Modern Islam in India pdf
MODERN
ISLAM
IN
INDI
MODERN
ISLAM
IN
First
Published
May
1943
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
vi
Table
of Contents
PART
I
INTELLECTUALS
THE
AND
IDEAS
MOVEMENT
OF
2
2Vlodern
Ilm
in
India
Intellectuals
and
the
2Vlovement
of Ideas
3
'
4
Modern
Islam
in
india
C h a t «r
On«
o
6
2 V l o d «r n
I s l âm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o]:
Co.ntemorary
British
Culture
7
8
3 ¢I o d e r n
I s l âm
in
1 ndia
The
3dovement
in
Favou.r
o f C o n t «m o r a r y
British
Ctture
9
10
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
)ovement
in
Favour
o1: Contemoorary
British
Culture
12
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Moement
in
Faour
of Contemporary
British
Culture
13
14
NIodern
islgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Contemporary
British
Culture
15
16
Modern
Islam
in
India
Th¢
Viovement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
17
18
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
M o çe m e n t
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
19
20
Modern
Islgtm
in
India
The
Moement
in
aour
of Contemorary
British
Culture
2.
22
Modern
Islam
in
India
Th
3lovement
in
Favour
of Contemorary
Bitish
Culture
23
24
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Mo'vement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
25
26
Modern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Contemporary
British
Culture
27
28
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Contemporary
Britih
Culture
29
30
Modern
islgm
in
India
The
2VIovement
in
Favour
o]: Contemporary
British
Culture
31
32
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Mouement
in
Favour
bi: Contemporary
[3ritish Culture
33
34
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Moement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
35
36
Modern
Islam
in
!ndia
The
Mouement
in
F a ço u r
of Contemporary
British
Culture
37
38
Modern
Islam
in
India
,
The
Moement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
,,
British
Culture
39
40
Modern
Islam
in
Inda
The
3/Iovement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
41
42
Modern
Islam
in
India
T
he
3 / £o v e m e n t
in
Favour
of
Contemoorary
British
Culture
43
44
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
Indi'an
I s l àm .
with
much
also
had
at:ieude
culture,
not
on
fuaction,
an
criterion,
ries
thae
the
on.
missionaries,
religion
tianity--just
eenth-century
as
modern
theology,
belief
in
ifs
a
han
rather
ounder
interest,
capiealist
had
out
poineed
one
would
therein
Muslim
modern
out.
They
Christianity
'this-worldly'
and
science,
progress,
rather
45
Culture
missionaries,
which
in
societies
o
If
the
pointing
were
in
they
prevalent
the
thae
fact
principles
on
personality
acquiescence
so
the
to
a
based
programme--and
last
been
reasonable
a
ethics
the
an
this
antagonism,
had
British
Contemporary
of
was
there
had
and
stress
a
If
biting
that
forgot
Favour
in
on
code,
a
than
on
a
eminist
his
societhose
ahswered
bave
noe"real"
Chrisninethat
early
the
is no
Islam
tha
the
new
says
doubt
no
was
,
aserts
or
Islam
village
the
modern
'real'
or
missionary
Islam,
i s hot
School
Westernized
'really' Islam.
religion oi the Aligarh
w
i
t
h
l
e
s
s
s
u
b
tle
o
l
The
distincc
o
u
r
s
e
,
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
a
n
,
religious
no
bas
finds
a
as
he
eakes
it, and
tions,
prejudice
religion
a religion,
that
i t uses
rom
him
which
though
seeing
keeps
in diferent
environbe 'really' diferent
the
saine
naine,
may
ments.
Chapter
Two
The
2klovement
in
Favour
of Istamc
Culture
of the Past
47
48
Modern
IslSm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of he Past
49
50
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
_avour
of Islamic
Culture
ot the Past
51
52
.,lodern
I s l âm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Fa/our
of IsIamic
Culture
o1: the
Past
53
54
Modern
I s l âm
in
India
The
2Vlovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
ot: the Past
55
56
.h;l.Odern
IslSm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o1: the Past
57
58
Modern
Islam
in
Inda
The
Movement
in
Favour
ot: Islamic
Culture
o f t h e l °a s t
59
60
Modern
Islam
in
India
"
The
3/Iovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the
Past
61
62
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2Ioement
in
Fauour
of slamic
Culture
of the Past
63
64
Modern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
ol
e
IsIamie
Culture
of the Past
65
66
Modern
Z s l âm
in
[ndia
The
Movement
in
Favour
o Istamic
Culture
o the Past
67
68
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
2VI.m;ement,
in
Eavour
of Islamic
Culture
of the tgast
69
70
.TV1odern
Islam
in
India
The
3/Iovement
in
Eauour
of Islamic
Culture
of the Past
71
72
Modern
Islam
in
India
Th«
M o v «m e n t
in
Fauour
o l I s l a m îc
Culture
of the Past
73
74
A,Iodern
I s l âm
in
India
The
Iovement
ïn
Favour
o ¢: r . s l a m i c
Culture
of the Past
75
76
Modern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the Past
77
78
.Modern
Islfftm
in
India
The
l / £o u e m e n t
in
Faour
o: Islamic
Culture
o: the
_Past
80
Modern
I s l £z m
in
o
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
ot: Islamic
Culture
o the Past
81
82
The
Movement
in
avour
ot: IsIamic
Culture
of the Past
83
84
'
M.odern
Islam
in
India
'
The
./VIovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
or the Past
85
86
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
3/lovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the Past
87
88
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the
Past
89
90
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o1: the Past
91
92
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2o,ement
in
Faour
of Islamic
Culture
o1: the
Past
93
94
Modern
Islam
ir In'dia
The
Movement
in'Fav6ur
of Istamic
Cdlture
o]: the Past
95
96
The
iovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o]: the Past
97
98
Modern
Isltm
in
India
The
¢3 e l o v e m e n t
in
_Favour
o1: Islamic
Culture
o f t h e P a »t
99
100
.
2VIodern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o f I s l a m îc
Culture
of the Past
102
3/Iodern
Islgm
in
India
The
Movement
n
Favour
=
ol Islamic
Culture
o the
Past
103
104
Modern
I s l àm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o]: the Past
105
106
A,Iodern
Islam
in
India
The
Mouemen
in
Favur
of Islamic
Culture
o the Past
].07
108
2Vlodern
IslSm
in
India
h a p t e . rT h r e e
110
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
_Faour
of
a
New
Culture'Progressive
111
112
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Moeme(,t
in
Fauour
¢, «»] ¢ I-Q B L
of
THE
a
New
PROGRESSIVE
Culture
:
Progressive
113
114
B,Iodern
Islgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Faour
o1:
a
New
Culture"
Progressive
115
116
Modern
!slm
in
lrdia
The
2ovement
in
Favour
o]:
a
New
Culture"
Progressive
117
118
Modern
Islam
in
[ndia
The
Moement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
119
120
. à I o d e r n
I s t âm
in
India
The
3/[ovement
in
Favour
of
a
N'eu,
Culture
Progressive
121
B,Iodern
islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o1:
a
New
Culture:
Progressive
123
124
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movemen
in
_avour
of
a
New
Culture:
Progressive
125
126
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o1:
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
127
128
The
Mo,ment
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
129
130
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2Viouement
in
Fauour
of
a
New
o
Culture
Progressiue
131
132
21,Iodern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
ol
e
a
New
Culture
:
Proslresaive
133
134
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
"
.Progressive
135
136
NIodern
Islam
in
India
The
loemen
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
Progressive
137
138
Modern
lslgtm
in
India
The
Movement
in
F a ço u r
o[
a
New
Culture
"Progressive
139
140
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
'avour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
141
142
Modern
Isltm
in
I n d îa
Th
Moyement
in
Fro,
out
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
143
144
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
a
Movement
in
bas
communiey
Fauour
o1:
produced
a
New
Culture
"
aderelation
and
comprehensive
man
45
Progressive
is the
factual
What
socialists.
lrecisely
their
and
socialistic
Islamic
betreen
their
backgrourid
determined.
been
ardour
b a s hot
crisis
ir islam, in fact in ail the
The
intellectual
religions,
it
bas
been
re
been
that
bave
acute;
bieterly
considering,
of the sheep
the aware,
bas orced
a pinful
division,
among
in
The
social
and
crisis in Islam,
and
tle
economic
goats.
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
bas
been
in all the
fact
rorld,
acute,
equall
re
section
on
i n out
shall
it careull
seudy
pressing;
vee
conclude
Muslim
discussion
Out
by
present
politics.
quate
there
that
notin
those
vehose
Iectuall
crisis.
their
e i t h e r
is
further
a
activities
noe
advanced
Some
are
minds
are
enough
doing
religious
modern
o
group
bue
progressive
to
bave
of
veho
perceived
deeds, but
ood
NIuslims-
progressive
much
intel-
are
the
religious
preserve
in
earlier
the
ideolog
period
or
that
mental
through
departmentalization,
through
a
r
e
a
n
d
common
they
foible, inconsisency.
Tlaey
religious
are
noe
bue
progressive.
t h e 3 r are
progressive;
religiously
vee
and
shall find hem
importane,
P o l i t i c a I 1 3 r t h e are
again
i n out
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
.
political
In
hose
a
some
leader
ollow
cases,
they
politically
their
i
s
t
h
a
n
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
e
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
o
r
e
religion
There
a
are
v ¢h o
politically
religious liberals
to
and vho
socially progressive,
progressive,
t
h
e
a
s
e
x
a varing
t
h
e
i
r
s
t
i
l
l
s
e
c
degree
progressiveness
bave
these
of
liberal
Some
of their
pression
religion.
i
a
o
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
t
o
c
h
a
n
c
e
h
a
c
l
a
e r y în g
express
recently
is
a
Ær o u p
someeimes
o
ever
bas seemed
o
rhich
Muslim
nationalism
rer
liberalize
the
a
n
d
o the
out
lae fo be e m e r g i n g
reactionar3r
previously
bave
been
the
Some
NIuslim
anti-nationalist
Leaue.
W
e
s
h
a
l
l
be
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
a
n
d
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
Congress
b
a
v
e
i
n
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
interpreted
They
noting
politics se.ction.
bave
social justice, and
and
brotherhood
as
Islm
meaning
lead
w
o
u
l
d
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
h
e
aced
political paths
lrogressivel
a
l
e
a
d
er
l
o
o
k
f
o
r
c
o
u
l
d
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
s
these
T
h
e
toards
goals.
M
a
l
n
à
o
f
t
h
e
the present
to
Conress,
(1940.)
president
146
3"Iodern
Islam
in
India
The
Moement
in
taour
o
a
New
Culture
"
Progressive
147
148
Modern
Istgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
:'Progressive
149
150
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2VIoement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
151
152
3/Iodern
Islgm
in
India
The
./VIovement
in
Favour
o
a
Ne
Culture
Progressiue
153
154
Modern
Islam
in
India
Chapr
Four
156
Modern
Istgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
157
ot
islgm
Modern
18
Whae
them.
borrowing
his
than
idealism,
is,
howerer,
trom
o£ thougtats
derived
tte
directly
ffrom
the
in
India
about
significant
West;
is
rom
thoughts
conditions;
objectire
that
Iqbal's
it buttressed
thoughts,
he
had
rather
the
right
t h e concrete
were
tacts that
what
realize
b u e d i d hot
was
because
he
them
ruade
dynamic
I q b a l ' s t h în k i n g
right.
he
knew
b e c a u îe
modern
not
knew
modern
philosophy,
modern
or
(like Marx).
science
society
(like Bergson),
matter
so
hot
much
it did
that
atfirmed
I-Ie repeatedly
are
that people
he did;
what
man
a
g o o d or
s a i d , as w h a t
men
Yet
he
himselt
in creed.
bad
in lractice,
hot
judged
but by their
hot
and
mmrements
professions.
by their actions
and
tlae" Comthe
U.
