Behind buck`s decision to go into the wild as seen in Jack London`s the call of the wild.

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vii ABSTRACT

Purnomo, Carolina. Karisa. 2016. Behind Buck’s Decision to Go into the Wild as seen in Jack London’s The Call of the Wild. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzes the novel written by Jack London entitled The Call of the Wild. What attracts the writer to explore the novel is concerned with the conflicts and the motivations of the main character which are reflected from the author’s experiences. The two formulated problems to answer in this study are (1) what types of conflicts are faced by the main character Buck as seen in London’s The Call of the Wild, and (2) what motivates the main character Buck to go into the wild as seen in London’s The Call of the Wild.

The approach adapted is a synthesis of psychological one, particularly by Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and Willingham, to explore the psychological conditions of the character by observing the literary aspects, such as, dialogues, conflicts, setting, motivations, and symbol. The theories to deal with the conflicts and the motivations are extracted from the theory of conflicts by Hammond and the theory of motivations by Thompson. The nature of this study is the library research.

Based on the analysis of Buck, the main character, in terms of the conflicts and the motivations, the findings are summarized as follows. There are two types of conflicts, namely the internal conflict and the external conflict. The internal conflict, for example, is when Buck surrender into the Law of Club. The example of the external conflict is the conflicts between Buck and Spitz. In terms of motivations, there are two types of motivations, namely the intrinsic motivation and the extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivation is exemplified when Buck wants to be free like the hairy man, while the extrinsic motivation is found when Buck meets a timber wolf.

In conclusion, Buck, the main character in the novel, is an extraordinary dog. He succeeds to overcome both types of conflicts, and becomes a mature and a strong dog. Meanwhile, what motivates Buck to go into the wild are his internal consciousness and the other characters’ encouragement. Therefore, these conflicts and motivations are interconnected to push Buck to decide to go into the wild. The moral value of the story is that Buck’s ability and strength to overcome his conflicts can inspire readers to build their own strong character and moral disposition.

Keywords: character, conflict (internal and external), motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic).

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ABSTRAK

Purnomo, Carolina. Karisa. 2016. Behind Buck’s Decision to Go into the Wild as seen in Jack London’s The Call of the Wild. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian ini menganalisis novel karya Jack London berjudul The Call of the Wild. Penulis memilih novel ini karena ia tertarik pada konflik dan motivasi yang dialami karakter utama yang merupakan refleksi dari cerita hidup pengarang novel ini sendiri. Studi ini bertujuan menjawab dua rumusan masalah, yaitu (1) apa tipe konflik yang dialami oleh karakter utama Buck dalam novel karya London yang berjudulkan The Call of the Wild, dan (2) apa motivasi yang diperoleh karakter utama Buck yang mendorongnya untuk pergi ke alam liar dalam novel karya London berjudulkan The Call of the Wild.

Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah pendekatan psikologi yang merupakan kutipan dari Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, dan Willingham. Pendekatan psikologi dalam sebuah karya literatur bertujuan mengeksplorasi keadaan psikologis karakter di dalam novel dengan mengobservasi aspek literatur yang tercermin dalam dialog, konfllik, setting, motivasi, dan symbol. Teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis konflik dan motivasi adalah teori konflik oleh Hammond, dan teori motivasi oleh Thompson. Metode studi yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah metode penelitian kepustakaan.

Berdasarkan analisis, terdapat dua tipe konflik yang dialami oleh Buck, yaitu konflik internal dan konflik eksternal. Contoh konflik internal adalah Buck memilih tunduk pada Peraturan Cambuk. Sedangkan contoh konflik eksternal adalah pertarungan antara Buck dan Spitz. Terdapat dua tipe motivasi yang diperoleh Buck, yaitu motivasi intern dan motivasi ekstern. Contoh motivasi intern ialah Buck ingin hidup bebas seperti pria dalam imajinasinya. Contoh motivasi ekstern adalah motivasi yang Buck peroleh dari seekor serigala cokelat. Berdasarkan analisis disimpulkan bahwa Buck ialah seekor anjing yang istimewa. Konflik-konflik yang ia hadapi menjadikannya anjing yang dewasa dan kuat. Selanjutnya, yang memotivasi Buck untuk tinggal di alam liar adalah suara hatinya sendiri dan dorongan dari karakter-karakter lain di sekitarnya. Maka dari itu disimpulkan bahwa konflik dan motivasi yang dialami Buck berhubungan satu sama lain mendorongnya untuk pergi menetap di alam liar. Nilai moral dari novel ini yang menunjukkan kemampuan Buck menghadapi konflik-konflik yang ia hadapi dapat menginspirasi pembaca untuk membentuk karakter mereka sendiri dan juga sebagai pengingat akan nilai-nilai moral.

Kata kunci: karakter, konflik (internal dan eksternal), motivasi (intern dan ekstern).

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BEHIND BUCK’S DECISION TO GO INTO THE WILD

AS SEEN IN JACK LONDON’S THE CALL OF THE WILD

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Carolina Karisa Purnomo

Student Number: 121214053

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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BEHIND BUCK’S DECISION TO GO INTO THE WILD

AS SEEN IN JACK LONDON’S THE CALL OF THE WILD

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the

Sarjana Pendidikan

Degree

in English Language Education

By

Carolina Karisa Purnomo

Student Number: 121214053

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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BEHIND BUCK'S DECISION TO GO INTO THE WILD AS SEEN IN JACK LONDON'S THE CALL OF THE WILD

Carolina Karisa P umomo Student umber: 1212] 4053

Advisor

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“He was a killer, a thing that preyed, living on the things that lived, unaided, alone, by virtue of his own strength and prowess, surviving triumphantly in a hostile environment where only the strong survive.”

- The Call of the Wild

“A man with a club is a law-maker, a man to be obeyed, but not necessarily conciliated.”

- The Call of the Wild

“In vague ways he remembered back to the youth of the breed, to the time wild dogs ranged in packs through the primeval forest, and killed their meat as they ran it down.”

- The Call of the Wild

I dedicate this thesis to: God

The universe My big family

My beloved people around me &

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I honestly declared that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work orparts ofthe work ofother people, except diose cited in the quotations and the references, ~ a scicaUfic paper should.

Yogyakarta, JuDe 1st, 2016 The Writer

~

Carolina Karisa Pumomo 121214053

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PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UN'I'UI{ KEPENTlNGAN AKADEMIS

; Carolina Karisa Pumomo Nomor Mabasiswa ~ 121214053

Demi peogemhangaa iImu pengetabuan, saya membcribn b:pada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanaca Dharma brya ilmiah saya yang beIjudu1:

BEBIND BlICK'SDECISION TO GO INTOTIIK WILD AS SEEN IN JACK LONDON'S THE CALL OFTBEWILD

Desena perangkat yang diperlukan (hila ada). DengaD demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan UDMrsitas Saoata Dharma bak untuk menyimpan, mengalibbndalam bentuk media laiD, meogeIoIaBya daIam bentu.k pangkaIan data, meo.dislribusikan secara ~ ~ mem.publikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan ak:ademis tanpa perIu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada sa.ya ~ tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penutis.

Dibuat di Yogyakatta Pada tanggal: I Juni 2016

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ABSTRACT

Purnomo, Carolina. Karisa. 2016. Behind Buck’s Decision to Go into the Wild as seen in Jack London’s The Call of the Wild. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzes the novel written by Jack London entitled The Call of the Wild. What attracts the writer to explore the novel is concerned with the conflicts and the motivations of the main character which are reflected from the author’s experiences. The two formulated problems to answer in this study are (1) what types of conflicts are faced by the main character Buck as seen in London’s

The Call of the Wild, and (2) what motivates the main character Buck to go into the wild as seen in London’s The Call of the Wild.

Keywords: character, conflict (internal and external), motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic).

