ETIKA dan KODE ETIK

  ETIKA dan KODE ETIK Materi Ke dua Mata Kuliah : Etika Profesi

  Kelas: IF Bilingual dan SI Bilingual Yang sedang belajar di UTM Malaysia

  Disunting dari sumber: Dosen : Julian Supardi, M.T

  1.Etika Komputer Teguh Wahyono .ppt

  2.Pengertian Etika : amutiara.staf.gunadarma.ac.id 3.http://java.cs.vt.edu/public/users/dunlapd/CS3604/ powerpoints/ACM+Code+of+Ethics.ppt

  Pengertian Etika (1)

• • Ilmu yang membahas perbuatan baik

  dan perbuatan buruk manusia sejauh yang dapat dipahami oleh pikiran manusia

• • Etika adalah studi ttg kehendak

  manusia, yaitu kehendak yg berhubungan dg keputusan yg benar dan yg salah dalam tindak

  Fagothey (1953) perbuatannya. Pengertian Etika (2)

• Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa

  Indonesia, ada 3 pengertian tentang

  etika, yaitu:

   Ilmu tentang apa yg baik dan yg buruk, ttg hak dan kewajiban sosial.

 Kumpulan azas atau nilai yg berkenaan dg akhlak.

 Nilai mengenai benar dan salah yg dianut masyarakat

• Pengertian lain dari Etika dirumuskan oleh Sumaryono (1995), yakni:

  

Etika adalah studi ttg kebenaran dan ketidak benaran

berdasarkan kodrat manusia yg diwujudkan melalui kehendak manusia dlm perbuatannya.

  Tujuan Mempelajari ETIKA

• • Untuk menyamakan persepsi tentang

  penilaian perbuatan baik dan perbuatan buruk bagi setiap manusia dalam ruang dan waktu tertentu

  Domain ETIKA dalam Ranah Ilmu Pengetahuan

  ILMU PENGETAHUAN FILSAFAT ETIKA

  _ETIKA Struktur Etika ETIKA UMUM ETIKA KHUSUS _{ETIKA INDIVIDUAL ETIKA SOSIAL} SIKAP THD SESAMA _{ETIKA KELUARGA} ETIKA PROFESI _BIOMEDIS HUKUM _BISNIS TEK. INFORMASI _LAIN-LAIN ETIKA POLITIK

  Penjabaran

  ETIKA UMUM,

  berbicara mengenai kondisi-kondisi dasar, teori-teori etika dan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang menjadi pegangan bagi manusia dalam bertindak serta tolak ukur dalam menilai baik atau buruknya suatu tindakan.

  ETIKA KHUSUS,

  merupakan penerapan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus ETIKA KHUSUS dibagi lagi menjadi dua bagian :

  Etika individual • , yaitu menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri.

Etika sosial • , yaitu berbicara mengenai kewajiban, sikap dan pola perilaku

manusia sebagai anggota umat manusia.

Profesi

• Pekerjaan yg mengandalkan ketrampilan dan keahlian khusus
• Pekerjaan yg dilakukan sebagai sumber utama nafkah hidup dg keterlibatan pribadi yg mendalam dalam menekuninya.
• Pekerjaan yg menuntut pengembangan untuk terus menerus memperbaharui pengetahuan dan ketrampilan sesuai perkembangn teknologi.

Etika Profesi

  Etika Profesi adalah : Etika sosial yg menyangkut hubungan antar manusia dalam satu lingkup profesi

dan masyarakat pengguna profesi

tersebut.

  Ciri-ciri Etika Profesi

  Secara umum ada beberapa ciri atau sifat yang selalu melekat pada profesi, yaitu

  

:

,

• Adanya pengetahuan khusus

  Biasanya keahlian dan keterampilan ini dimiliki berkat pendidikan, pelatihan dan pengalaman yang bertahun-tahun.

  .

• Adanya kaidah dan standar moral yang sangat tinggi

  

Hal ini biasanya setiap pelaku profesi mendasarkan kegiatannya pada kode

etik profesi.

• Mengabdi pada kepentingan masyarakat,

  

artinya setiap pelaksana profesi harus meletakkan kepentingan pribadi di

bawah kepentingan masyarakat.

  .

• Ada izin khusus untuk menjalankan suatu profesi

  Setiap profesi akan selalu berkaitan dengan kepentingan masyarakat, dimana nilai-nilai kemanusiaan berupa keselamatan, keamanan, kelangsungan hidup dan sebagainya, maka untukmenjalankan suatu profesi PRINSIP-PRINSIP ETIKA PROFESI :

  1. Tanggung jawab

  Terhadap pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu dan terhadap hasilnya. • Terhadap dampak dari profesi itu untuk kehidupan orang lain atau masyarakat pada • umumnya.

  2. Keadilan.

  Prinsip ini menuntut kita untuk memberikan kepada siapa saja apa yang menjadi haknya.

  3. Otonomi.

  

Prinsip ini menuntut agar setiap kaum profesional memiliki dan di beri

kebebasan dalam menjalankan profesinya.

  Kode Etik

• Kode etik yaitu norma atau azas yang diterima oleh

  suatu kelompok tertentu sebagai landasan tingkah laku sehari-hari di masyarakat maupun di tempat kerja.

Tujuan Kode Etik 1

  Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.

  2. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para anggota.

  3. Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota profesi.

  4. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.

  5. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.

  6. Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.

  7. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan terjalin erat.

  8. Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri.

  Are computer professionals special?

Do Computer Professionals Have Special Responsibilities?

• Gotterbarn (1999) believes that because software engineers and their teams are have signifcant opportunities to:
• (i) do good or cause harm
• (ii) enable others to do good or cause harm
• (iii) infuence others to do good or cause harm.