S. S. R.
he
For
attacked
example,
are
'atheist'
because
munist
and, he interred,
they
Party
o religion.
raIues
t h e s çîr ît u a l
and
lack
the warmth
entirely
the
actions
in their
mean
that
did
hot
he
By tlais criticism
brotherhood
communists
love, deny
is, deny
deny God--that
ideas,
its'derelolsel and
human
the
litre and
deny
was
His
and
beauty.
point
creatirity
joy and
the
he
never
took
and
that
God;
deny
t h êo r e t i c a l l y
they
Muslim
No
hot
or
whether
trouble
to
see
t h e y r e a l l y d o so.
i n so
to
out
arisen
and
bas
no
socialist
many
yet
point
and
justice,
ment
and
about
the
words
that whateer
say
may
capitalist Muslims
abou
socialists
the atheistic
it ana
whatever
it, the
say
may
the
is in act
socialist
movement
only torce in the world
Islam
that
the values
and realize
w i l l conserve
to-day which
was
o the
Muslims,
cherishes.
progressive
I q b l , t h e most
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
t
h
e
this tact by what
rom
say.
misled
recognizing
or
tzom
misled
in general
are
socialists
zecognizing
(The
Iqbl, do.)
religious people, including
stating it, by what
native
the
with
thê
i d e n t i t ïe d
Congress
Iqbl
Again,
b
o
t
h
a
r
e
t
h
a
t
the
on
o India,
predomigrounds
princes
the
ot examinin
in theoretic
ttindg
religion . Instead
nandy
o
f
f
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
h
e
w
o
k
e
s
,
a
n
d
ot the
activities
pinces
and
etc.,
grouping
bourgeois,
industrialists,
pety
peasartts,
Indian
h
e
w
h
a
t
to
do,
i n t e p »e t e d
they
according
people
politics
beliee).
in
terres
ot what
people
believe
(o
say
that
they
The
Movement
in
Favour
o]:
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
159
160
The
2ovement
in
Favour
of
a
Nev
Culture
:
Reactionary
161
162
2Viodern
Islgm
in
India
The
2V$ovement
in
Favour
of
a
2gew
Culture
:
Reactionary
163
164
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture"
Reactionary
165
166
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
167
168
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture"
Reactionary
169
170
Modern
I s l âm
in
India
The
N1ovement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
171
172
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
173
174
¥I o d e r n
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o:
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
175
J.76
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
lovement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture"
Reactionary
177
178
Modern
Islgtm
in
India
The
ovement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
179
180
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
181
182
Modern
Islam
in
India
PART
II
Chapter
One
186
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
187
188
.Viodern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
189
190
Modern
Islgzm
in
India
Communalism
191
192
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
193
194
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
195
196
A,Ioder.n
Islam
in
India
Commuaism
197
198
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communaism
199
200
Modern
Islam
in
India
CommunaIism
201
202
Modern
Isl[zm
in
India
Communaism
203
204
3/Iodern
I s l âm
in
India
'205
Commuralism
the
middle
of separate
electorpeasantry.
c l a s s e s , and the upper
whether
were
orced
to
vote
ail these
communally,
ates,
small
a
or
hot.
distinctions
communal
Only
they tavoured
in avour
ot communalist
voted
o them,
section
however,
who
o the
Muslims
For
7,319,445
example,
organizations.
tor the Muslim
is,
; that
League"
voted,
only 321, 772 voted
as
o t t h e ¢o u n t r y ' s
The
communalism
leaders,
opposed
4'4%.
unthe
the
voters
o t even
run
to
the
(let alone
general
the
in the
act
that
is shown
entranchised
proletariat),
Muslim
482
¢o n t e s t
to
ventured
only 58 o the
Congress
26.
that
o these
seats
5 8 , i t won
; and
showed
results
election
the
In
that, in 1937,
general,
orce
noticeable
and
a
very
communalism,
strong
though
a
to
a
c
t
o
r
as
a decisive
eonfined
was
it did operate,
where
o
t
The
ot the
small
section
history
country.
numerically
o
t
h
e
the
been
has
1937
since
¢o m m u n a l i s m
story
rapid
and their
intensification
o communal
rapid spread
passions
the
and
authorities
British
The
to
a much
larger section.
a
t
the
a
l
a
r
m
e
d
were
in India
orces
thoroughly
reactionary
s
e
t
t
h
e
m
have
and
strenuously
election
results,
together
extended
was
selves
to
millions,
classes, the
30"1
to
the
upper
disrupt
the
population:
nationalist
or
11
middle
Because
and
lower
by
movement
their
This
stances.
taking
riots.
have
with
p r i n ¢i p a l l y
shall
We
seudy
to
examine
us
India,
and
circum-
First,
munalism:
been
means
erery
command.
tor the Muslims,
been
bas
a c ¢o m p l i s h e d ,
Muslim
refurbished
the suddenly
League.
through
ot turther
the story
leave
theretore
developments
let
Meanwhile
hat heading.
under
detail
i n some
i
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
w
o
r
k
s
how
communalism
somewhat
e ¢o n o m i ¢
and
i s e n ¢o u r a g e d
howit
by political
at
ot
cent.
per
it
is
these
quite
tMlows.
lower-class.
and
middle-class,
bave
capable
Each
ot
kinds
two
riot
certainly
bas
has
normally
it
o
coin-
latter
The
intense;
ocurs,
known
are
what
the individuals
subsided,
normal
to
o_ returning
when
torm
and,
spasmodie
the spectacular
Once
been
their
distinguish
to
necessary
as
communal
¢o n c e r n e d
relations
meant
some
.
206
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
207
208
3/Iodern
IsIgtm
in
India
C o m m ' u n a l ïs ï
Modern
islam
in
india
Communalism
211
212
Modern
I s l î m
in
India
213
214
.
Communalisrn
OEess
dass
and
dominated
Islm
Muslim
b y t h e more
subtly,
is in
lower
the
danger
in
classes
thac
are
ighly developed,
the Muslim
middle
and
b e în g
oppressed
Hindii
e x p a n s îv e ,
'
middle-class
capitalism.
is indeed
in
in the
too
,Islam
sense
that
the
danger
Muslim
class is in grave
middle
o
extinction,
danger
being
a petty
class in a collapsing
)
bourgeois
capitalist world.
in
to
understand
m îd d l e - c l a s s
',Furthermore,
rying
one
must
hOt
under-estimate
the terrific
social
communalism,
to
conform.
Some
bave
been
browbeaten
into
pressure
if,
in a country
is not
that
free.
A surprisingly
large number
of young
men
have
known
that
communalism
i s an i n c o r r e c t
as
entered
lire they have
; but
approach
they bave
bourgeois
been
forced
to
for fear
of losing
k e e p q u i e t on t h e s u b j e c t ,
their
or
their
clientele
or
their
chance
of
ever
positions
or
because
do
either;
getting
simply
they could
nothing
ic.
about
as
the
have
GradualIy,
years
by, they have
gone
to
themselves
their
e
l
s
e
o
r
adjusted
have
society,
they
and
have
been
inwardly
protested
inwardly
frustrated;
succumbed
or
bave
been
gradually
they bave
submerged.
dominates
the individual,
Sociecy
whether
he
eventually
be
Babbit
in Zenith
or
the Muslim
in. Lahore.)
Not
are
o f course.
only Muslims
Comcommunalists,
munalism
is a vicious
and
the
separatist,
the
spiral:
the
more
other
one
group
from
group
It is difficult
is communal
which
it is
becomes
self-conscious.
f o r a H i n d û,
even
with
the
best
of natures,
to
be told
for years,
in a
crescendo
of frenzied
t
h
a
t
h
e
a
n
d
his group
are
invective,
hated
as
a
without
by ail Muslims
group,
b e i n g l e d to think
in terres
of those
This
is in addition
to
the
groups.
fact
t h a t most
o f t h e saine
factors
to
communalism
predisposing
at
work
also
i n h i s case.
chier
are
difference
is that
(The
the
Hind
petty
threatened
iike
the
bourgeoisie,
though
Muslim
with
extinction
in a moriby the big industrialists
bund
cannot
that threat
capitalism,
in communalist
interpret
As
soon
as
the
Hind
is communalist
uise.)
in
the
communalism
is that
slighoest, the Muslims'
much
the
more
more
intense.
That
justified, and
more
Hind
encourages
separate
more
'
CommunaIsm
217
Modern
Islam
in
India
ComrnaZism
219
220
Communaism
221
29_.2
Modern
Islam
ïn
India
t o m m u ( îs m
'
224
M o d «r
slgm
ir
Indi
C a p t «r
o
226
Modern
Islam
in
lndia
Th«
K h f l âf a t
Movemt
227
that
the
British
attacking,
was
The
Turkey.
iiaflammatory
periodicals
Muslim
editors
other
and
or
The
first year
two
of anti-British
eeling
feeling itsel continued.
the
movement
other
enemies,
the
suppressed
and
bave
mentioned,
put
or
in internment
leaders
Muslim
jail.
i
n
t
h
e
saw
a lull
o f t h e war
intensity
classes
the
the middle
; though
among
the Ghadr
in the P u n j a b
Meanwhile
Empire
(1914-1915),
although
government
we
that
a
among
soon
of
revolutionary
conspiracy
s
t
i
r
r
e
d
fiercely suppressed,
ail
i f was
up
ifs inevitable
with
As
war
the
olk.
proceeded,
i n I n d i a , as e l s e conditions
and
other
of economic
worsening
o
f
e
n
d
t
he government
1
9
1
7
disconeent
where,
By the
grew.
R
o
w
l
a
t
t
i
l
l
a
m
e
d
C
ommission
to
the
to
decided
appoint
in
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
the
revolutionary
investigate
growing
ho
to
deal
it. These
on
to
with
and
lowercountry,
report
w
e
r
e
h
O
t
nor
movements
class
were
Muslim,
particularly
and encouraged
thei=
religious, but they indicated
ideologies
to
lower
classes
the
readiness
o the
radical
j o i n in any
d
i
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
w
e
r
e
the
Another
Indian
move.
soldiers.
group
more
back
'aware'
than
much
came
on
Many
they had been
d
i
d
n
o
t
c
o
r
n
e
at
h
o
m
e
their
home;
ail, and
many
leaving
and
mourned
death
was
both
resented.
a predominant
Now,
I
n
d
i
a
n
w
a
s
o
f
t
h
e
M
u
s
l
i
m
.
I
t
w
a
s
army
portion
given
parits taskdislike
cause
to
ticular
"The
Turks
in their
set
ront
line Mullahs
whose
voice
out
across
the
narrow
rang
No
Land
Man's
at
a
n
d
Sannaiyat,
elsewhere,
reproaching
Mohammedans
the
Deserfions
were
.opposite
requent,
executions
".
ere
so
middle-class
excitement
also had
"Meanhile,
been
groww
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
r
ê
w
a
s
a
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
;
tense
ing,
increasingly
of waiting.
Ater
two
o
f
t
h
e
H
o
me
atmosphere
years
war,
was
ounded
Rule
and proved
Leaue
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
.
exceedingly
of Indian
Talk
increased.
Even
the Muslim
independence
had ound
i E s r e s t r a i n e d
now
Leaue
membership
including
who
o a selfbourgeois
protressive
thought
avourably
communities,
the
rural
...
overning
'the
1916
most
tlae
(thouh
conservative
Muslim
very
loyal)
sections
Leaue
India
had
j o i n êd
within
the
resined
with
the
Empire
in
alarm.
Conress
;
and
In
in
a
joint
d êc l a r a t i o n
tutional
for
announced
government
Throughoue
1917
the vibrant
reedom.
including
swarj
between
agreement
a
and
expectation
the
policy
1918
that
the
the
two
communal
bodies.
a
In
consithê
1917
o gradual
self-government.
it
with
and
tension
grew,
e n d o f t h e war
would
bring
it brought
the
Gndhi
Rowlatt
Bills.