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viii ABSTRAK

Purnomo, Carolina. Karisa. 2016. Behind Buck’s Decision to Go into the Wild as seen in Jack London’s The Call of the Wild. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian ini menganalisis novel karya Jack London berjudul The Call of the Wild. Penulis memilih novel ini karena ia tertarik pada konflik dan motivasi yang dialami karakter utama yang merupakan refleksi dari cerita hidup pengarang novel ini sendiri. Studi ini bertujuan menjawab dua rumusan masalah, yaitu (1) apa tipe konflik yang dialami oleh karakter utama Buck dalam novel karya London yang berjudulkan The Call of the Wild, dan (2) apa motivasi yang diperoleh karakter utama Buck yang mendorongnya untuk pergi ke alam liar dalam novel karya London berjudulkan The Call of the Wild.

Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah pendekatan psikologi yang merupakan kutipan dari Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, dan Willingham. Pendekatan psikologi dalam sebuah karya literatur bertujuan mengeksplorasi keadaan psikologis karakter di dalam novel dengan mengobservasi aspek literatur yang tercermin dalam dialog, konfllik, setting, motivasi, dan symbol. Teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis konflik dan motivasi adalah teori konflik oleh Hammond, dan teori motivasi oleh Thompson. Metode studi yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah metode penelitian kepustakaan.

Berdasarkan analisis, terdapat dua tipe konflik yang dialami oleh Buck, yaitu konflik internal dan konflik eksternal. Contoh konflik internal adalah Buck memilih tunduk pada Peraturan Cambuk. Sedangkan contoh konflik eksternal adalah pertarungan antara Buck dan Spitz. Terdapat dua tipe motivasi yang diperoleh Buck, yaitu motivasi intern dan motivasi ekstern. Contoh motivasi intern ialah Buck ingin hidup bebas seperti pria dalam imajinasinya. Contoh motivasi ekstern adalah motivasi yang Buck peroleh dari seekor serigala cokelat.

Berdasarkan analisis disimpulkan bahwa Buck ialah seekor anjing yang istimewa. Konflik-konflik yang ia hadapi menjadikannya anjing yang dewasa dan kuat. Selanjutnya, yang memotivasi Buck untuk tinggal di alam liar adalah suara hatinya sendiri dan dorongan dari karakter-karakter lain di sekitarnya. Maka dari itu disimpulkan bahwa konflik dan motivasi yang dialami Buck berhubungan satu sama lain mendorongnya untuk pergi menetap di alam liar. Nilai moral dari novel ini yang menunjukkan kemampuan Buck menghadapi konflik-konflik yang ia hadapi dapat menginspirasi pembaca untuk membentuk karakter mereka sendiri dan juga sebagai pengingat akan nilai-nilai moral.

Kata kunci: karakter, konflik (internal dan eksternal), motivasi (intern dan ekstern).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, my gratitude goes to God for His abundantly blessings. This thesis is done for the most part because of His never ending love for me. There were times when I doubted myself, yet He succeeded to make me believe I could do the impossible.

My next gratitude goes to Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. as my beloved advisor, for his advice, his patience, his time, and his jokes which really help me during the time I wrote this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to my family, my mother, my father, my sister, and my brother, for their endless support. I would like to address my special gratitude to my twin sister, Marselina Karina Purnomo, for her wise words, her advice, and her guidance. She is always there to make sure I walk on the right track and not lost.

Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all of my friends of English Language Education Study Program batch 2012, for giving me so many colors during our togetherness. I also would like to address my special gratitude to Kasih Ratnaningtyas and my senior Nikolas Diego Caristra, who gave their advice and consolation. My endless gratitude is also addressed to Uli, Ocak, Ucrit, Flo, Rosi, Galih, Kak Erlin, and my favorite cafe Sessanta, for their help, encouragement, and support which are given to me. I also would like to address my gratitude to my favorite singer John Mayer for his songs were the only songs I could listen to when I was working on this thesis. Last but not least,

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to my beloved people, whose names cannot be mentioned one by one, all of you had been my rocks through the difficult times I had and my heart will always be glad for all the things you did for me.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A.Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 4

D.Benefits of the Study ... 4

E. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7

A.Review of Related Theories ... 7

1. Psychological Approach ... 7

2. Theory of Conflict ... 8

3. Theory of Motivation ... 9

B.Theoretical Framework ... 10

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ... 12

A.Object of the Study ... 12

B.Approach of the Study ... 13

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xii

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ... 15

A.The Conflicts Faced by the Main Character ... 15

1. The Internal Conflicts Faced by the Main Character ... 15

a. Surrender into the Law of Club... 16

b. Survive the Law of Fang ... 17

2. The External Conflicts Faced by the Main Character ... 18

a. The Conflict between Buck and Manuel’s Friend…………18

b. The Conflict between Buck and the Four Men in A Saloon ... 20

c. The Conflict between Buck and the Man in the Red Sweater………..20

d. The Conflict between Buck and Spitz ... 22

e. The Conflict between Buck and Hal ... 30

f. The Conflict between Buck and Black Burton ... 33

g. The Conflict between Buck and the Yeehats ... 34

B.The Motivations of the Main Character... 36

1. The Intrinsic Motivation of the Main Character ... 36

a. Buck Wants to be Free like the Hairy Man ... 37

2. The Extrinsic Motivations of the Main Character ... 38

a. Extrinsic Motivation of Buck from A Timber Wolf ... 38

b. Extrinsic Motivation of Buck from A Pack of Wolves ... 40

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... 44

A.Conclusions ... 44

B.Suggestions ... 45

REFERENCES ... 47

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix A: The Summary of The Call of the Wild……….49

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five sections, namely the background of the study, the problem formulation, the objectives of the study, the benefits of the study, and the definition of terms. The first section, the background of the study, explains the reasons why the writer chooses literature and a certain novel to be analyzed in this study. The second section, the problem formulation, mentioned the problems that the writer aims to answer. The third section, the objectives of the study, will discuss the objectives that are going to be discussed in this study. The fourth section, the benefits of the study, discusses the benefit of the study for the writer herself, for other people, and for education. The fifth section, the definition of terms, will explain the meaning of the terms which are used in the study.

A. Background of the Study

Dyke (1922) states that literature is a piece of work made by a man which represents things in the world, such as, life, nature, and a touch of the author’s personality himself. The writer agrees that literature represents life, literature is made by human and adapted from the surrounding of human’s life. The writer believes that literature can also represent human’s imagination, something which might not be possible to occur in the world. Literature has been a part of human’s life since a long time ago. According to Colwell (1968), literature reaches beyond its content and establishes understandings of the world. Indeed, literature has been

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used in many occasions and in many aspects in the world, such as, education, politic, and society. There are two forms of literature, namely the written form and the spoken form. In written form, literature can be in a form of a poem, a novel, and a short story/novella.

There are many aspects of literature that compose a novel. Plot, character, setting, conflict, motivation, and language feature, are the examples of aspects that compose a novel. Conflict and motivation are two of many aspects that exist in a novel; both of them can help the reader to understand the story. One the one hand, a conflict, something that builds the story itself, is a big part of a novel. In a novel, it is very possible that more than one conflict occurs, the more the conflicts there are, the more complex the story will become. On the other hand, a motivation is a thing that pushes a character in a novel to achieve his goal. As a human being, we live our life to achieve our goals, something that pushes human to do something or achieve something is what called as a motivation. Literature, as stated by Dyke (1922), represents the life of a man, so is a character in a novel. In order for a character to achieve his goal, a motivation is something which pushes a character to achieve his goal.

In this study, the writer chooses a novel entitled The Call of the Wild

written by Jack London. In this novel, the main character is a dog named Buck. This novel is the kind of novel which features an animal to become its main character. The writer chooses this novel as the object of the study because the story itself is a reflection of the author’s life. The writer believes that this novel has a strong connection with the author. The author, Jack London, succeeds to

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describe both the suffering of a man, and a dog, in this man-eat-man world. Instead of using the author himself as the main character, Jack London manifests himself in another being. In short, the author is not only sharing his experience of the harsh world he encounters, but also the harsh world that other beings might also encounter. The writer believes that reading this novel and seeing the world from another living creature’s perspective is interesting, such thing can inspire us to be able to feel “others’ shoes,” even animals. The writer believes that this novel carries out many good values of life. From this novel human being can learn many things, such as, expands their perspective wider, makes them to be able to care to animals, and especially to live harmoniously one another in this earth.

