should be depend
Powerful people
Parent teach children to be obidient.
Student treat teacher with respect.
Centralization is populer.
Both more and eeducated people show
almost equally authoritarian values.
Hierarchy in organization reflects the
existential inequally between those at
the top of organizations and those lowe
down.
There is a wide salary gap between tho
the top of organization and those at th
The ideal boss in abenevolent autocrat
Privileges and symbols of status are bo
expected and popular
Partial Comparison of Low Uncertainty Avoidance countries
And High Uncertainty Avoidance Countries
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
There few laws and rules and they
are fairly General.
People believe that if the rules
cannot be
respected, they should be
changed.
Protest by citizens are acceptable.
People are positive in their view
of social institution.
There is a positive attitude toward
young people.
Society is characterized by
tolerance andmoderation
There is a belief in generalist and
common sense.
People believe that one group’s
belief shouldnot be imposed on
another.
There is religious, political and
ideologicaltolerance.
High Uncertainty Avoidance
There are many laws and rule and
they
are very specific.
People believe that if the rules
cannot be respected, they,
themselves are sinners and should
repent.
Protest by citizens are unacceptable
and should be repressed.
People are negative in their view of
social institutions.
There is a negative attitude toward
young people.
Society is charactherized by
extremism and low-and-order
concerns.
There is a belief in specialist and
experts.
Peole believe there is only one Truth
and they have it.
Partial Comparison of Low Individualism countries
And High Individualism Countries
Low Individualism
High Individualism
As people grow older, they are
People are born into families which continue
to protect them In exchange for loyalty.expected to look after themselves
their immediate family only.
People’s indentities are based on the social
Identity is based on the individual.
network to which they belong to.
are taught to think in term
Children are taught to think in term of children
“we”.
of “I”.
Harmony should always be maintenance
and
Speaking one’s mind is the sign of
Direct confrontation should always be avoided.
an to
honest
The purpose of education is to learn how
do person.
The purpose of education is to learn
things.
to learn.
Education diplomas provide an entry tohow
higher
Diplomas increase the economic wor
Status group.
The relationship between an employer And
and self-respect of individuals.
employee is viewed like a family link. The relationship between an employ
and employee is a contract based on
Relationship prevail over task.
mutual advantage.
Task take precedence over
relationship.
Country cluster
Berdasarkan analisis integratif terhadap penemu
Ronen dan Shenkar, menemukan bahwa ada dela
Besar berkaitan dengan studi selama 15 tahun. N
Membahas menjadi empat kategori saja sebagai
1.
2.
3.
4.
The importance of work goals
Need deficiency,fulfillment and job satisfaction
Managerial and organizational variables, and
Work role and interpersonal orientation.