M.K.
Instead,
new
Indian
resentment
the
to
began
these, with
o r g a n i z în g
This
in
exuberant
the
culminated
satyagraha
technique.
that
; and
Day, ApriI 6, 1919
Satyagraha
throughout
spring
Muslims
and
a
were
Hinds
ai
high pitch o excitement,
and
drinks
fraternized
of water
marvellously--accepting
from
in their
new-round
each
other, and rejoicing
together
freed
of being
t h e sense
and
dignity and gladaess
suddenly
rom
the deadening
of British
burdert
oppression.
to
as
was
diverted
attention
Gradually
galling realities
the
ou
Indians
and
to
chastise
lire
to
goverrxment
began
them
Then
hot
came
the
with
with
but
scorpions.
whips
o
at
and
horror
British
unrestrained,
brutality
supreme
o f i t was
Amritsar
and
the Punjab.
Knowledge
throughout
and
was
incredible
at
first, then
stupeEying;
suppressed
and
to
a
the country
bitter
determination,
finally it roused
excitement
to
Indian
changed
fury.
in this; though
shared
o the people
all sections
Virtually
so.
f
o
r
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
diferent
Of
sections
different
doing
gave
f
i
xed
t
h
e
i
r
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
on
the
s
t
i
l
l
vocal
MusIims,
kept
many
a
s
r
e
s
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
the Near
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
East,
opposition
expressed
and
to
of imperialist
the British
share
in the
Turkey
collapse
Khilfat
All-India
Conthe encroachments
i t s k h i l £ l : a h .
on
attracted
much
ferences
were
became
wide-spread,
organized,
t
o
i
n
c
i
t
e
M
u
s
l
i
m
s'
a
n
d
attention
and
e x c i t e m e n t ,
helped
'ali and
his
When
this
issue.
Mu.hammad
i
n
t
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
f
i
mfour
after
released
years
a
t
o
n
c
e
i
n
r
o
t
h
e
e
n
d
a
t
o
f
1919,
they
plunged
prisonment,
w
e
r
e
a
n
d
the organizing
and
they
recognized
propaganda;
their
faine
confinement
as
the leaders.
their
term,
During
over
had
been
meetings
protest
many
kept fresh, through
without
India
internment
about
their
trial, and also thr.ough
emotions
brother
on
were
230
Modern
lslSm
in
India
Th¢
K h îl S l e a t
M o v «m n t
232
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Khilfat
Movement
234
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
K h i l âf a
Mo,ement
Z6
Modern
islam
in
India
remaininI,
rose,
Turkish,
under
their
VI
Mu.hammad
Majid
his
in
of
part
Sul.tfin
as
place
the
leader
new
as
old
Mu.s.tag
and
Khalifah
also
empire
deposed
'abd al
putting
without
temporal
Ottoman
Khalifah,
only,
and
Kamgl,
power.
The
K h a l îf a h
al "arab
Khilafatists
retain
had
previously
sovereignty
over
and
thê
the
that
demanded
the
o f t h ê : i a z îr a t
whole
no
less
than
they had
on
the
War;
grounds
that
his
dominions
be
outbreak
of the
Greaç
that in Islam
the distinction
between
spiritual and temporal
is non-existent,
that
and
his
ater
the
temporal
power
Balkan
was
War
the minimum
about
with
which
already
a
'mairttain
and
act
his dignity
Caliph' could
'''x,
effectively
and
that
the granting
of these
demands
was
to
the
essential
eternal
salvation
of any
Muslim
who
the
sertiea c c e p t êd
ment.
At
Christmas
rime
All-India
the
1922
Khilgfat
Conference
and
al 'ulam'
i Hind
held
a joint
the
J a m ' îy a t
session
in Gaya
and
the
Congress;
they could
along with
but
declare
their
confidence
in the
new
popular
government
of Turkey,
of 'abd
and
its election
al Majid
approve
in
cousia
No
mention
o his
VI.
was
place
Mu.hammad
ruade
o f t h e new
Khalifah's
been
having
given
spiritual but
of it, perhaps,
in
was
a
hint
not
There
temporal
power.
the
the
chat
maintain
l h i l £ f a h i n
Turkey
pious
request
with
shar'ah
in consultation
with
the
and
the
accordance
Islamic
with
But
world
x*.
no
whole
one
intelligence
really
them
to
do if.
expected
was
soon
The
Muslims
ot educated
Indian
paymajority
K
h
i
l
à
a
t
to
the
Indian
or
organization
ing little attention
t
h
a
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
a
t
i t was
c
l
e
a
r
airly
nothing
organbecoming
relevance
or
etIect.
The
d i d was
ization
l i k e l y to h a v ê m u c h
a
w
a
s
f
o
r
c
e
.
D
isw
a
s
t
h
e
i
r
e
n
t
'
h
u
s
i
a
s
m
over,
spent
struggle
e
l
s
e
w
h
e
r
e
.
t
u
r
n
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
illusioned,
they
energies
Muslim
o£ the
1923
several
the
summer
of
During
t
h
e
f
r
o
m
were
r
e
l
e
a
s
e
d
leaders
government.
jail by
finally
that
h e came
out
still, said
'ali, nationalist
Mu.hammad
t
h
a
t
o
n
e
a
n
d
"trom
a
t
o
smaller
a
'
'
*
,
every
larger
prison
been
at
"'
e x êc u t i v e
member
o
the
Congress
ought
to
sign
a
pledge
o
238
Modern
Isltm
in
India
had
December
there
1923
; and
to
remona Khilafat
delegation,
with
and
to
of
the
strate
viewpoint
urge
Mus..tafà Kaml
Muslims'.
the
various
Indian
Of
'the
chosen,
delegates
The
given passports
by the
o n l y a f e w were
government.
'ali and
was
men
irate
to
set
His
like Amir
Ghzi
Turkish
the
t h e Àg h
him
Khn
on
subject
approaching
Highness
out
constitutions
he pointed
and
the Islamic
of the Turkish
and
intimate
with
relations
their
some'scorn
with
friendly
the Congress
to
resolved
Cocanada,
to
Turkey
at
send
imperialism,
British
ludicrous
Muslims
to
bave
how
to
nationalism
al
'abd
exiled
Turkey
altogether.
Khojah
a
It
also
was
in
rule
abolished
to
function
mea
the
still
;
of
people
khilafah
administered
but
if
was
itself in
invitation
It iaterested
do.
to
find
to
anything
an
It declined
in Arabia.
Sa'd's
campaign
the
F
o
r
1926.
the
Cairo
Conference,
khitafah
'ali
t
h
e
1
9
2
8
i
n
Then
or
little
two
happened.
pressed
by
again
Report,
suddenly
leapt into prominence
lent carnpaiga
agaiast the Nehru
Communalism
munal
grouads.
chance
to
concerned
ing
Turkish
who
Turkish
the
advise
the
to
which
rather
was
for
1924,
3,
and
M a j îd
fanciful
India
Match
continued
fuads,
considerable
and
really
telling
the
against
war
It
Committee,
Khilfat
Indiaa
zecent
heresy.
On
policy.
on
The
their
a Sh'i
behave.
British
of
pillars
were
the
during
even
and
empire,
Ottoman
f[ourish
with
a
th[s
on
constitution
fundameatal
no
had
issue,
because
the
Muslim
domestic
year
brothers
launching
a
Muslim
or,
to
virucoin-
good
particularly
the
was
Report
involvmoderate,
a
essentially
in
change
next
hard
ibn
of
structure
the
state.
communal
'Muslim'
'ali
organizapolitics.
find
we
The
communally
Mu.hammad
year
Iollowing
to
a
the
then
and
first
an
deputation
agitation,
leading
t
h
e
I
r
o
m
of
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
t
o
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
exempt
Viceroy,
seeking
i
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
t
h
e
s
e
t
t
o
h e was
Act"
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
the Sarda
willing
t
a
k
e
h
a
v
e
t
o
h
O
t
d
i
d
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
t
h
e
a
s
s
o
a
n
y
long
country,
There
however,
were,
India
in
tions
in
part
By
it.
this
other
time
to
attend
events
to
in
Palestire
were
providing
some-
.
2,10
Modern
llm
in
India
Chapter
Three
242
Modern
islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
Nationalism
243
Modern
Islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
Naionalism
246
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
247
2VIodern
Islam
in
indid
IslSm
and
Indian
Nationalism
249
250
3 / £o d e r n
Islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
NaonaIism
252
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
253
254
Modern
Islgm
in
India
Islam
amZ
Indian
N a f i o n a t îs m
255
256
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
257
258
Modern
! s l âm
in
India
islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
259
260
M o d «r n
Islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
Nationalism
261
262
2Vlodern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
263
264
Modern
Isl?tm
in
r.ndia
Islgm
and
Indian
Nationalism
265
266
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
NationaIism
267
268
3/Iodern
Islam
în
!ndia
"
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
269
Chaloter Four
Islamic
Nationalism
:
Th«
K h k s âr
Movement
271
272
l ¢I o d e r n
Islam
in
r_ndia
Isamic
attraction
Nationalism
for
him.
bricks,
éd i f i c e
collecting
completed
explicitly
The
mortar,
Moement
claimed
bas
leader
and
lime
K h âl s r
The
:
tha:
so
273
fo
to
be "now
discuss
the
would
be irrelevant
"*; and again, he has
Out
'Khaksar'
does
:
hOt
stated
know
exactly
has
what
for.
He
but
'to
do and
he stands
dit'
as
he is
".
ordered
to
i t s own
The
of the movement,
according
membership
hundred
at
bas
four
thousand.
numbered
been
about
c l a îm ,
in 1941
was
ruade
An
official
from
estimate
Simla
reported
the
actual
to
set
the
Probably
f i g u r e at t h i r t y t h o u s a n d .
over
nmber
been
has
fifty thotsand.
considerably
very
the
in the
and
been
The
bas
movement
strongest
Punjab
in
considerable
influence
some
with
United
Provinces,
Frontier
Province.
o the North-West
S i n d h , a n d t h e towns
of South
India.
to
t h e towns
it has spread
Recently
K h âk s r
of the
movement
have
leaders
The
important
the
members---with
The
been
excepordinary
uPper-class.
idealistic
of higher-class
tion
of a handful
mostly
persons,
"
easants,
or
attract
of
lacking
completely
the
been
labourers.
the
truc
intellectualshave
better-off
the
But
these.
are
economic
any
none
p r o l êt a r i a t .
town
in
in
petty
very
There
bourgeoisie,
plus
of the' poorest
The
they
case
have
movement,
could
programme,
been
hardly
specifically
an
appreciable
and
equipment
to
had
pay
own
t
h
e
i
r
to
also
supply
have
a
Khksrs
The
the
to
camps.
charges
transport
o
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
d
a
l
c
a
l
l
e
d
h
a
v
e
which
rnl,
baf;
they
treasury,
and
the
official
avowed
only
of their few
o b j e c t s i s to m a k e
r
e
c
e
i
vw
i
t
h
h
a
s
b
e
ên
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
h
e
I
n
d
i
a
.
in
charged
ont
H
i
t
l
e
r
i
t
e
t
r
o
m
f
o
r
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
example,
support;
ing foreign
t
hat
t
h
i
s
r
i
d
îc
u
l
e
d
h
a
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
t
h
e
b
y
r
e
p
l
y
i
n
g
B
u
t
Germany.
has
T
h
i
s
I
n
d
i
a
.
i
n
h
e
t
h
e
a
i
l
w
i
s
h
e
s
,
can
he
support
get
barred,
fee, and
since
the
had
members
have
some
of
bonds
issued
has
movement
promising
The
reactiona
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
o
w
n
e
r
s
f
r
e
t
i
s
I
n
d
i
a
w
h
e
n
;
p a y m ên t
Nr
F
o
r
'
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
s
e
t
o
l
i
b
e
r
a
l
l
y
.