The writer decides to analyze the conflict and the motivation because she believes they each play a big role in a novel. Not only in literature, conflict and motivation also have a significant role in real life. Every day, as a human being, we experience some conflicts in our daily life. Human needs to be triggered to grow and become a better human while trying to achieve life goals, and a conflict usually works a challenge. The purpose of overcoming human’s conflicts is to gain the goods, such as, knowledge, skill, and even understanding, from the conflicts themselves. A motivation, however, is a thing that encourages people to achieve their goal. Motivation works as the push for someone to achieve his goal, therefore motivation plays parts in someone’s success in achieving his goal. In the novel, the writer finds a strong connection between the conflicts and the motivations. Therefore, in this study, the writer wants to analyze the types of

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conflicts which are faced by the main character, and also analyze the motivations of the main character which encourage him to go into the wild.

B. Problem Formulation

This study is aimed to answer these two formulated problems:

1. What types of conflicts are faced by the main character Buck as seen in London’s The Call of the Wild?

2. What motivates the main character Buck to go into the wild as seen in London’s The Call of the Wild?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are lined with the two formulated problems, the objectives are, first, is to find out the types of conflict, and second, is to find out what motivates the main character to go into the wild.

D. Benefits of the Study

The writer hopes that this study can be useful for some parties. First, for the writer herself, after conducting a detailed study of the novel she will get deeper knowledge about literature, particularly about the motivations and the conflicts. Second, the writer also hopes that other parties get some benefits from this study, for example, university students of the English Department, this novel can become their reading task to exercise their skill in English. This novel can help students to learn new English vocabulary items, and also help students in

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their literature knowledge. By introducing literature through education, the writer hopes that literature can give a meaningful contribution for students’ life.

E. Definition of Terms

There are three terms that will be used in this study. Below, the writer provides the definition of the terms to prevent misunderstandings in delivering the discussions.

1. Conflict

In this study, a conflict is the presence of different objectives, understanding, or aims, between one character to another. According to Wheeler (1998), conflict is a problem of different ideas of life, values, and things in the world between one people and another, one people and a group, or two groups of people. In this study, there are some conflicts that are experienced by the main character Buck.

2. Motivation

In this study, a motivation is a thing that encourages a character to do something to achieve his goal. According to Petri (1981), motivation is the concept which is used to express the direction of a particular behavior.

3. Character

Character is the essential thing that builds a literature work. In this study, a character is the subject inside of the story. According to Abrams (1999), a character is someone with his nature who exists in literature who can be interpreted from his dialogue and his actions. However, a character in literature is

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not always in a form of human being. This study will analyze the main character of London’s The Call of the Wild named Buck, which is a dog.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the theories that will be used in this study, namely the theory of psychological approach, the theory of conflict, and the theory of motivation. These theories will help the writer to guide her in analyzing the novel and answer the two formulated problems.

A. Review of Related Theories

This chapter will discuss the theories which are used by the writer in this study. According to Kennedy and Gioia (1995), there are nine common critical approaches to the literature, namely the formalist, the biographical, the historical, the gender, the psychological, the sociological, the mythological, the reader-response, and the deconstructionist. In this study, the writer chooses the psychological one as the approach of the study. Therefore, this chapter will discuss the three theories, namely the theory of psychological approach, the theory of conflict, and the theory of motivation.

1. Psychological Approach

According to Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and Willingham (2005), the psychological approach in literature seeks the psychological condition and conflicts of the character by looking at literature’s aspects, such as, dialogues, conflicts, setting, motivations, and symbol. The psychological approach for

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literature seeks to analyze and understand human’s psychological life, character, behavior, and events that are written in literature. As mentioned before, literature is a work of an author which represents the author himself. By analyzing a work of literature with the psychological approach, the author’s physical condition can also be known, namely the author’s life, the conflicts, and the motivation that the author endured in his life. Therefore, through literature work, human’s psychological condition can be understood and learned.

2. Theory of Conflict

According to Hammond (2010), a conflict is a centre issue of a literature work, it makes the story. He also states that while a short story can have one conflict, a novel can have more than one conflict. Furthermore, he states that there are two types of conflicts, namely

a. Internal Conflict

According to Hammond (2010), an internal conflict is a conflict which exists inside of a character. The conflict itself, for example, is in a form of morality, fate, desire, and belief. Hammond also states that the only one who can resolve this kind of conflict is the character himself. An internal conflict can possibly be triggered by someone or something from outside of a character, for example, another character makes a character to question things in his mind. However, as long as the conflict stays inside of a character, it still called as an internal conflict. Therefore, the meaning of the internal conflict is the struggle and the opposition which exist inside of a character.

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b. External Conflict

Hammond (2010) also claims that an external conflict, which exists outside of a character, tends to deal with bigger problems. He claims that an external conflict might occur from other characters or other being, such as, society, nature, and government. Hammond also states that an external conflict can take many forms, for example, verbal, swear words and mean words, physical, fights and violence, nature, earthquake and snowy storm. Furthermore, he also states that a physical fight between one character and another is a conflict which often presents. In short, an external conflict is more complicated than an internal conflict.

3. Theory of Motivation

As a push that makes someone to do something, a motivation plays a big role in a novel. According to Thompson (2014), there are two types of motivation, namely

a. Intrinsic Motivation

According to Thompson (2014), an intrinsic motivation is a motivation that comes from within a character which forces and encourages a character to do something to achieve his goal. Furthermore, she claims that when a character is intrinsically motivated, he enjoys the process of achieving the goal while determined to make himself more competent and qualified.

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b. Extrinsic Motivation

Thompson (2014) declares that because extrinsic means from outside of, an extrinsic motivation means a motivation that comes from outside of a character. She also states that a character that is extrinsically motivated acts based on a reward that he will get when he achieves his goal. She declares that an extrinsic motivation drives a character to be able to achieve something which will benefit himself. However, this kind of motivation is usually followed by a reward rather than an enjoyment.

B. Theoretical Framework

In this study, the writer uses two main theories to conduct the study. The two main theories are the theory of conflict by Hammond (2010) and the theory of motivation by Thompson (2014). The writer uses the theory of conflict to analyze the types of conflicts faced by Buck, the main character. The writer also uses the theory of motivation to analyze the motivations of the main character to go into the wild.

By analyzing the types of conflicts using the theory of conflict from Hammond (2010), it leads the writer to find out the things which underlie Buck’s wishes to live freely and go into the wild. Furthermore, the writer will look closer into the motivations themselves and analyze them using the theory from Thompson (2014). Basically, the writer holds an understanding that a motivation is yielded from a conflict. When there is a conflict, there will always be a

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motivation afterward, because while a character encounters a conflict, he tries to overcome it and therefore motivated to succeed.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three sections, namely the object of the study, the approach of the study, and the method of the study. The first section, the object of the study, contains the summary of the novel which is analyzed in this study. The second section, the approach of the study, explains the psychological approach which is used in this study. The third section, the method of the study, explains about the method used in this study, which is the library research.

A. Object of the Study

This section gives information about the object of the study, which is a novel entitled The Call of the Wild, and the summary of the novel itself.

1. The Call of the Wild

The Call of the Wild is a novel written by Jack London. Jack London was born on January 12th

The novel tells a story of a dog named Buck, a St. Bernard and Scotch Collie mix breed. The story begins with Buck being kidnapped from his master’s , 1876 in San Francisco. London, who produced an enormous amount of stories, was very popular at his time when he published The Call of the Wild. The Call of the Wild is published in 1903 by Macmillan Publishers USA, and it was recognized and remains as Jack London’s greatest work. This novel contains 108 pages.

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home in California by one of the gardeners and sold into service as a sled dog. It happens during the Klondike Gold Rush in 1890s when strong dogs are in high demands. As a house-dog, the world outside is a very different world for Buck. However, in the wild and primitive situation he is in, Buck tries hard to survive. He learns how to be a sled dog, how to obey men, and most important how to dominate other dogs. Throughout his journey, Buck meets some people, there are kind people and bad people, and from them Buck encounters many helps and obstacles. Along the journey, Buck is getting more and more anxious and wants to go into the wild and live by himself. In the end of the story, Buck decides to go into the wild and joins a pack of wolves.

B. Approach of the Study

The focus of this study is on the influence of the conflicts and the motivations experienced by the main character with his decision to go into the wild. In this study, the writer chooses the psychological approach as the approach to study the main character. According to Landauer (1972), psychology is a study which analyzes living thing’s behavior; what a living thing does.