  Critical-Safety Software

• Gotterbarn suggests that the roles and responsibilities involved in the development of

  safety-critical systems is a diferentiating factor.

• • A "safety-critical system" = computer system that

  can have a direct life-threatening impact.
• – aircraft and air trafc control systems
• – mass transportation systems
• – nuclear reactors missile systems _and – medical treatment systems.
• – design of bridges and buildings;
• – election of water disposal sites; – development of analytical models for medical treatment.

  

Professional Codes of Ethics

• Many professions have established

  professional societies, which have adopted

  codes of conduct.
• – AMA (American Medical Association) – ABA (American Bar Association).
• Two computing professional societies
• – The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• – The Institute for Electrical and Electronics

ACM Code of Ethics and Conduct

• • 1.1 Contribute to society and human well-

  being.
• 1.2 Avoid harm to others.
• 1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.
• 1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.
• 1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and patent.
• 1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual property.
• 1.7 Respect the privacy of others.

  ACM

  As an ACM computing professional I will ....

• 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, efectiveness

  and dignity in both the process and products of professional work.

• 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.
• 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.

• • 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.

• 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of

  computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.

• 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.
• 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.
• 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so.

  ACM

• • BACKGROUND NOTE: This section draws extensively from

  the draft of IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing) Code of Ethics, especially its sections on organizational ethics and international concerns. The ethical

  obligations of organizations tend to be neglected in most

  codes of professional conduct, perhaps because these

  codes are written from the perspective of the individual member. This dilemma is addressed by stating these imperatives from the perspective of the

organizational leader. In this context "leader" is viewed

as any organizational member who has leadership or educational responsibilities. These imperatives generally

may apply to organizations as well as their leaders. In this

context "organizations" are corporations, government agencies, and other "employers," as well as volunteer professional organizations. (emphasis added)

• Progress towards a World-Wide Code of Conduct by John A. N. Lee and Jacques Berleur http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/WorldCodes/Gatlinburg.html

  ACM As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will ....

• 3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an

  

organizational unit and encourage full acceptance of those

responsibilities.

• 3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build

  information systems that enhance the quality of working life.

• • 3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of

  an organization's computing and communication resources.
• 3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be afected by a

  system have their needs clearly articulated during the

assessment and design of requirements; later the system

must be validated to meet requirements.

• 3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users and others afected by a computing system.

• • 3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to

  learn the principles and limitations of computer systems.

  as inconsistent with membership in the ACM.

  As an ACM member I will ....

• 4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of this Code.
• 4.2 Treat violations of this code

IEEE Code of Ethics

  1. to accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment; 2. to avoid real or perceived conficts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them to afected parties when they do exist;

  3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data; 4. to reject bribery in all its forms; 5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential consequences;

IEEE Code of Ethics (continued)

  6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualifed by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations;

  7. to seek, accept, and ofer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others;

  8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin;

  9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action; 10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in

  

Criticisms of Ethical Codes

• Ladd (1995) argues that ethical codes rest on a series of confusions that are both "intellectual and moral." • His argument has three main points.

• – First, ethics is basically an "open-ended,

  refective, and critical intellectual activity."
• – Second, codes introduce confusions with respect to micro-ethics vs. macro-ethics.
• – Third, giving codes a disciplinary function makes them more like legal than ethical rules.

In Defense of Professional Codes

• • Gotterbarn argues that we need to

  distinguish between:
• – codes of ethics
• – codes of conduct
• – codes of practice

  In Defense of Professional

Codes (Continued)

• Codes of ethics are "aspirational," because

  they often serve as mission statements for

  the profession and thus can provide vision and objectives.
• Codes of conduct are oriented more toward the professional and the professional's attitude and behavior.
• Codes of practice relate to operational activities within a profession.

  Purpose of Professional

Codes

• Professional codes of ethics are often

  designed to motivate members of an

  association to behave in certain ways.

• • Four primary functions of codes are to:

• – inspire
• – guide
• – educate – discipline the members.

  Table 4-1: Some Strengths and Weaknesses of

  

Professional Codes

_{Codes inspire the members of a profession to} behave ethically. ^{Directives included in many codes tend to be too general and too vague.} _{Codes guide the members of a profession in ethical choices. Codes are not always helpful when two or more directives conflict.}

  Codes educate the members of a profession _{about their professional obligations.} ^{A professional code’s directives are never} _{complete or exhaustive. Codes discipline members when they violate} one or more of the code’s directives. ^{Codes are ineffective (have no “teeth”) in disciplinary matters.} _{Codes “sensitize” members of a profession to ethical issues and alert them to ethical aspects} they otherwise might overlook. ^{Codes do not help us distinguish between micro- ethics issues and macro-ethics issues.} _{Codes inform the public about the nature and roles of the profession. Directives in codes are sometimes inconsistent with one another.}

  Codes enhance the profession in the eyes of the ^{Codes can be self-serving for the profession.}

  Strengths Weaknesses

  

Conficts of Professional Responsibility:

Employee Loyalty and Whistle-blowing

• What exactly is employee loyalty?
• Do employees and employers have a special obligation of loyalty to each other?
• Should loyalty to one’s employer ever preclude an employee’s "blowing the whistle" in critical situations?
• In which cases can whistle-blowing be justifed?

Do Employees Have a Special Obligation to Employers?

• • Some believe we have a prima facie

  obligation of loyalty in employment

  contexts.
• In other words, all things being

  equal, an employee should be loyal

  to his or her employer and visa versa.

  Does employee loyalty still make sense in the context of a large computer corporation?

• Duska (1991) argues that in

  employment contexts, loyalty only