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
h
a
v
e
aries
to
h
a
v
e
d
o
n
a
t
e
d
t
o
w
a
s
T
a
n
d
a
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
Bago
tTIusayn
h
is
some
o
f
a
n
d
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
a
t
o
c
l
o
s
e
r
u
p
e
e
s
a
l
m
l
the
bayt
land.
been
,
truc.
274
IsIamic
Nationalism"
Th«
KhSkr
, V $ o v e m «n t
275
276
Modern
Islm
in
India
Ilamic
Nationalism
:
The
Khksr
Movement
278
""
Modern
Islam
in
India
"
Islamic
Nationaism:
Th«
Kh?ks?r
2 o v «m e n t
279
280
M.odern
Islam
in
India
Istamic
Nationalism"
The
Kh5ksr
Movement
281
282
2Iodern
IsIm
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Khaksr
2vfovement
283
Chapter
Pie
Islamic
NationaIism"
The
Muslim
L «a g u e
285
286
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
9.88
2Vlodern
Islam
in
India
s l a m îc
accornplished.in
than
4 ½
rime
less
to
it
clearly
that
At
was
a
showed
sorry
that
showed
They
quickly.
decidedly
sounding
somehing
rime
persuaded
showing
something
was
done
and
done,
be
elections
This
resuhs
J9
L e a ¢, u «
uslim
electorate
League.
be
must
M
1937
Muslim
election
must
that
The
the
for
the
the
The
energetic
too
of
for
vote
indeed.
Nationaiism"
progres-
sive.
its Lucknow
At
publicly
announced
democratic
elaborate
that
ing the
its
"the
Muslim
for
rather
plan
Congress
for
native.
It
constituent
a
also
previous
criticized,
than
rather
India
and
ridiculed
nationaIist
nor
new
stands
for
". However,
paid particular
that
attaining
assembly.
for
the
1937,
policy
League
new
selt-government
this, but
demand
ridiculed
two
O c t o b êr
session,
exhibit.ed
did
attention
"
reactionary"S
first
trends.
It
tull nationaI
it d i d hot
to
attack-
self-government,
This
it
for
Congress
a
n
d
for
sruggIes,
the
League
its
demand
an
suggest
the
ailure
the
it
alter-
ot the
acceptance
constitution.
It inc
o
m
m
u
n
a
l
i
s
t
its bitter
anti-Congress
campaign,
augurated
ranks.
nationalist
in the
Proand
for a division
appealed
a
u
n
d
e
r
f
o
r
m
m
u
s
t
the
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
separate
group,
gressive
"
t
h
e
r
e
is
t
h
e
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
MusIims,
silly pro-British
Leggue.
t
h
e
a
n
d
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
u
r
n
s
another
w
h
i
c
h
Congress,
they
group
in themselves.
I want
lost aith
have
d o so b e c a u s e
they
and
in themselves
take
their
to
believe
the Mussalmans
N
o
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
b
a
n
a
l
s
.
.
.
thë
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
i
n
destiny
A
s
o
c
i
a
l
w
a
s
i
s
e
v
e
n
,
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
,
possible"".
majority
a
foremost
con"Your
adumbrated"
d u t y i s to t o r m u l a t e
of work
tor the
ameliorative
and
structive
programme
means
of social,
and
to
devise
àn d
ways
people's welhre
,,xo. This
and
economic
political upllft ot the Mussalmans
a
with
attack
hint
ot social
protracted
along
p l a n went
a l l on
its attempt
above
social
on
the Congress
programme,
of course,
t h e masses;
with
establish
contact
to
especially,
was
"all the talk
disliked
masses.
the Muslim
Particularly
to
intended
"is
lead
which
the
and
of hunger
poverty"
i
d
e
a
s
f o r w h i çh
communistic
and
socialisti¢
peop!e towards
of
office
India
under
is iar
the
trom
new
prepared
290
Modern
I s l âm
India
in
Istamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
29.1.
Moder'hlam
2"92"
useful
service
is
that
true
British
£o r c e s
for
their
imperialism
in
support
that
true
it Was
that
the
$ndià
in
rendering
repeseneed
the
by
continued
needed
India
British
the
to
eau'se.
needed
also
o those
Leaue
existence
it
;
the
was
suppore
orces.
ith
rerd
sdopted
Leue
if claimed
late
the
very
the
defence
like
the
that
the
if
give
emphasis
fo
I n d i a " «.
government
and
fixed
What
define
n
not
was
the
o
has,
its
Buc
the
ar,
t dd
p ça c t c e ,
expressed
prosecution
offer
to
help
"
its
much
group
relative
but
war,,
nor
the
from
and
war
somewhat
condition
on
and
Its
League,
power.
demands.
been
power;
power
nothn.
the
was
these
on
always
course,
usl{m
desire
of
h was
selfish,
o n ! y more
the
officially
recognize
of executive
ortion
large
Congress's,
government
Indian
any
poHcy.
'that if had
help ih the
1940
beginning
a
In
eleer
in
of
orld
Second
the
to
no
The
unwilling
it willing
was
to
now
would
League
grounds
give
to
get
over
the League
refused
these
Oa
bodies.
o f an e n l a r g e d
in his scheme
with
the Viceroy
i t s own
from
It expelled
Council.
Executive
membership
three
Counci[
man
did join that
who
, and ruade
one
promiNational
Defence
the
nent
subsidiary
Leaguers
resign from
i t as
after
as
Muslims
they had entered
provincial
Couacil
other
gainst
to
co-operate
,
.premiers.
the
Oa
It also
rejected
hand,
other
in
, g 0 v e çn m e n t
its
war
the Cripps
proposais.
ind[v[dual
.supported
Leaguers
class
as
effort;
they and their
noc
vigorously,
p o r t e d it in general
of che
Some
League's
acquiescence.
be among
were
to
.members
proud
British
war
to
£r i b u t o r s
funds'; and
"
time
ment's
made
war
speeches
policyL
students
xs.
the army
even
after
Yet
among
.e,ven
ater
the
i s6pport
League
for
apologizing
The
the
J a p a n ës e
' t9h e, . çç. d i dni o t' hh ia nsg
to
people.
menace
definite,
e x p r è ë
prominent
the
the
an4
to
issue
the
war
had
In'dia
i the
way
become
had
to
changed,
acute,
of giving
to
to
govern-
recruitment
i t s r èa a e s s
con-
pamphlets
supporting
of
to
lavish
from
time
most
its officers
o f t h e war
had
early
character
by passive
(i.e., rich)
only
yet
nor
the
sup-
aet;
a
lead
b'dt
it
Istamic
NationaIism
:
The
2uslim
League
293
294
,
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islamc
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
Leatlue
Modern
Islam
in
india
Islamic
N a t i o n «l i s m "
The
Muslim
League
298
Islamic
Nationalism"
The
Muslim
League
299
300
Modern
Islim
in
India
I s l a m îc
Nationalism"
The
Muslim
League
302
Modern
Islam
in
india
i s t a m îc
Nationatism"
Th
, l u s l îm
Leagu«
Modern"
islam
in
india
stamic
Nationatism
:
' h e i V £u s l i m
League
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
308
1sIamic
Nationalism
The
M.usIim
Leagu
310
3/Iodern
Islam
in
India
Istamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
311
M o d èr n
fslgm
in
India
islamic
Nationalism
:
The
2VIusIim
League
Jodern
Istm
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Mustim
League
315
316
Islamic
Nationa'lism
"
The
2Viuslim
League
Chapter
Six
Some
Theological
roulgs
20
Mode'rn
Is'lS'm
in
?ndia
Some
Theological
Groups
322
.h,lodern
Islam
in
India
Some
Theological
Groups
324
Modern
Isl?;m
in
India
Soin«
Theological
Grous
325
326
Modern
Islam
in
India
Some
TheoIogical
Grous
328
Modern
Islam
in
India
Some
Theological
Groups
330
Modern
Islam
in
India
NOTES,
etc.
DEFINITION
OF
TERMS
334
M.odern
Islam
in
India
De]ni$ion
o Terres
35
336
2 V l o d «r n
I s l âm
in
India
Denition
of
Terres
337
338
Modern
Islam
in
!ndia
Definition
of Terres
339
ON
TRANSLITERATION
Transliteration
341
ON
ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
Alphabetical
Order
343
REFERENCES
AND
NOTES
R «f e r e n c e s
and
Notes
345
346
References
and
Notes
347
346
Modern
Islam
in
India
Re/:erences
and
Notes
347
348
Modern
Islam
in
India
Re]:erences
and
Notes
349
50
References
and
Notes
Modern
Islam
in India
References
and
Notes
354
Modern
Islam
in
lndia
Re?Cerences
and
Notes
356
Modern
islam
in
India
Ref
erences
and
Notes
357
358
Modern
IsIzm
in
India
References
and
Notes
359
360
Modern
Islam
in
India
'
References
and
Notes
361
Modern
362
(References
from
lages
316
o
Islam
the
in
India
end)
I t was
that
had
Lahore,
reported
(The Tribune,
10-11-42)
Jinn.
K a r îm b h ' i
move
Ibrhim
and
Mr.
Sir
Ltri
not
fo
certain
persuaded
one
the League's
that J i n n . l 2 communicate
resolutions,
including
suggesting
to
resolution
Gndh.
Bombay
(August
1942)
«
their
the
to
forward
raovers
able
hOt
to
persuade
bring
J i n n . h was
voted
on.
were
hot
re s o l u t i o n s ,
which
consequently
«
Muslim
Committee
of the
Resolution
of
the
All-India
Working
ratified
20-8-42
Lahore,
by the
Bombay,
(The Tribune,
2[-8-42);
League,
Council
9-11-42
of the League,
Delhi,
Lahore,
10-11-42).
(The Tribune,
«,
a
New
at
13-9-42
conference,
Jinnh,
Delhi,
press
(The Tribune,
Lahore,
14--42).
n
resolution
no.
The
", above.
; cf. reference
Bombay
"
In
his
address
to
the
Muslim
All-lndia
Students'
presidential
Federation
14-ii-42.
conference,
Jullundur,
,o
a
at
New
12-ii-42
Delhi,
conference,
R j âg o p l c h r y a ,
press
Lahore
(Yhe Tribune,
13-11-42).
'
Tle Tribune, Lahore,
13-II-42.
"
In his speech
che
fo
Associated
Chambers
annual
o Commerce
17-12-42
Calcutta,
meeting,
(The Tribune,
Lahore,
18-12-42).
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
364
Modern
I s l âm
in
I n ài a
Bibliography
365
366
Modern
Islam
in
India
Bibliograh
367
368
Modern
Islam
in
India
Bibliography
369
370
2Viodern
Islam
in
India
Bibliograrhy
371
372
Modern
dslm
in
India
Bibliography
373
374
Modern
Islm
in
India
Bibliograhy
375
376
Modern
Islgtm
in
India
Bibliographe,
377
378
3/Iodern
Islam
in
India
Bibliograhy
379
380
Bibliograhy
381
382
Modern
Islam
in
India
Bibliogralohy
383
384
2VIodern
lslm
in
India
INDEX
386
Modern
Islam
in
India
387
388
M o d «r n
lstm
in
India
Index
'389
390
Modern
Islam
in
India
Index
391
392
Modern
Islam
in
India
Index
393
394
Modern
Islgm
in
India
index
395
396
Modern
I s l âm
in
India
Indez
397
398
index
399
ISLAM
IN
INDI
MODERN
ISLAM
IN
First
Published
May
1943
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
vi
Table
of Contents
PART
I
INTELLECTUALS
THE
AND
IDEAS
MOVEMENT
OF
2
2Vlodern
Ilm
in
India
Intellectuals
and
the
2Vlovement
of Ideas
3
'
4
Modern
Islam
in
india
C h a t «r
On«
o
6
2 V l o d «r n
I s l âm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o]:
Co.ntemorary
British
Culture
7
8
3 ¢I o d e r n
I s l âm
in
1 ndia
The
3dovement
in
Favou.r
o f C o n t «m o r a r y
British
Ctture
9
10
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
)ovement
in
Favour
o1: Contemoorary
British
Culture
12
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Moement
in
Faour
of Contemporary
British
Culture
13
14
NIodern
islgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Contemporary
British
Culture
15
16
Modern
Islam
in
India
Th¢
Viovement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
17
18
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
M o çe m e n t
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
19
20
Modern
Islgtm
in
India
The
Moement
in
aour
of Contemorary
British
Culture
2.