In this study, the writer uses the psychological approach to study the types of conflict faced by the main character during his effort to survive. Moreover, this approach is also used to analyze the motivations that motivate the main character to go into the wild. The psychological approach will help the writer to understand how the conflicts influence the main character’s life, and how the motivations affect the main character’s decision to go into the wild.

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C. Method of the Study

In this study, the writer chooses the library research as the method of the study. According to George (2008), library research is a method which involves identifying and analyzing a research question with opinions of experts. Furthermore, George also states that the researcher can also add factual information or other necessary components related to the research question. The next paragraph will explain about the six steps of conducting this study.

Firstly, the writer chooses a novel that she wants to analyze. The writer chooses a novel written by Jack London entitled The Call of the Wild, which is published in 1903. Secondly, the writer carefully and accurately reads the novel, tries to find aspects that she wants to analyze. After finishing reading the novel, the writer finds a main character and two objects that she wants to analyze, namely the conflicts, the motivations, and the character named Buck. Thirdly, the writer looks for the suitable approach, theory, and method for this study. Since the focus of this study is to analyze the character’s conflicts and motivations from his behaviour described in the novel, the writer chooses the psychological approach as the approach to analyze the novel, and the theory of conflict by Hammond (2010) and the theory of motivation by Thompson (2014) to study the conflicts and the motivations. Fourthly, the writer chooses the library research as the method of the study. Fifthly, the writer tries to analyze the conflicts and the motivations in the novel with the guidance of the theories mentioned before. The writer connects the theories with the lines quoted from the novel. Sixthly, the writer draws a conclusion from the results found from the findings in this study.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is aimed to answer the two formulated problems in this study. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section will analyze the types of conflicts faced by the main character Buck. The second section will analyze the motivations of Buck to go into the wild.

A. The Conflicts Faced by the Main Character

Hammond (2010) divides conflict into two types, namely the internal conflict and the external conflict. Therefore, to analyze the types of conflicts faced by the main character, the analysis will be divided into two sections, the first section is the internal conflict, and the second section is the external conflict.

1. The Internal Conflicts Faced by the Main Character

According to Hammond (2010), an internal conflict is a conflict which exists inside of a character. He also mentions that this kind of conflict is centered on a character, and only can be resolved by the character himself. Furthermore, he emphasizes that other characters or something outside of a character can trigger a character to have a conflict inside his mind. In the novel, there are two internal conflicts which are faced by Buck, namely surrender into the Law of Club and survive from the Law of Fang.

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a. Surrender into the Law of Club

Buck is a house-dog, as a house-dog he does not know many things. One of the things, for example, is the violence a man does to dogs to force them to do something. When Buck meets the man in the red sweater and his club and strikes, Buck experiences violence for the first time. The first internal conflict faced by Buck is triggered by the man in the red sweater. The strikes that Buck receives from the club in the man’s hand force him to decide whether to fight back or surrender.

He saw, once for all, that he stood no chance against a man with a club. He had learned the lesson, and in all his after life he never forgot it. That club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway. Again and again, as he looked at each brutal performance, the lesson was driven home to Buck: a man with a club was a law-giver, a master to be obeyed, though not necessarily conciliated (p. 28).

The paragraph above shows Buck’s first experience with a club. After denying his own belief that he can beat a man with a club in his hand, Buck decides to surrender whenever a club is involved. While his body is enduring a lot of pain he never feels before, Buck comes into an understanding that he cannot fight a man with a club. He sees and feels the effect of the club’s strikes. Buck realizes that a club is a serious matter, Buck even calls a man with a club a law-giver, and he understands that only by a club a man could simply make dogs obey him. By threatening dogs with a club and force them to obey, a man easily makes the law. Buck also witnesses other dogs attack the man in the red sweater when they experience the strikes of the club for the first time. Fight back is a dog’s natural response, after all. However, Buck realizes that no good outcome comes

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from fighting such weapon, moreover, when getting beaten with it in the process. Hammond (2010) states that an internal conflict is a conflict which can only be resolved by the character himself, in this conflict Buck resolves the conflict himself by deciding to surrender under the Law of Club.

b. Survive from the Law of Fang

Buck not only learns to surrender whenever a club is involved but also learns to survive under the Law of Fang. The Law of Fang is not a law made for a man and a dog, this law is made for a dog and another dog. This time, the trigger of the internal conflict of Buck is the tragedy which occurs to Buck’s friend named Curly.

There was no warning, only a leap in like a flash, a metallic clip of teeth, a leap out equally swift, and Curly’s face was ripped open from eye to jaw. Thirty of forty huskies ran to the spot and surrounded the combatants in an intent and silent circle (pp. 31 – p.32).

But she lay there limp and lifeless in the bloody, trampled snow, almost literally torn to pieces, the swart half-breed standing over her and cursing horribly (p. 32).

Buck watches more than thirty huskies are killing Curly, he feels bitter for losing a friend like Curly. Buck experiences an internal conflict which as mentioned by Hammond (2010) should be resolved by Buck himself. Buck pities Curly, but cannot do anything at the same time. Buck knows he cannot defend Curly because too many huskies are cornering her. From Curly’s tragic death, Buck learns the Law of Fang. In the Law of Fang, there is no fair play, once a dog is down, the others will make sure of his death. The Law of Fang knows no boundaries, it does not explain what might cause it to happen. Buck sees with his own eyes that Curly only does some friendly gestures, however, the huskies do

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not take Curly’s gestures nicely. Therefore, Buck makes a mental note that he will never get down. He sees the impact that will come upon him if he ever gets down. Curly’s tragic death makes Buck watches his action, thinks more thoroughly, and never attacks other dogs without a proper plan. The Law of Club and The Law of Fang are harsh. The two internal conflicts teaches Buck many things, he learns to restrain himself from fighting against something that he cannot win and he always remember to never get beaten and knocked down by other dogs. Through those laws, Buck emerges to become a stronger, a mature, and a wise dog. In the next section, the writer will discuss about the external conflicts of Buck.

2. The External Conflicts Faced by the Main Character

In the novel, there are seven external conflicts faced by Buck, namely the conflicts of Buck with Manuel’s friend, the four men in a saloon, the man in the red sweater, Spitz, Hal, Black Burton, and the Yeehats. These seven conflicts challenge Buck and make Buck struggle to survive.

a. The Conflict between Buck and Manuel’s Friend

Buck is kidnapped by a gardener named Manuel from his master’s house, Judge Miller. Buck does not have any idea or any suspicion that he is being kidnapped, he thinks Manuel is just about to give him a walk. The minute Manuel gives the end of the rope which circled Buck’s neck to his friend, Buck starts to feel cautious. Hammond (2010) states that an external conflict which is a conflict that exist outside a character can take a form of a fight or violence between two

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characters. The quotation below shows the first violence that Buck gets from a man.

But to his surprise, the rope tightened around his neck, shutting off his breath. In quick rage, he sprang at the man, who met him halfway, grappled him close by the throat, and with a deft twist threw him over in his back. Then the rope tightened mercilessly while buck struggled in a fury, his tongue lolling out of his mouth and his great chest panting futilely (pp. 23 – 24).

Buck is a newcomer to this kind of world, a world where violence swiftly given, he simply does not know yet how to respond to that. Buck is a house-dog, he has a good master, Judge Miller, who care about him and never treats him badly. Buck’s activities are varies, from being a companion for his master until escorting his master’s family to the yard. Buck never knows about violence, particularly physical violence. Anyone back at home never treats him badly. Trying to defend himself, Buck attempts to attack the man, and succeeds.

The man sprang for his throat, but Buck was too quick for him. His jaws closed on the hand, nor did they relax till his senses were choked out of him once more.

“All I get is fifty for it,” he grumbled, “an’ I wouldn’t do it over for a thousand, cold cash.”

His hand was wrapped in a bloody handkerchief, and the right trouser leg was ripped from knee to ankle (p. 24).