22
Modern
Islam
in
India
Th
3lovement
in
Favour
of Contemorary
Bitish
Culture
23
24
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Mo'vement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
25
26
Modern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Contemporary
British
Culture
27
28
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Contemporary
Britih
Culture
29
30
Modern
islgm
in
India
The
2VIovement
in
Favour
o]: Contemporary
British
Culture
31
32
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Mouement
in
Favour
bi: Contemporary
[3ritish Culture
33
34
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Moement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
35
36
Modern
Islam
in
!ndia
The
Mouement
in
F a ço u r
of Contemporary
British
Culture
37
38
Modern
Islam
in
India
,
The
Moement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
,,
British
Culture
39
40
Modern
Islam
in
Inda
The
3/Iovement
in
Favour
of Contemloorary
British
Culture
41
42
Modern
Islam
in
India
T
he
3 / £o v e m e n t
in
Favour
of
Contemoorary
British
Culture
43
44
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
Indi'an
I s l àm .
with
much
also
had
at:ieude
culture,
not
on
fuaction,
an
criterion,
ries
thae
the
on.
missionaries,
religion
tianity--just
eenth-century
as
modern
theology,
belief
in
ifs
a
han
rather
ounder
interest,
capiealist
had
out
poineed
one
would
therein
Muslim
modern
out.
They
Christianity
'this-worldly'
and
science,
progress,
rather
45
Culture
missionaries,
which
in
societies
o
If
the
pointing
were
in
they
prevalent
the
thae
fact
principles
on
personality
acquiescence
so
the
to
a
based
programme--and
last
been
reasonable
a
ethics
the
an
this
antagonism,
had
British
Contemporary
of
was
there
had
and
stress
a
If
biting
that
forgot
Favour
in
on
code,
a
than
on
a
eminist
his
societhose
ahswered
bave
noe"real"
Chrisninethat
early
the
is no
Islam
tha
the
new
says
doubt
no
was
,
aserts
or
Islam
village
the
modern
'real'
or
missionary
Islam,
i s hot
School
Westernized
'really' Islam.
religion oi the Aligarh
w
i
t
h
l
e
s
s
s
u
b
tle
o
l
The
distincc
o
u
r
s
e
,
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
a
n
,
religious
no
bas
finds
a
as
he
eakes
it, and
tions,
prejudice
religion
a religion,
that
i t uses
rom
him
which
though
seeing
keeps
in diferent
environbe 'really' diferent
the
saine
naine,
may
ments.
Chapter
Two
The
2klovement
in
Favour
of Istamc
Culture
of the Past
47
48
Modern
IslSm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of he Past
49
50
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
_avour
of Islamic
Culture
ot the Past
51
52
.,lodern
I s l âm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Fa/our
of IsIamic
Culture
o1: the
Past
53
54
Modern
I s l âm
in
India
The
2Vlovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
ot: the Past
55
56
.h;l.Odern
IslSm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o1: the Past
57
58
Modern
Islam
in
Inda
The
Movement
in
Favour
ot: Islamic
Culture
o f t h e l °a s t
59
60
Modern
Islam
in
India
"
The
3/Iovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the
Past
61
62
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2Ioement
in
Fauour
of slamic
Culture
of the Past
63
64
Modern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
ol
e
IsIamie
Culture
of the Past
65
66
Modern
Z s l âm
in
[ndia
The
Movement
in
Favour
o Istamic
Culture
o the Past
67
68
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
2VI.m;ement,
in
Eavour
of Islamic
Culture
of the tgast
69
70
.TV1odern
Islam
in
India
The
3/Iovement
in
Eauour
of Islamic
Culture
of the Past
71
72
Modern
Islam
in
India
Th«
M o v «m e n t
in
Fauour
o l I s l a m îc
Culture
of the Past
73
74
A,Iodern
I s l âm
in
India
The
Iovement
ïn
Favour
o ¢: r . s l a m i c
Culture
of the Past
75
76
Modern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the Past
77
78
.Modern
Islfftm
in
India
The
l / £o u e m e n t
in
Faour
o: Islamic
Culture
o: the
_Past
80
Modern
I s l £z m
in
o
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
ot: Islamic
Culture
o the Past
81
82
The
Movement
in
avour
ot: IsIamic
Culture
of the Past
83
84
'
M.odern
Islam
in
India
'
The
./VIovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
or the Past
85
86
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
3/lovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the Past
87
88
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
of the
Past
89
90
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o1: the Past
91
92
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2o,ement
in
Faour
of Islamic
Culture
o1: the
Past
93
94
Modern
Islam
ir In'dia
The
Movement
in'Fav6ur
of Istamic
Cdlture
o]: the Past
95
96
The
iovement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o]: the Past
97
98
Modern
Isltm
in
India
The
¢3 e l o v e m e n t
in
_Favour
o1: Islamic
Culture
o f t h e P a »t
99
100
.
2VIodern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o f I s l a m îc
Culture
of the Past
102
3/Iodern
Islgm
in
India
The
Movement
n
Favour
=
ol Islamic
Culture
o the
Past
103
104
Modern
I s l àm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of Islamic
Culture
o]: the Past
105
106
A,Iodern
Islam
in
India
The
Mouemen
in
Favur
of Islamic
Culture
o the Past
].07
108
2Vlodern
IslSm
in
India
h a p t e . rT h r e e
110
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
_Faour
of
a
New
Culture'Progressive
111
112
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Moeme(,t
in
Fauour
¢, «»] ¢ I-Q B L
of
THE
a
New
PROGRESSIVE
Culture
:
Progressive
113
114
B,Iodern
Islgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Faour
o1:
a
New
Culture"
Progressive
115
116
Modern
!slm
in
lrdia
The
2ovement
in
Favour
o]:
a
New
Culture"
Progressive
117
118
Modern
Islam
in
[ndia
The
Moement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
119
120
. à I o d e r n
I s t âm
in
India
The
3/[ovement
in
Favour
of
a
N'eu,
Culture
Progressive
121
B,Iodern
islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o1:
a
New
Culture:
Progressive
123
124
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movemen
in
_avour
of
a
New
Culture:
Progressive
125
126
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o1:
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
127
128
The
Mo,ment
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
129
130
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2Viouement
in
Fauour
of
a
New
o
Culture
Progressiue
131
132
21,Iodern
IsIm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
ol
e
a
New
Culture
:
Proslresaive
133
134
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
"
.Progressive
135
136
NIodern
Islam
in
India
The
loemen
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
Progressive
137
138
Modern
lslgtm
in
India
The
Movement
in
F a ço u r
o[
a
New
Culture
"Progressive
139
140
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
'avour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
141
142
Modern
Isltm
in
I n d îa
Th
Moyement
in
Fro,
out
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
143
144
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
a
Movement
in
bas
communiey
Fauour
o1:
produced
a
New
Culture
"
aderelation
and
comprehensive
man
45
Progressive
is the
factual
What
socialists.
lrecisely
their
and
socialistic
Islamic
betreen
their
backgrourid
determined.
been
ardour
b a s hot
crisis
ir islam, in fact in ail the
The
intellectual
religions,
it
bas
been
re
been
that
bave
acute;
bieterly
considering,
of the sheep
the aware,
bas orced
a pinful
division,
among
in
The
social
and
crisis in Islam,
and
tle
economic
goats.
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
bas
been
in all the
fact
rorld,
acute,
equall
re
section
on
i n out
shall
it careull
seudy
pressing;
vee
conclude
Muslim
discussion
Out
by
present
politics.
quate
there
that
notin
those
vehose
Iectuall
crisis.
their
e i t h e r
is
further
a
activities
noe
advanced
Some
are
minds
are
enough
doing
religious
modern
o
group
bue
progressive
to
bave
of
veho
perceived
deeds, but
ood
NIuslims-
progressive
much
intel-
are
the
religious
preserve
in
earlier
the
ideolog
period
or
that
mental
through
departmentalization,
through
a
r
e
a
n
d
common
they
foible, inconsisency.
Tlaey
religious
are
noe
bue
progressive.
t h e 3 r are
progressive;
religiously
vee
and
shall find hem
importane,
P o l i t i c a I 1 3 r t h e are
again
i n out
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
.
political
In
hose
a
some
leader
ollow
cases,
they
politically
their
i
s
t
h
a
n
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
e
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
o
r
e
religion
There
a
are
v ¢h o
politically
religious liberals
to
and vho
socially progressive,
progressive,
t
h
e
a
s
e
x
a varing
t
h
e
i
r
s
t
i
l
l
s
e
c
degree
progressiveness
bave
these
of
liberal
Some
of their
pression
religion.
i
a
o
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
t
o
c
h
a
n
c
e
h
a
c
l
a
e r y în g
express
recently
is
a
Ær o u p
someeimes
o
ever
bas seemed
o
rhich
Muslim
nationalism
rer
liberalize
the
a
n
d
o the
out
lae fo be e m e r g i n g
reactionar3r
previously
bave
been
the
Some
NIuslim
anti-nationalist
Leaue.
W
e
s
h
a
l
l
be
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
a
n
d
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
Congress
b
a
v
e
i
n
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
interpreted
They
noting
politics se.ction.
bave
social justice, and
and
brotherhood
as
Islm
meaning
lead
w
o
u
l
d
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
h
e
aced
political paths
lrogressivel
a
l
e
a
d
er
l
o
o
k
f
o
r
c
o
u
l
d
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
s
these
T
h
e
toards
goals.
M
a
l
n
à
o
f
t
h
e
the present
to
Conress,
(1940.)
president
146
3"Iodern
Islam
in
India
The
Moement
in
taour
o
a
New
Culture
"
Progressive
147
148
Modern
Istgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
:'Progressive
149
150
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
2VIoement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Progressive
151
152
3/Iodern
Islgm
in
India
The
./VIovement
in
Favour
o
a
Ne
Culture
Progressiue
153
154
Modern
Islam
in
India
Chapr
Four
156
Modern
Istgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
157
ot
islgm
Modern
18
Whae
them.
borrowing
his
than
idealism,
is,
howerer,
trom
o£ thougtats
derived
tte
directly
ffrom
the
in
India
about
significant
West;
is
rom
thoughts
conditions;
objectire
that
Iqbal's
it buttressed
thoughts,
he
had
rather
the
right
t h e concrete
were
tacts that
what
realize
b u e d i d hot
was
because
he
them
ruade
dynamic
I q b a l ' s t h în k i n g
right.
he
knew
b e c a u îe
modern
not
knew
modern
philosophy,
modern
or
(like Marx).
science
society
(like Bergson),
matter
so
hot
much
it did
that
atfirmed
I-Ie repeatedly
are
that people
he did;
what
man
a
g o o d or
s a i d , as w h a t
men
Yet
he
himselt
in creed.
bad
in lractice,
hot
judged
but by their
hot
and
mmrements
professions.
by their actions
and
tlae" Comthe
U.
S. S. R.
he
For
attacked
example,
are
'atheist'
because
munist
and, he interred,
they
Party
o religion.
raIues
t h e s çîr ît u a l
and
lack
the warmth
entirely
the
actions
in their
mean
that
did
hot
he
By tlais criticism
brotherhood
communists
love, deny
is, deny
deny God--that
ideas,
its'derelolsel and
human
the
litre and
deny
was
His
and
beauty.
point
creatirity
joy and
the
he
never
took
and
that
God;
deny
t h êo r e t i c a l l y
they
Muslim
No
hot
or
whether
trouble
to
see
t h e y r e a l l y d o so.
i n so
to
out
arisen
and
bas
no
socialist
many
yet
point
and
justice,
ment
and
about
the
words
that whateer
say
may
capitalist Muslims
abou
socialists
the atheistic
it ana
whatever
it, the
say
may
the
is in act
socialist
movement
only torce in the world
Islam
that
the values
and realize
w i l l conserve
to-day which
was
o the
Muslims,
cherishes.
progressive
I q b l , t h e most
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
t
h
e
this tact by what
rom
say.
misled
recognizing
or
tzom
misled
in general
are
socialists
zecognizing
(The
Iqbl, do.)
religious people, including
stating it, by what
native
the
with
thê
i d e n t i t ïe d
Congress
Iqbl
Again,
b
o
t
h
a
r
e
t
h
a
t
the
on
o India,
predomigrounds
princes
the
ot examinin
in theoretic
ttindg
religion . Instead
nandy
o
f
f
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
h
e
w
o
k
e
s
,
a
n
d
ot the
activities
pinces
and
etc.,
grouping
bourgeois,
industrialists,
pety
peasartts,
Indian
h
e
w
h
a
t
to
do,
i n t e p »e t e d
they
according
people
politics
beliee).
in
terres
ot what
people
believe
(o
say
that
they
The
Movement
in
Favour
o]:
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
159
160
The
2ovement
in
Favour
of
a
Nev
Culture
:
Reactionary
161
162
2Viodern
Islgm
in
India
The
2V$ovement
in
Favour
of
a
2gew
Culture
:
Reactionary
163
164
Modern
Islgm
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture"
Reactionary
165
166
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
167
168
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture"
Reactionary
169
170
Modern
I s l âm
in
India
The
N1ovement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
171
172
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
173
174
¥I o d e r n
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
o:
a
New
Culture
:
Reactionary
175
J.76
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
lovement
in
Faour
of
a
New
Culture"
Reactionary
177
178
Modern
Islgtm
in
India
The
ovement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
179
180
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Movement
in
Favour
of
a
New
Culture:
Reactionary
181
182
Modern
Islam
in
India
PART
II
Chapter
One
186
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
187
188
.Viodern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
189
190
Modern
Islgzm
in
India
Communalism
191
192
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
193
194
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
195
196
A,Ioder.n
Islam
in
India
Commuaism
197
198
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communaism
199
200
Modern
Islam
in
India
CommunaIism
201
202
Modern
Isl[zm
in
India
Communaism
203
204
3/Iodern
I s l âm
in
India
'205
Commuralism
the
middle
of separate
electorpeasantry.
c l a s s e s , and the upper
whether
were
orced
to
vote
ail these
communally,
ates,
small
a
or
hot.
distinctions
communal
Only
they tavoured
in avour
ot communalist
voted
o them,
section
however,
who
o the
Muslims
For
7,319,445
example,
organizations.
tor the Muslim
is,
; that
League"
voted,
only 321, 772 voted
as
o t t h e ¢o u n t r y ' s
The
communalism
leaders,
opposed
4'4%.
unthe
the
voters
o t even
run
to
the
(let alone
general
the
in the
act
that
is shown
entranchised
proletariat),
Muslim
482
¢o n t e s t
to
ventured
only 58 o the
Congress
26.
that
o these
seats
5 8 , i t won
; and
showed
results
election
the
In
that, in 1937,
general,
orce
noticeable
and
a
very
communalism,
strong
though
a
to
a
c
t
o
r
as
a decisive
eonfined
was
it did operate,
where
o
t
The
ot the
small
section
history
country.
numerically
o
t
h
e
the
been
has
1937
since
¢o m m u n a l i s m
story
rapid
and their
intensification
o communal
rapid spread
passions
the
and
authorities
British
The
to
a much
larger section.
a
t
the
a
l
a
r
m
e
d
were
in India
orces
thoroughly
reactionary
s
e
t
t
h
e
m
have
and
strenuously
election
results,
together
extended
was
selves
to
millions,
classes, the
30"1
to
the
upper
disrupt
the
population:
nationalist
or
11
middle
Because
and
lower
by
movement
their
This
stances.
taking
riots.
have
with
p r i n ¢i p a l l y
shall
We
seudy
to
examine
us
India,
and
circum-
First,
munalism:
been
means
erery
command.
tor the Muslims,
been
bas
a c ¢o m p l i s h e d ,
Muslim
refurbished
the suddenly
League.
through
ot turther
the story
leave
theretore
developments
let
Meanwhile
hat heading.
under
detail
i n some
i
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
w
o
r
k
s
how
communalism
somewhat
e ¢o n o m i ¢
and
i s e n ¢o u r a g e d
howit
by political
at
ot
cent.
per
it
is
these
quite
tMlows.
lower-class.
and
middle-class,
bave
capable
Each
ot
kinds
two
riot
certainly
bas
has
normally
it
o
coin-
latter
The
intense;
ocurs,
known
are
what
the individuals
subsided,
normal
to
o_ returning
when
torm
and,
spasmodie
the spectacular
Once
been
their
distinguish
to
necessary
as
communal
¢o n c e r n e d
relations
meant
some
.
206
Modern
Islam
in
India
Communalism
207
208
3/Iodern
IsIgtm
in
India
C o m m ' u n a l ïs ï
Modern
islam
in
india
Communalism
211
212
Modern
I s l î m
in
India
213
214
.
Communalisrn
OEess
dass
and
dominated
Islm
Muslim
b y t h e more
subtly,
is in
lower
the
danger
in
classes
thac
are
ighly developed,
the Muslim
middle
and
b e în g
oppressed
Hindii
e x p a n s îv e ,
'
middle-class
capitalism.
is indeed
in
in the
too
,Islam
sense
that
the
danger
Muslim
class is in grave
middle
o
extinction,
danger
being
a petty
class in a collapsing
)
bourgeois
capitalist world.
in
to
understand
m îd d l e - c l a s s
',Furthermore,
rying
one
must
hOt
under-estimate
the terrific
social
communalism,
to
conform.
Some
bave
been
browbeaten
into
pressure
if,
in a country
is not
that
free.
A surprisingly
large number
of young
men
have
known
that
communalism
i s an i n c o r r e c t
as
entered
lire they have
; but
approach
they bave
bourgeois
been
forced
to
for fear
of losing
k e e p q u i e t on t h e s u b j e c t ,
their
or
their
clientele
or
their
chance
of
ever
positions
or
because
do
either;
getting
simply
they could
nothing
ic.
about
as
the
have
GradualIy,
years
by, they have
gone
to
themselves
their
e
l
s
e
o
r
adjusted
have
society,
they
and
have
been
inwardly
protested
inwardly
frustrated;
succumbed
or
bave
been
gradually
they bave
submerged.
dominates
the individual,
Sociecy
whether
he
eventually
be
Babbit
in Zenith
or
the Muslim
in. Lahore.)
Not
are
o f course.
only Muslims
Comcommunalists,
munalism
is a vicious
and
the
separatist,
the
spiral:
the
more
other
one
group
from
group
It is difficult
is communal
which
it is
becomes
self-conscious.
f o r a H i n d û,
even
with
the
best
of natures,
to
be told
for years,
in a
crescendo
of frenzied
t
h
a
t
h
e
a
n
d
his group
are
invective,
hated
as
a
without
by ail Muslims
group,
b e i n g l e d to think
in terres
of those
This
is in addition
to
the
groups.
fact
t h a t most
o f t h e saine
factors
to
communalism
predisposing
at
work
also
i n h i s case.
chier
are
difference
is that
(The
the
Hind
petty
threatened
iike
the
bourgeoisie,
though
Muslim
with
extinction
in a moriby the big industrialists
bund
cannot
that threat
capitalism,
in communalist
interpret
As
soon
as
the
Hind
is communalist
uise.)
in
the
communalism
is that
slighoest, the Muslims'
much
the
more
more
intense.
That
justified, and
more
Hind
encourages
separate
more
'
CommunaIsm
217
Modern
Islam
in
India
ComrnaZism
219
220
Communaism
221
29_.2
Modern
Islam
ïn
India
t o m m u ( îs m
'
224
M o d «r
slgm
ir
Indi
C a p t «r
o
226
Modern
Islam
in
lndia
Th«
K h f l âf a t
Movemt
227
that
the
British
attacking,
was
The
Turkey.
iiaflammatory
periodicals
Muslim
editors
other
and
or
The
first year
two
of anti-British
eeling
feeling itsel continued.
the
movement
other
enemies,
the
suppressed
and
bave
mentioned,
put
or
in internment
leaders
Muslim
jail.
i
n
t
h
e
saw
a lull
o f t h e war
intensity
classes
the
the middle
; though
among
the Ghadr
in the P u n j a b
Meanwhile
Empire
(1914-1915),
although
government
we
that
a
among
soon
of
revolutionary
conspiracy
s
t
i
r
r
e
d
fiercely suppressed,
ail
i f was
up
ifs inevitable
with
As
war
the
olk.
proceeded,
i n I n d i a , as e l s e conditions
and
other
of economic
worsening
o
f
e
n
d
t
he government
1
9
1
7
disconeent
where,
By the
grew.
R
o
w
l
a
t
t
i
l
l
a
m
e
d
C
ommission
to
the
to
decided
appoint
in
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
the
revolutionary
investigate
growing
ho
to
deal
it. These
on
to
with
and
lowercountry,
report
w
e
r
e
h
O
t
nor
movements
class
were
Muslim,
particularly
and encouraged
thei=
religious, but they indicated
ideologies
to
lower
classes
the
readiness
o the
radical
j o i n in any
d
i
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
w
e
r
e
the
Another
Indian
move.
soldiers.
group
more
back
'aware'
than
much
came
on
Many
they had been
d
i
d
n
o
t
c
o
r
n
e
at
h
o
m
e
their
home;
ail, and
many
leaving
and
mourned
death
was
both
resented.
a predominant
Now,
I
n
d
i
a
n
w
a
s
o
f
t
h
e
M
u
s
l
i
m
.
I
t
w
a
s
army
portion
given
parits taskdislike
cause
to
ticular
"The
Turks
in their
set
ront
line Mullahs
whose
voice
out
across
the
narrow
rang
No
Land
Man's
at
a
n
d
Sannaiyat,
elsewhere,
reproaching
Mohammedans
the
Deserfions
were
.opposite
requent,
executions
".
ere
so
middle-class
excitement
also had
"Meanhile,
been
groww
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
r
ê
w
a
s
a
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
;
tense
ing,
increasingly
of waiting.
Ater
two
o
f
t
h
e
H
o
me
atmosphere
years
war,
was
ounded
Rule
and proved
Leaue
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
.
exceedingly
of Indian
Talk
increased.
Even
the Muslim
independence
had ound
i E s r e s t r a i n e d
now
Leaue
membership
including
who
o a selfbourgeois
protressive
thought
avourably
communities,
the
rural
...
overning
'the
1916
most
tlae
(thouh
conservative
Muslim
very
loyal)
sections
Leaue
India
had
j o i n êd
within
the
resined
with
the
Empire
in
alarm.
Conress
;
and
In
in
a
joint
d êc l a r a t i o n
tutional
for
announced
government
Throughoue
1917
the vibrant
reedom.
including
swarj
between
agreement
a
and
expectation
the
policy
1918
that
the
the
two
communal
bodies.
a
In
consithê
1917
o gradual
self-government.
it
with
and
tension
grew,
e n d o f t h e war
would
bring
it brought
the
Gndhi
Rowlatt
Bills.