According to Hammond (2010), a conflict which includes a fight and a physical violence between one character and another is a conflict that often exists. The quotation above shows Buck’s first fight with a man, the man torments him, and he attacks back. This might be Buck’s first time to bite and hurt someone. In some aspects, as a dog, Buck has an advantage, he is quick, and the man does not expect anything from Buck. Manuel’s friend is the first external conflict encountered by Buck.

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b. The Conflict between Buck and the Four Men in A Saloon

Buck arrives at a saloon in San Francisco, the saloon keeper neither gives Buck any attention nor gives Buck any trouble. The quotation below shows another external conflict of Buck, however this is not a harsh one. This time, the external conflict is from the four men in the saloon.

More tormentors, Buck decided, for they were evil-looking creatures, ragged and unkempt; and he stormed and raged at them through the bars. They only laughed and poked sticks at him, which he promptly assailed with his teeth till he realized that that was what they wanted. Whereupon he lay down sullenly and allowed the crate to be lifted into a wagon (p. 25).

The external conflict of Buck mentioned above does not trigger any fights or violence, it is verbal. Hammond (2010) mentions conflict in a verbal form is possible; the four men laughed at Buck, and they also poke Buck with a stick. Buck has not yet learned to handle his tormentors. Buck’s responses to the four men are really aggressive at the first time, he tries to hurt his tormentors from inside of his crate for mocking him, but then he realizes that those four men are getting happier and more excited when he acts aggressively, Buck then decides to ignore them.

c. The Conflict between Buck and the Man in the Red Sweater

According to Hammond (2010), an external conflict is a conflict which is more complicated than internal conflict because it deals with another character or another thing. Buck gets two toughest external conflicts in the story. One of them is when Buck meets the man in the red sweater. Buck meets the man in the red sweater and his club when he arrives in Seattle. A club is a long rope, made from

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strike horses to make them run faster. The first encounter of Buck with the man in the red sweater make Buck learns about the violence of a club and the cruelty of a man.

In mid air, just as his jaws were about to close on the man, he received a shock that checked his body and brought his teeth together with an agonizing clip. He whirled over, fetching the ground on his back and side. And again the shock came and he was brought crushingly to the ground. This time he was aware that it was the club, but his madness knew no caution. A dozen times he charged, and as often the club broke the charge and smashed him down (p. 27).

Buck has no knowledge about a club and what a man capable to do with it, but he decides to act based on his anger again and does not calculate his actions. He does not expect that the man in the red sweater will launch an attack to him. After that, many strikes are landed on him, yet he does not give any signs to surrender. On the one hand, Buck’s fury, anger, and tiredness are mingled together, cause him to not be able to think straight. On the other hand, the man in the red sweater is a man with no mercy. He keeps on striking Buck whenever Buck is about to attack him. At one point, Buck is about to give up, however, the man in the red sweater does not let him go.

He staggered limply about, the blood flowing from nose and mouth and ears, his beautiful coat sprayed and flecked with bloody slaver. Then the man advanced and deliberately dealt him a frightful blow on the nose. The man, shifting the club from right to left, coolly caught him by the under jaw, at the same time wrenching downward, and backward. Buck described a complete circle in the air, and half of another, then crashed to the ground in his head and chest (p. 27).

Buck knows his limits, he is covered in blood, all parts of his body are screaming in pain. The strikes are becoming unbearable for Buck, for he never knows such violence in his entire life. From the quotation above, it is known that

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Buck’s tormentor, the man in the red sweater, is a harsh man. He does not fear Buck will attack him back. Moreover, he uses a club, something that easily weakens Buck.

For the last time he rushed. The man struck a shrewd blow he had purposely withheld for so long, and Buck crumpled up and went down, knocked utterly senseless (p. 27).

The last strike sends Buck to the ground and ends the fight between him and the man in the red sweater. After Buck seems to understand how things work in his new life, he tries to set aside his anger and fury, and focuses more to himself. After all, his anger and fury will not rid him from hunger and thirst. He still is a living thing that needs to eat and drink, and in his current condition he only gets those essential needs from human, even from the one who just tortures him. Buck learns his lesson about a man with a club in a hard way, but the important thing is that now he knows how to behave around a man with a club. As stated by Hammond (2010) that an external conflict is more complicated than an internal conflict, this conflict which is faced by Buck nearly knocks him down. Buck’s first encounter with a man and a club in his hand nearly causes him his death. If only Buck does not back down, the man in the red sweater might beat him to death.

d. The Conflict between Buck and Spitz

Buck is bought by a Canadian Government from the man in the red sweater. The Canadian Government, Perrault, then brings Buck in the deck to go into Dyea Beach. In the deck, Buck meets two other dogs, Spitz and Dave. Spitz is a big snow-white dog, friendly but slippery at the same time. Buck’s first

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conflict with another dog is with Spitz. Even though Buck gets involved in a fight a lot with Spitz, those fights are not the toughest conflicts encountered by Buck. However, Buck’s conflicts with Spitz are complicated because Francois, who works for Perrault as the sled’s driver, most of the time, comes in between the two to prevent the fight from happening.

He was friendly, in a treacherous sort of way, smiling into one’s face the while he meditated some underhand trick, as, for instance, when he stole from Buck’s food at the first meal. As Buck sprang to punish him, the lash of Francois’s club sang through the air, reaching the culprit first; and nothing remained to Buck but to recover the bone (p. 30).

Buck knows three other dogs, Toots and Ysabel, the two terriers back in Judge Miller’s home, and Curly, a good-natured Newfoundland who Buck meets in the man in the red sweater’s house. Buck never encounters any problem with any of the other dogs. Therefore, having a problem with another dog is a new thing for Buck. Spitz is the first dog bought and brought into the deck by Perrault, which makes him be the leader of Perrault’s team of sled-dogs. Spitz always tries to pick a fight with Buck, and most of the time, Buck welcomes Spitz’s challenge. However, Francois, a black-faced giant and a French-Canadian, always gets into the two and prevents the fight from happening. Buck knows that Spitz is not a good friend, and that he has to be careful around him. Still, Spitz is getting more and more thrilled to get into Buck’s nerves.

But when Buck finished his ration and returned, he found his nest occupied. A warning snarl told him that the trespasser was Spitz. Till now Buck had avoided trouble with his enemy, but this was too much. The beast in him roared. He sprang upon Spitz with a fury which surprised them both, and Spitz particularly, for his whole experience with Buck had gone to teach him that his rival was an unusually timid dog, who managed to hold his own only because of his great weight and size (p. 41).

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The external conflicts of Buck with Spitz are all in form of physical violence, and that kind of conflict has been stated by Hammond (2010) before. However, the previous quotation shows that Buck always tries to shrug off any possible trouble with him. However, this kind of effort is one-sided only, on the one hand, Spitz keeps doing what he likes because he thinks Buck will never burst out. On the other hand, Buck is getting tired of tolerating Spitz’s behavior, one time Buck attacks Spitz spontaneously until Spitz himself is startled.

Spitz was equally willing. He was crying with sheer rage and eagerness as he circled back and forth for a chance to spring in. Buck was no less eager, and no less cautious, as he likewise circled back and forth for the advantage (p. 41).

After recovering from the shock, Spitz starts to face Buck. Even though Spitz is startled, he himself is keen to fight Buck. Buck, however, is angry and cannot hold his patience any longer. Another fight initiated by Spitz erupts, and it is about to break when a pack of hungry huskies barging into the camp because of the smell of the food. Buck and Spitz’s fight has to wait because they have to fight the hungry huskies that are already sneaking in to steal the food. However, if the hungry huskies are not barging in, there must have been a big fight between Buck and Spitz. Hammond (2010) mentions that an external conflict is more complicated than an internal conflict and the presence of the hungry huskies makes the situation more complicated. Buck, who gets hurt more than the others from fighting the hungry huskies, is an easy target for Spitz.