M.K.
Instead,
new
Indian
resentment
the
to
began
these, with
o r g a n i z în g
This
in
exuberant
the
culminated
satyagraha
technique.
that
; and
Day, ApriI 6, 1919
Satyagraha
throughout
spring
Muslims
and
a
were
Hinds
ai
high pitch o excitement,
and
drinks
fraternized
of water
marvellously--accepting
from
in their
new-round
each
other, and rejoicing
together
freed
of being
t h e sense
and
dignity and gladaess
suddenly
rom
the deadening
of British
burdert
oppression.
to
as
was
diverted
attention
Gradually
galling realities
the
ou
Indians
and
to
chastise
lire
to
goverrxment
began
them
Then
hot
came
the
with
with
but
scorpions.
whips
o
at
and
horror
British
unrestrained,
brutality
supreme
o f i t was
Amritsar
and
the Punjab.
Knowledge
throughout
and
was
incredible
at
first, then
stupeEying;
suppressed
and
to
a
the country
bitter
determination,
finally it roused
excitement
to
Indian
changed
fury.
in this; though
shared
o the people
all sections
Virtually
so.
f
o
r
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
diferent
Of
sections
different
doing
gave
f
i
xed
t
h
e
i
r
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
on
the
s
t
i
l
l
vocal
MusIims,
kept
many
a
s
r
e
s
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
the Near
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
East,
opposition
expressed
and
to
of imperialist
the British
share
in the
Turkey
collapse
Khilfat
All-India
Conthe encroachments
i t s k h i l £ l : a h .
on
attracted
much
ferences
were
became
wide-spread,
organized,
t
o
i
n
c
i
t
e
M
u
s
l
i
m
s'
a
n
d
attention
and
e x c i t e m e n t ,
helped
'ali and
his
When
this
issue.
Mu.hammad
i
n
t
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
f
i
mfour
after
released
years
a
t
o
n
c
e
i
n
r
o
t
h
e
e
n
d
a
t
o
f
1919,
they
plunged
prisonment,
w
e
r
e
a
n
d
the organizing
and
they
recognized
propaganda;
their
faine
confinement
as
the leaders.
their
term,
During
over
had
been
meetings
protest
many
kept fresh, through
without
India
internment
about
their
trial, and also thr.ough
emotions
brother
on
were
230
Modern
lslSm
in
India
Th¢
K h îl S l e a t
M o v «m n t
232
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
Khilfat
Movement
234
Modern
Islam
in
India
The
K h i l âf a
Mo,ement
Z6
Modern
islam
in
India
remaininI,
rose,
Turkish,
under
their
VI
Mu.hammad
Majid
his
in
of
part
Sul.tfin
as
place
the
leader
new
as
old
Mu.s.tag
and
Khalifah
also
empire
deposed
'abd al
putting
without
temporal
Ottoman
Khalifah,
only,
and
Kamgl,
power.
The
K h a l îf a h
al "arab
Khilafatists
retain
had
previously
sovereignty
over
and
thê
the
that
demanded
the
o f t h ê : i a z îr a t
whole
no
less
than
they had
on
the
War;
grounds
that
his
dominions
be
outbreak
of the
Greaç
that in Islam
the distinction
between
spiritual and temporal
is non-existent,
that
and
his
ater
the
temporal
power
Balkan
was
War
the minimum
about
with
which
already
a
'mairttain
and
act
his dignity
Caliph' could
'''x,
effectively
and
that
the granting
of these
demands
was
to
the
essential
eternal
salvation
of any
Muslim
who
the
sertiea c c e p t êd
ment.
At
Christmas
rime
All-India
the
1922
Khilgfat
Conference
and
al 'ulam'
i Hind
held
a joint
the
J a m ' îy a t
session
in Gaya
and
the
Congress;
they could
along with
but
declare
their
confidence
in the
new
popular
government
of Turkey,
of 'abd
and
its election
al Majid
approve
in
cousia
No
mention
o his
VI.
was
place
Mu.hammad
ruade
o f t h e new
Khalifah's
been
having
given
spiritual but
of it, perhaps,
in
was
a
hint
not
There
temporal
power.
the
the
chat
maintain
l h i l £ f a h i n
Turkey
pious
request
with
shar'ah
in consultation
with
the
and
the
accordance
Islamic
with
But
world
x*.
no
whole
one
intelligence
really
them
to
do if.
expected
was
soon
The
Muslims
ot educated
Indian
paymajority
K
h
i
l
à
a
t
to
the
Indian
or
organization
ing little attention
t
h
a
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
a
t
i t was
c
l
e
a
r
airly
nothing
organbecoming
relevance
or
etIect.
The
d i d was
ization
l i k e l y to h a v ê m u c h
a
w
a
s
f
o
r
c
e
.
D
isw
a
s
t
h
e
i
r
e
n
t
'
h
u
s
i
a
s
m
over,
spent
struggle
e
l
s
e
w
h
e
r
e
.
t
u
r
n
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
illusioned,
they
energies
Muslim
o£ the
1923
several
the
summer
of
During
t
h
e
f
r
o
m
were
r
e
l
e
a
s
e
d
leaders
government.
jail by
finally
that
h e came
out
still, said
'ali, nationalist
Mu.hammad
t
h
a
t
o
n
e
a
n
d
"trom
a
t
o
smaller
a
'
'
*
,
every
larger
prison
been
at
"'
e x êc u t i v e
member
o
the
Congress
ought
to
sign
a
pledge
o
238
Modern
Isltm
in
India
had
December
there
1923
; and
to
remona Khilafat
delegation,
with
and
to
of
the
strate
viewpoint
urge
Mus..tafà Kaml
Muslims'.
the
various
Indian
Of
'the
chosen,
delegates
The
given passports
by the
o n l y a f e w were
government.
'ali and
was
men
irate
to
set
His
like Amir
Ghzi
Turkish
the
t h e Àg h
him
Khn
on
subject
approaching
Highness
out
constitutions
he pointed
and
the Islamic
of the Turkish
and
intimate
with
relations
their
some'scorn
with
friendly
the Congress
to
resolved
Cocanada,
to
Turkey
at
send
imperialism,
British
ludicrous
Muslims
to
bave
how
to
nationalism
al
'abd
exiled
Turkey
altogether.
Khojah
a
It
also
was
in
rule
abolished
to
function
mea
the
still
;
of
people
khilafah
administered
but
if
was
itself in
invitation
It iaterested
do.
to
find
to
anything
an
It declined
in Arabia.
Sa'd's
campaign
the
F
o
r
1926.
the
Cairo
Conference,
khitafah
'ali
t
h
e
1
9
2
8
i
n
Then
or
little
two
happened.
pressed
by
again
Report,
suddenly
leapt into prominence
lent carnpaiga
agaiast the Nehru
Communalism
munal
grouads.
chance
to
concerned
ing
Turkish
who
Turkish
the
advise
the
to
which
rather
was
for
1924,
3,
and
M a j îd
fanciful
India
Match
continued
fuads,
considerable
and
really
telling
the
against
war
It
Committee,
Khilfat
Indiaa
zecent
heresy.
On
policy.
on
The
their
a Sh'i
behave.
British
of
pillars
were
the
during
even
and
empire,
Ottoman
f[ourish
with
a
th[s
on
constitution
fundameatal
no
had
issue,
because
the
Muslim
domestic
year
brothers
launching
a
Muslim
or,
to
virucoin-
good
particularly
the
was
Report
involvmoderate,
a
essentially
in
change
next
hard
ibn
of
structure
the
state.
communal
'Muslim'
'ali
organizapolitics.
find
we
The
communally
Mu.hammad
year
Iollowing
to
a
the
then
and
first
an
deputation
agitation,
leading
t
h
e
I
r
o
m
of
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
t
o
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
exempt
Viceroy,
seeking
i
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
t
h
e
s
e
t
t
o
h e was
Act"
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
the Sarda
willing
t
a
k
e
h
a
v
e
t
o
h
O
t
d
i
d
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
t
h
e
a
s
s
o
a
n
y
long
country,
There
however,
were,
India
in
tions
in
part
By
it.
this
other
time
to
attend
events
to
in
Palestire
were
providing
some-
.
2,10
Modern
llm
in
India
Chapter
Three
242
Modern
islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
Nationalism
243
Modern
Islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
Naionalism
246
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
247
2VIodern
Islam
in
indid
IslSm
and
Indian
Nationalism
249
250
3 / £o d e r n
Islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
NaonaIism
252
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
253
254
Modern
Islgm
in
India
Islam
amZ
Indian
N a f i o n a t îs m
255
256
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
257
258
Modern
! s l âm
in
India
islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
259
260
M o d «r n
Islam
in
India
I s l âm
and
Indian
Nationalism
261
262
2Vlodern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
263
264
Modern
Isl?tm
in
r.ndia
Islgm
and
Indian
Nationalism
265
266
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islam
and
Indian
NationaIism
267
268
3/Iodern
Islam
în
!ndia
"
Islam
and
Indian
Nationalism
269
Chaloter Four
Islamic
Nationalism
:
Th«
K h k s âr
Movement
271
272
l ¢I o d e r n
Islam
in
r_ndia
Isamic
attraction
Nationalism
for
him.
bricks,
éd i f i c e
collecting
completed
explicitly
The
mortar,
Moement
claimed
bas
leader
and
lime
K h âl s r
The
:
tha:
so
273
fo
to
be "now
discuss
the
would
be irrelevant
"*; and again, he has
Out
'Khaksar'
does
:
hOt
stated
know
exactly
has
what
for.
He
but
'to
do and
he stands
dit'
as
he is
".
ordered
to
i t s own
The
of the movement,
according
membership
hundred
at
bas
four
thousand.
numbered
been
about
c l a îm ,
in 1941
was
ruade
An
official
from
estimate
Simla
reported
the
actual
to
set
the
Probably
f i g u r e at t h i r t y t h o u s a n d .
over
nmber
been
has
fifty thotsand.
considerably
very
the
in the
and
been
The
bas
movement
strongest
Punjab
in
considerable
influence
some
with
United
Provinces,
Frontier
Province.
o the North-West
S i n d h , a n d t h e towns
of South
India.
to
t h e towns
it has spread
Recently
K h âk s r
of the
movement
have
leaders
The
important
the
members---with
The
been
excepordinary
uPper-class.
idealistic
of higher-class
tion
of a handful
mostly
persons,
"
easants,
or
attract
of
lacking
completely
the
been
labourers.
the
truc
intellectualshave
better-off
the
But
these.
are
economic
any
none
p r o l êt a r i a t .
town
in
in
petty
very
There
bourgeoisie,
plus
of the' poorest
The
they
case
have
movement,
could
programme,
been
hardly
specifically
an
appreciable
and
equipment
to
had
pay
own
t
h
e
i
r
to
also
supply
have
a
Khksrs
The
the
to
camps.
charges
transport
o
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
d
a
l
c
a
l
l
e
d
h
a
v
e
which
rnl,
baf;
they
treasury,
and
the
official
avowed
only
of their few
o b j e c t s i s to m a k e
r
e
c
e
i
vw
i
t
h
h
a
s
b
e
ên
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
h
e
I
n
d
i
a
.
in
charged
ont
H
i
t
l
e
r
i
t
e
t
r
o
m
f
o
r
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
example,
support;
ing foreign
t
hat
t
h
i
s
r
i
d
îc
u
l
e
d
h
a
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
t
h
e
b
y
r
e
p
l
y
i
n
g
B
u
t
Germany.
has
T
h
i
s
I
n
d
i
a
.
i
n
h
e
t
h
e
a
i
l
w
i
s
h
e
s
,
can
he
support
get
barred,
fee, and
since
the
had
members
have
some
of
bonds
issued
has
movement
promising
The
reactiona
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
o
w
n
e
r
s
f
r
e
t
i
s
I
n
d
i
a
w
h
e
n
;
p a y m ên t
Nr
F
o
r
'
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
s
e
t
o
l
i
b
e
r
a
l
l
y
.