As Buck drew himself together to spring after them, out of the trail of his eye he saw Spitz rush upon him with the evident intention of overthrowing him. Once off his feet and under that mass of huskies, there was no hope for him. But he braced himself to the shock of Spitz’s charge, then joined

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Even in the middle of the fight with the hungry huskies, Spitz is still trying to harm Buck. Buck, who is still recovering from the fight with the hungry huskies simply dodges the fight and walks away. This shows that even though Buck cannot stand Spitz, he still can think straight and always contemplate the condition first. For him, the big fight with the hungry huskies is a fight big enough for one day. The team is in a bad condition, the dogs, Perrault, and Francois are stressed out because the hungry huskies steal most of the team’s food. The team then continues their journey and in Pelly River, which is a headstream of Yukon River, another fight between Buck and Spitz breaks. It starts when Dolly, the last husky brings into the team in Dyea, goes suddenly mad and springs straight for Buck. Dolly chases Buck, who runs in panic, and they disappear into the woods, running around until Buck hears Francois calls his name. When Buck passes Francois, the dog-driver holds the axe and crashes it down upon mad Dolly’s head. While Buck is still in shock from his first encounter with a mad dog, Spitz decides to attack Buck, for this is a chance that he has been waiting.

Buck staggered over against the sled, exhausted, sobbing for breath, helpless. This was Spitz’s opportunity. He sprang upon Buck, and twice his teeth sank into his unresisting foe and ripped and tore the flesh to the bone. Then Francois’s lash descended, and Buck had the satisfaction of watching Spitz receive the worst clubping as yet administered to any of the team (p. 45).

This time Spitz succeeds to hurt Buck, leaving his marks on him. However, luckily for Buck, Francois is always interferes. This time, the harshest strike of Francois’ club lands on Spitz, and Buck is satisfied just by watching it. Twice now, Buck has not response any of Spitz’s attacks, which both occur in his unguarded condition. Another fight breaks one morning, there is a heavy snowfall

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one night and Pike, the malingerer, does not appear. Through the night until morning Pike is securely sleeping in his nest under the snow. Francois looks for him in vain, while Spitz in his wrath starts to make Pike frightened in his nest. When Pike appears, Spitz launches at him and about to punish him when Buck comes in between them.

Pike, who had been trembling abjectly, took heart at this open mutiny, and sprang upon his over-thrown leader. Buck, to whom fair-play was a forgotten code, likewise sprang upon Spitz. But Francois, chuckling at the incident while unswerving in the administration of justice, brought his lash down upon Buck with all his might (p. 47).

From the quotation above, it is known that the trigger of the fight this time is Spitz’s arbitrary attitude toward the other dogs. Buck stands for Pike, because as a leader of the team Spitz does not bring any comfort for the team. Francois comes in the middle of the fight and put an end to the fight before it begins. Buck’s decision to strike Spitz is not based on the things that Spitz does to him, but also to the other dogs. The other dogs are too scared to take a stand to their leader, but Buck is not scared. Since then, the other dogs are not scared anymore with Spitz, which leads to a condition where Francois backs up Spitz with his club, while Buck backs up the rest of the dogs. Even though Buck really wants to challenge Spitz and his leadership status, he knows that he cannot start a fight in front of Francois and his club. One day, at the mouth of Tahkeena, the last fight between Buck and Spitz breaks. Buck leads the pack, sixty in total, with the fifty huskies of Northwest Police, whose camp is a hundred yards away, in a hunting of rabbit in the woods. Buck is chasing a rabbit when all of a sudden Spitz comes in

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front of him and catches the rabbit. Without any hesitation, Buck launches himself at Spitz.

He did not check himself, but drove in upon Spitz, shoulder to shoulder, so hard that he missed the throat. They rolled over and over in the powdery snow. Spitz gained his feet almost as though he had not been overthrown, slashing Buck down the shoulder and leaping clear. Twice his teeth clipped together, like the steel jaws of a trap, as he backed away for better footing, with lean and lifting lips that writhed and snarled (p. 51).

Hammond (2010) claims that a conflict is the centre of a novel which is capable of telling the character’s struggle to overcome any conflicts he encounters. The conflicts between Buck and Spitz are the conflicts which play a strong role in the novel, the conflicts are described in detail by the author, and how Buck and Spitz cannot stand each other. All those conflicts of Buck with Spitz lead Buck to challenge Spitz’s leadership status of the team. Buck is waiting for a chance to defy Spitz, to finish him once and for the last time. The quotation above shows that Buck finally finds his chance, there is no Francois or Perrault around to come between them. Moreover, Buck is in fury because Spitz is meddling in his rabbit hunting. Both Buck and Spitz are looking forward to fight each other. Buck is eager on beating and defeating Spitz so that he can seize the leadership status and prevent the team of sled-dogs from getting into a worse condition. Buck fights not only for himself but also for the other dogs. Hammond (2010) states that an external conflict is a conflict which mostly is in a form of a fight between one character and another, and Buck’s conflicts with Spitz are mostly fights and physical violence.

As they circled about, snarling, ears laid back, keenly watchful for the advantage, the scene came back to Buck with a sense of familiarity. To

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Buck it was nothing new or strange, this scene of old time. It was as though it had always been, the wonted way of things (p. 51).

Buck starts to realize that he is a fighter, circumstances in his new life force him to be one. Facing Spitz does not make Buck scared, on the contrary, Buck feels eager to have a last fight with Spitz. However, on the one hand, Spitz is a good fighter, he knows when to attack and how to harm his opponent. On the other hand, Buck might be strong, but he rarely learns how to fight.

Fang clashed fang, and lips were cut and bleeding, but Buck could not penetrate his enemy’s guard. Then Buck took to rushing, as though for the throat, when, suddenly drawing back his head and curving him in from the side, he would drive his shoulder at the shoulder of Spitz, as a ram by which to overthrow him. But instead, Buck’s shoulder was slashed down each time as Spitz leaped lightly away (p. 52).

The quotation above shows Buck’s non-stop efforts in fighting Spitz. It is also clear that Buck is left behind in fighting skill, compared to Spitz. Spitz has strategies, while Buck does not have any. As a house-dog in Judge Miller’s house back in California, Buck never learns how to fight, let alone learns any kind of strategies in fighting. Even though Spitz has not launched any strikes yet, he is two steps ahead of Buck. There is one time when Buck almost knocks down and the other sixty dogs are ready to finish him.

Spitz was untouched, while Buck was streaming with blood and panting hard. The fight was growing desperate. And all the while the silent and wolfish circle waited to finish off whichever dog went down. As Buck grew winded, Spitz took to rushing, and he kept him staggering for footing. Once Buck went over, and the whole circle of sixty dogs started up; but he recovered himself, almost in mid air, and the circle sank down again and waited (p. 52).

Buck is starting to lose some blood and getting bruised all over his body. He is starting to get tired. The sixty dogs circled around Buck and Spitz is waiting

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to finish the defeated dog. Hammond (2010) mentions that a character can have an external conflict with society. In this conflict Buck almost deals with society, which is the Northwest Police’s team of dogs. The other sixty dogs are waiting for either Buck or Spitz to fall down. The fight among dogs is harsh. The fifty dogs of the Northwest Police do not care which one between Buck and Spitz will be the loser, they are eager to participate to finish the loser even though they are not the part of the pack. The ten dogs, of which Buck is also fighting for, also are not standing up for anyone, not even for Buck. The ten dogs know that Spitz is not a good leader, but if Buck lost those ten dogs should take part in finishing Buck. Therefore, Buck realizes that he cannot lose the battle, because once he is down the other dogs will finish him.

His tooth closed on Spitz’s left fore leg. There was a crunch of breaking bone and the white dog faced him on three legs. Thrice he tried to knock him over, then repeated the trick and broke the right fore leg. Despite the pain and helplessness, Spitz struggled madly to keep up. He saw the silent circle, with gleaming eyes and lolling tongues, and silvery breaths drifting upward, closing in upon him as he had seen similar circles close in upon beaten antagonists in the past (p. 52).

Buck is a tough fighter, seeing that he is left behind in the fight, he starts to think for the best ways to infiltrate Spitz’s strong defense. Following his instincts, Buck starts to plan his next moves. Buck learns so many things by his own since the day he is kidnapped, and this fight is not any different. Buck realizes that all his attempts are in vain so far, therefore he decides to change his ways. The fight is starting to take a turn when Buck starts to camouflage his attacks. After some moves, Spitz finally is getting weaker, two of his legs are

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broken. When Spitz is getting impossible to fight any longer, the circle of the sixty dogs is starting to close in around him.