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
h
a
v
e
aries
to
h
a
v
e
d
o
n
a
t
e
d
t
o
w
a
s
T
a
n
d
a
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
Bago
tTIusayn
h
is
some
o
f
a
n
d
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
a
t
o
c
l
o
s
e
r
u
p
e
e
s
a
l
m
l
the
bayt
land.
been
,
truc.
274
IsIamic
Nationalism"
Th«
KhSkr
, V $ o v e m «n t
275
276
Modern
Islm
in
India
Ilamic
Nationalism
:
The
Khksr
Movement
278
""
Modern
Islam
in
India
"
Islamic
Nationaism:
Th«
Kh?ks?r
2 o v «m e n t
279
280
M.odern
Islam
in
India
Istamic
Nationalism"
The
Kh5ksr
Movement
281
282
2Iodern
IsIm
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Khaksr
2vfovement
283
Chapter
Pie
Islamic
NationaIism"
The
Muslim
L «a g u e
285
286
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
9.88
2Vlodern
Islam
in
India
s l a m îc
accornplished.in
than
4 ½
rime
less
to
it
clearly
that
At
was
a
showed
sorry
that
showed
They
quickly.
decidedly
sounding
somehing
rime
persuaded
showing
something
was
done
and
done,
be
elections
This
resuhs
J9
L e a ¢, u «
uslim
electorate
League.
be
must
M
1937
Muslim
election
must
that
The
the
for
the
the
The
energetic
too
of
for
vote
indeed.
Nationaiism"
progres-
sive.
its Lucknow
At
publicly
announced
democratic
elaborate
that
ing the
its
"the
Muslim
for
rather
plan
Congress
for
native.
It
constituent
a
also
previous
criticized,
than
rather
India
and
ridiculed
nationaIist
nor
new
stands
for
". However,
paid particular
that
attaining
assembly.
for
the
1937,
policy
League
new
selt-government
this, but
demand
ridiculed
two
O c t o b êr
session,
exhibit.ed
did
attention
"
reactionary"S
first
trends.
It
tull nationaI
it d i d hot
to
attack-
self-government,
This
it
for
Congress
a
n
d
for
sruggIes,
the
League
its
demand
an
suggest
the
ailure
the
it
alter-
ot the
acceptance
constitution.
It inc
o
m
m
u
n
a
l
i
s
t
its bitter
anti-Congress
campaign,
augurated
ranks.
nationalist
in the
Proand
for a division
appealed
a
u
n
d
e
r
f
o
r
m
m
u
s
t
the
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
separate
group,
gressive
"
t
h
e
r
e
is
t
h
e
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
MusIims,
silly pro-British
Leggue.
t
h
e
a
n
d
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
u
r
n
s
another
w
h
i
c
h
Congress,
they
group
in themselves.
I want
lost aith
have
d o so b e c a u s e
they
and
in themselves
take
their
to
believe
the Mussalmans
N
o
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
b
a
n
a
l
s
.
.
.
thë
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
i
n
destiny
A
s
o
c
i
a
l
w
a
s
i
s
e
v
e
n
,
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
,
possible"".
majority
a
foremost
con"Your
adumbrated"
d u t y i s to t o r m u l a t e
of work
tor the
ameliorative
and
structive
programme
means
of social,
and
to
devise
àn d
ways
people's welhre
,,xo. This
and
economic
political upllft ot the Mussalmans
a
with
attack
hint
ot social
protracted
along
p l a n went
a l l on
its attempt
above
social
on
the Congress
programme,
of course,
t h e masses;
with
establish
contact
to
especially,
was
"all the talk
disliked
masses.
the Muslim
Particularly
to
intended
"is
lead
which
the
and
of hunger
poverty"
i
d
e
a
s
f o r w h i çh
communistic
and
socialisti¢
peop!e towards
of
office
India
under
is iar
the
trom
new
prepared
290
Modern
I s l âm
India
in
Istamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
29.1.
Moder'hlam
2"92"
useful
service
is
that
true
British
£o r c e s
for
their
imperialism
in
support
that
true
it Was
that
the
$ndià
in
rendering
repeseneed
the
by
continued
needed
India
British
the
to
eau'se.
needed
also
o those
Leaue
existence
it
;
the
was
suppore
orces.
ith
rerd
sdopted
Leue
if claimed
late
the
very
the
defence
like
the
that
the
if
give
emphasis
fo
I n d i a " «.
government
and
fixed
What
define
n
not
was
the
o
has,
its
Buc
the
ar,
t dd
p ça c t c e ,
expressed
prosecution
offer
to
help
"
its
much
group
relative
but
war,,
nor
the
from
and
war
somewhat
condition
on
and
Its
League,
power.
demands.
been
power;
power
nothn.
the
was
these
on
always
course,
usl{m
desire
of
h was
selfish,
o n ! y more
the
officially
recognize
of executive
ortion
large
Congress's,
government
Indian
any
poHcy.
'that if had
help ih the
1940
beginning
a
In
eleer
in
of
orld
Second
the
to
no
The
unwilling
it willing
was
to
now
would
League
grounds
give
to
get
over
the League
refused
these
Oa
bodies.
o f an e n l a r g e d
in his scheme
with
the Viceroy
i t s own
from
It expelled
Council.
Executive
membership
three
Counci[
man
did join that
who
, and ruade
one
promiNational
Defence
the
nent
subsidiary
Leaguers
resign from
i t as
after
as
Muslims
they had entered
provincial
Couacil
other
gainst
to
co-operate
,
.premiers.
the
Oa
It also
rejected
hand,
other
in
, g 0 v e çn m e n t
its
war
the Cripps
proposais.
ind[v[dual
.supported
Leaguers
class
as
effort;
they and their
noc
vigorously,
p o r t e d it in general
of che
Some
League's
acquiescence.
be among
were
to
.members
proud
British
war
to
£r i b u t o r s
funds'; and
"
time
ment's
made
war
speeches
policyL
students
xs.
the army
even
after
Yet
among
.e,ven
ater
the
i s6pport
League
for
apologizing
The
the
J a p a n ës e
' t9h e, . çç. d i dni o t' hh ia nsg
to
people.
menace
definite,
e x p r è ë
prominent
the
the
an4
to
issue
the
war
had
In'dia
i the
way
become
had
to
changed,
acute,
of giving
to
to
govern-
recruitment
i t s r èa a e s s
con-
pamphlets
supporting
of
to
lavish
from
time
most
its officers
o f t h e war
had
early
character
by passive
(i.e., rich)
only
yet
nor
the
sup-
aet;
a
lead
b'dt
it
Istamic
NationaIism
:
The
2uslim
League
293
294
,
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islamc
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
Leatlue
Modern
Islam
in
india
Islamic
N a t i o n «l i s m "
The
Muslim
League
298
Islamic
Nationalism"
The
Muslim
League
299
300
Modern
Islim
in
India
I s l a m îc
Nationalism"
The
Muslim
League
302
Modern
Islam
in
india
i s t a m îc
Nationatism"
Th
, l u s l îm
Leagu«
Modern"
islam
in
india
stamic
Nationatism
:
' h e i V £u s l i m
League
Modern
Islam
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
308
1sIamic
Nationalism
The
M.usIim
Leagu
310
3/Iodern
Islam
in
India
Istamic
Nationalism
:
The
Muslim
League
311
M o d èr n
fslgm
in
India
islamic
Nationalism
:
The
2VIusIim
League
Jodern
Istm
in
India
Islamic
Nationalism
:
The
Mustim
League
315
316
Islamic
Nationa'lism
"
The
2Viuslim
League
Chapter
Six
Some
Theological
roulgs
20
Mode'rn
Is'lS'm
in
?ndia
Some
Theological
Groups
322
.h,lodern
Islam
in
India
Some
Theological
Groups
324
Modern
Isl?;m
in
India
Soin«
Theological
Grous
325
326
Modern
Islam
in
India
Some
TheoIogical
Grous
328
Modern
Islam
in
India
Some
Theological
Groups
330
Modern
Islam
in
India
NOTES,
etc.
DEFINITION
OF
TERMS
334
M.odern
Islam
in
India
De]ni$ion
o Terres
35
336
2 V l o d «r n
I s l âm
in
India
Denition
of
Terres
337
338
Modern
Islam
in
!ndia
Definition
of Terres
339
ON
TRANSLITERATION
Transliteration
341
ON
ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
Alphabetical
Order
343
REFERENCES
AND
NOTES
R «f e r e n c e s
and
Notes
345
346
References
and
Notes
347
346
Modern
Islam
in
India
Re/:erences
and
Notes
347
348
Modern
Islam
in
India
Re]:erences
and
Notes
349
50
References
and
Notes
Modern
Islam
in India
References
and
Notes
354
Modern
Islam
in
lndia
Re?Cerences
and
Notes
356
Modern
islam
in
India
Ref
erences
and
Notes
357
358
Modern
IsIzm
in
India
References
and
Notes
359
360
Modern
Islam
in
India
'
References
and
Notes
361
Modern
362
(References
from
lages
316
o
Islam
the
in
India
end)
I t was
that
had
Lahore,
reported
(The Tribune,
10-11-42)
Jinn.
K a r îm b h ' i
move
Ibrhim
and
Mr.
Sir
Ltri
not
fo
certain
persuaded
one
the League's
that J i n n . l 2 communicate
resolutions,
including
suggesting
to
resolution
Gndh.
Bombay
(August
1942)
«
their
the
to
forward
raovers
able
hOt
to
persuade
bring
J i n n . h was
voted
on.
were
hot
re s o l u t i o n s ,
which
consequently
«
Muslim
Committee
of the
Resolution
of
the
All-India
Working
ratified
20-8-42
Lahore,
by the
Bombay,
(The Tribune,
2[-8-42);
League,
Council
9-11-42
of the League,
Delhi,
Lahore,
10-11-42).
(The Tribune,
«,
a
New
at
13-9-42
conference,
Jinnh,
Delhi,
press
(The Tribune,
Lahore,
14--42).
n
resolution
no.
The
", above.
; cf. reference
Bombay
"
In
his
address
to
the
Muslim
All-lndia
Students'
presidential
Federation
14-ii-42.
conference,
Jullundur,
,o
a
at
New
12-ii-42
Delhi,
conference,
R j âg o p l c h r y a ,
press
Lahore
(Yhe Tribune,
13-11-42).
'
Tle Tribune, Lahore,
13-II-42.
"
In his speech
che
fo
Associated
Chambers
annual
o Commerce
17-12-42
Calcutta,
meeting,
(The Tribune,
Lahore,
18-12-42).
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
364
Modern
I s l âm
in
I n ài a
Bibliography
365
366
Modern
Islam
in
India
Bibliograh
367
368
Modern
Islam
in
India
Bibliography
369
370
2Viodern
Islam
in
India
Bibliograrhy
371
372
Modern
dslm
in
India
Bibliography
373
374
Modern
Islm
in
India
Bibliograhy
375
376
Modern
Islgtm
in
India
Bibliographe,
377
378
3/Iodern
Islam
in
India
Bibliograhy
379
380
Bibliograhy
381
382
Modern
Islam
in
India
Bibliogralohy
383
384
2VIodern
lslm
in
India
INDEX
386
Modern
Islam
in
India
387
388
M o d «r n
lstm
in
India
Index
'389
390
Modern
Islam
in
India
Index
391
392
Modern
Islam
in
India
Index
393
394
Modern
Islgm
in
India
index
395
396
Modern
I s l âm
in
India
Indez
397
398
index
399