Only Spitz quivered and bristled as he staggered back and forth, snarling with horrible menace, as though to frighten off impending death. Then Buck sprang in and out, but while he was in, shoulder had at last squarely met shoulder. The dark circle became a dot on the moon-flooded snow as Spitz disappeared from view. Buck stood and looked on, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who had made his kill and found it good (p. 53).

The quotation above shows the final encounter between Buck and his enemy, Spitz. Buck succeeds to defeat Spitz, and therefore gains the leadership status of the team. Despite of the harms Spitz brings for Buck, at the same time he forces Buck to learn to survive through the wild things of Buck’s new world. Buck learns how to control his anger, to act with a plan, and to give empathy toward others, by looking out for the other dogs when they are in trouble with Spitz’s arbitrary behavior.

e. The Conflict between Buck and Hal

In the city called Skagway, Buck bids goodbye with Francois and Perrault. Buck and the rest of the sled-dogs then are taken by a Scotch half-breed driver and his mates. Buck and the rest of the dogs are with the Scotch driver for around fifteen days. By the time Buck and the rest of the dogs back at Skagway, they are in terrible state. Buck is losing weight, Pike is suffering from a hurt leg, Sol-leks is limping, and Dub is suffering from a wrenched shoulder blade. Four days after their arrival, two men from the States, Hal and Charles is how they called each other, buy the team. Travel along with Hal and Charles is Mercedes, she is Charles’s wife and Hal’s sister. However, four days are not enough for Buck and

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the dogs to rest. With most of the dogs are injured, the team is not in a good condition. The eight of them, Buck, Billee, Joe, Sol-leks, Pike, Dub, Teek, and Kona, are in need of a long rest. Furthermore, Hal, Charles, and Mercedes pack too many belongings, they do not know the rule which said, “Half the load and twice the dogs.” One evening, Hal and Charles buy six other dogs, three short-haired pointers, one Newfoundland, and two mongrels. However, those dogs are not sled-dogs, they do not have any experience, and those dogs only make the situation worse. At one point, Buck’s health is decreasing, and he is no longer can pull a sled. Hammond (2010) states an external conflict in a form of physical violence between one character and another is often exist, and Buck encounters this kind of conflict when he meets the man in the red sweater. This time, from Hal, Buck gets another toughest external conflict.

He pulled when he could, when he could no longer pull, he fell down and remained down till blows from club or club drove him to his feet again. The hair hung down, limp and draggled, or matted with dried blood where Hal’s club had bruised him. His muscles had wasted away to knotty strings, and the flesh pads had disappeared, so that each rib and every bone in his frame were outlined cleanly through the loose hide that was wrinkled in folds of emptiness (p. 71).

The quotation above shows Buck’s terrible condition. This time, Hal is the worse master than any masters of Buck before. Hal strikes the dogs with a club when they cannot seem to get on their feet and pull the sled. Buck receives most of the strikes because he is the leader and the pull of the team. Hal keeps on torturing Buck, however, Buck does not give up yet, he still insists to pull when he can. A few days past, and in the mouth of White River, where the team stops near John Thornton’s camp, is the point where Buck gives up.

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This was the first time Buck had failed, in itself a sufficient reason to drive Hal into a rage. He exchanged the club for the customary club. Buck refused to move under the rain of heavier blows which now fell upon him. Like his mates, he was barely able to get up, but, unlike them, he had made up his mind not to get up (p. 74).

Buck gives up for the first time in his life. Hal’s club keeps falling down on him and Buck does nothing to dodge the strikes. He is tired and cannot rise to his feet, all of his energy is draining from his body because of the non-stop works. Hal, being an ignorant master, does not think about anything other than tortures Buck. Hal beats Buck with a club over and over again and if not for the rescue from John Thornton, Buck may be dead.

He refused to stir. So greatly had he suffered, and so far gone was he, that the blows did not hurt much. And as they continued to fall upon him, the spark of life within flickered and went down. It was nearly out. He felt strangely numb. As though from a great distance, he was aware that he was being beaten. The last sensations of pain left him. He no longer felt anything, though very faintly he could hear the impact of club upon his body. But it was no longer his body, it seemed so far away (p. 74).

The quotation above shows another toughest external conflict of Buck in a form of physical violence, such kind of conflict has been stated by Hammond (2010). Buck is about to die when John Thornton saves him from Hal’s rage. This conflict is tougher than Buck’s conflict with the man in the red sweater, with the man in the red sweater Buck decides to surrender and the blows stop. Moreover, Buck is not in a terrible condition that time and the man in the red sweater demands Buck’s obedience only. This time, however, Buck cannot do more work because his physical condition is not capable to do so, there are too many damages done to his body. The blows from Hal’s club are inevitable, Buck is no longer able to fight for his own sake. The quotation above shows the

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heartbreaking part of the novel, the struggle of a dog to keep alive after being kidnapped. As if all the violence that Buck receives is not enough, still Buck is beaten almost to his death. Fortunately, Buck is saved by John Thornton, he is also Buck’s true and last master before he goes into the wild.

f. The Conflict between Buck and Black Burton

John Thornton takes Buck with him and helps Buck to recover and gain back his strength. Unlike Buck’s previous masters, John Thornton does not use Buck as a sled-dog. He rarely harnesses Buck’s strength to pull a sled, only several times. He considers Buck as one of his dogs, and especially as his friend. Buck even gets along with John Thornton’s two dogs, Skeet and Nig. From the day John Thornton saves Buck from Hal’s rage, Buck grows to be fond of him. With John Thornton, Buck is back being a dog like he used to be in Judge Miller’s house, he plays with John Thornton himself and with Skeet and Nig, plays in the woods, river, and around the camp. He accompanies John Thornton everywhere, never lets him get out of his sight. Buck grows to love John Thornton that he is willing to do anything for him. One time, John Thornton is stepping into a fight with Black Burton to defend a man at the bar. Black Burton is an evil-tempered and malicious man. As usual, Buck always follows John Thornton everywhere, he is lying in the corner watching his master’s every action.

And they saw Buck’s body rise up in the air as he left the floor for Burton’s throat. The man saved his life by instinctively throwing out his arm, but was hurled backward to the floor with Buck on top of him. Buck loosed his teeth from the flesh of the arm and drove in again for the throat. This time the man succeeded only in partly blocking, and his throat was torn open (p. 81).

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The man called Black Burton wakes up the sleeping lion inside of Buck. Throughout the year, John Thornton is the man whose Buck’s life revolves around on. After a long time, Buck gets another external conflict in a form of physical violence, as Hammond (2010) has stated. However, Buck is not the recipient of the physical violence this time, John is, and Buck defends John and attacks Burton. Buck’s loyalty toward John Thornton is strong. As a year past on, Buck grows to be a more mature and stronger dog. He has learned both the ways of house-dog and sled-dog. As a house-dog, he is demanded to be loyal to his master and has a good nature. As a sled-dog, he is demanded to be strong enough to pull a sled, and to attack at times when he needs to. As a grown-up dog, he is getting better at switching between the two automatically. Buck’s encounter with Black Burton shows that even a year without a fight or any threat, Buck is still a fighter.

g. The Conflict between Buck and the Yeehats

Months come and pass, and in the fall of the year, John Thornton, his mates, his dogs, and Buck are looking for the Lost Cabin, a place of which legend speaks about its gold mine. While John Thornton and his mates are working on the gold, the dogs do not have something to do. Buck entertains himself by hunting and wandering in the woods. Sometimes, he spends the night in the woods, but he always comes back to the camp when the night falls, for Buck cannot seem to be far away from John Thornton. One time, Buck spends four nights in the woods because this time his prey is big and it takes time for him to kill the prey. Buck comes back to the camp to find the rest of the team is slaughtered. From the center of the camp itself Buck hears the sound of many

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voices, rising and falling in a sing-song chant. Buck found Nig laying outside of the camp on his side, dead, an arrow protruding from either side of his body. A hundred yards away, one of the sled-dogs John Thornton had bought in Dawson is also dead. Stepping forward, Buck finds John Thornton’s partner Hans dead, feathered with arrows. From that point, Buck starts to lose his head. Hammond (2010) states that not only with another character or nature a character might get external conflict from, but also from society, the quotation below shows the external conflict Buck gets from the local Indian tribe, the Yeehats.

He sprang at the foremost man (it was the chief of the Yeehats), ripping the throat wide open till the rent jugular spouted a fountain of blood. He did not pause to worry the victim, but ripped in passing, with the next bound tearing wide the throat of a second man. He plunged about in their very midst, tearing, rending, destroying, in constant and terrific motion which defied the arrows they discharged at him (p. 101).

The quotation above shows the greatest fury Buck ever feels. The fury is so big that Buck can take down most of the Yeehats in just a few minutes. Buck takes most of the Yeehats down in spite of the fact that Buck has not found John Thornton’s body yet. Buck starts to kill most of the Yeehats. Buck’s loyalty toward John Thornton is so big that he does not even think twice about taking the Yeehats – whose armed up with arrows and spears – down by himself. This time, the external conflict he gets from the Yeehats makes him lose someone who is dear to him. Hence, Buck’s fury does not stop at the camp, he chases after the running Yeehats into the woods, and afterward discovers the rest of the team’s body, including John Thornton’s.

And truly Buck was the Fiend incarnate, raging at their heels and dragging them down like a deer as they raced through the trees. It was a fateful day for the Yeehats. They scattered far and wide over the country, and it was

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not till a week later that the last of the survivors gathered together in a lower valley, and counted their losses (p. 101).

The quotation above shows Buck’s intention to finish every last of the Yeehats, he chases them into the woods and hunts them down. There are only several Yeehats who escaped from Buck. Meanwhile, the Yeehat’s purpose behind the attack is never known. Since the time Buck leaves Judge Miller’s house, he rarely meets a good master. John Thornton however, is the one master that Buck is longing for. John Thornton loves Buck, he treats Buck nicely and never hurts Buck. With the death of John Thornton, Buck has no desire to look or wait for another master. For him, John Thornton is his true and last master. His tie to a man breaks and he does not feel like he belongs to anyone. This conflict between Buck and the Yeehats which make Buck loses his master is one of the things from several things which push Buck to go into the wild. The next section will talk about the motivations of Buck which encourage him to go into the wild.

B. The Motivations of the Main Character

Thompson (2014) divides motivation into two types, namely the intrinsic motivation and the extrinsic motivation. Hence, the analysis will be divided into two sections, the first section is the intrinsic motivation, and the second section is the extrinsic motivation.

1. The Intrinsic Motivation of the Main Character

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when someone is intrinsically motivated he enjoys the process of achieving the goal while determined to make himself more competent and qualified. In the story, Buck gets an intrinsic motivation in a form of a hairy man from his own imagination which makes him to want to go into the wild.

a. Buck wants to be Free like the Hairy Man

Buck gets his first imagination of the hairy man when he is with Perrault and Francois. The imaginary hairy man always comes when he rests by the fire. That time, he only sees the physical appearance of the hairy man. However, the second appearance of his imaginary hairy man comes when he is with John Thornton. The imagination comes strong in Buck’s mind, every detail of the man and his behavior.

Did they walk by the beach of the sea, where the hairy man gathered shell-fish and ate them as he gathered, it was with eyes that roved everywhere for hidden danger and with legs prepared to run like the wind at its first appearance. Through the forest they crept noiselessly, Buck at the hairy man’s heels; and they were alert and vigilant, the pair of them, ears twitching and moving and nostrils quivering, for the man heard and smelled as keenly as Buck (p. 91).

According to Thompson (2014), an intrinsic motivation is always followed by an enjoyment that will be experienced by the character. From the first time Buck starts to imagine the hairy man, Buck always enjoys watching the hairy man and all his activities. Buck’s imagination of the hairy man is so vivid. The hairy man himself resembles Buck in many ways. The hairy man hears and smells as keen as Buck does. The hairy man eats fish straight from the sea, without cooking it. The hairy man, in short, is how Buck imagines himself, he is the reflection of Buck. While the skills and behavior resemble Buck a lot, the freedom felt by the

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hairy man does not resemble Buck. Thus, the imaginary hairy man encourages Buck to go in to the wild. Even though Buck is with John Thornton and he is not suffering anymore, he has not got his truly freedom yet. Buck’s vivid imagination shows in the quotation expresses Buck’s desire to go into the wild, to feel the freedom, to live freely as he wants, and most importantly to experience the wild world outside by himself.

2. The Extrinsic Motivations of the Main Character

Thompson (2014) states that an extrinsic motivation is a motivation that comes from outside of a character. She also claims that when a character is extrinsically motivated, he acts based on a reward that he will get when he achieves his goal, the rewards are, for example, money, a prize, or a feeling, such as, happiness and freedom. In the story, the main character Buck gets two extrinsic motivations, namely from a timber wolf and a pack of wolves.

a. Extrinsic Motivation of Buck from A Timber Wolf

While Buck is recovering from the damages done to his body in John Thornton’s camp, he often plays in the woods and wanders around. One time, he hears a howl from the wood, a long-drawn howl comes from a wolf. Buck follows the sound of the howl, and meets a timber wolf in the woods. After understanding each other, side by side with the timber wolf, Buck wanders around the woods. In this part, the theory of external motivation by Thompson (2014) is applied, Buck gets an extrinsic motivation from outside of himself. Buck gets it from a timber

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Appendix A:

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Short Summary of London’s the Call of the Wild

Buck, a powerful dog, half St. Bernard and half sheepdog, lives on Judge Miller’s estate in California’s Santa Clara Valley. He leads a comfortable life there, but it comes to an end when men discover gold in the Klondike region of Canada and a great demand arises for strong dogs to pull sleds. Buck is kidnapped by a gardener on the Miller estate and sold to dog traders, who teach Buck to obey by beating him with a club and, subsequently, ship him north to the Klondike.

Arriving in the chilly North, Buck is amazed by the cruelty he sees around him. As soon as another dog from his ship, Curly, gets off the boat, a pack of huskies violently attacks and kills her. Watching her death, Buck vows never to let the same fate befall him. Buck becomes the property of Francois and Perrault, two mail carriers working for the Canadian Government, and begins to adjust to life as a sled dog. He recovers the instincts of his wild ancestors: he learns to fight, scavenge for food, and sleep beneath the snow on winter nights. At the same time, he develops a fierce rivalry with Spitz, the lead dog in the team. One of their fights is broken up when a pack of wild dogs invades the camp, but Buck begins to undercut Spitz’s authority, and eventually the two dogs become involved in a major fight. Buck kills Spitz and takes his place as the lead dog.

With Buck at the head of the team, Francois and Perrault’s sled makes record time. However, the men soon turn the team over to a mail carrier who forces the dogs to carry much heavier loads. In the midst of a particularly arduous trip, one of the dogs becomes ill, and eventually the driver has to shoot him. At the end of this journey, the dogs are exhausted, and the mail carrier sells them to a group of American gold hunters—Hal, Charles, and Mercedes.

Buck’s new masters are inexperienced and out of place in the wilderness. They overload the sled, beat the dogs, and plan poorly. Halfway through their journey, they begin to run out of food. While the humans bicker, the dogs begin to starve, and the weaker animals soon die. Of an original team of fourteen, only five are still alive when they limp into John Thornton’s camp, still some distance from their destination. Thornton warns them that the ice over which they are traveling is melting and that they may fall through it. Hal dismisses these warnings and tries to get going immediately. The other dogs begin to move, but Buck refuses. When Hal begins to beat him, Thornton intervenes, knocking a knife from Hal’s hand and cutting Buck loose. Hal curses Thornton and starts the sled again, but before they have gone a quarter of a mile, the ice breaks open, swallowing both the humans and the dogs.

Thornton becomes Buck’s master, and Buck’s devotion to him is total. He saves Thornton from drowning in a river, attacks a man who tries to start a fight with Thornton in a bar, and, most remarkably, wins a $1,600 wager for his new master by pulling a sled carrying a thousand-pound load. But Buck’s love for

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Thornton is mixed with a growing attraction to the wild, and he feels as if he is being called away from civilization and into the wilderness. This feeling grows stronger when he accompanies Thornton and his friends in search of a lost mine hidden deep in the Canadian forest.

While the men search for gold, Buck ranges far afield, befriending wolves and hunting bears and moose. He always returns to Thornton in the end, until, one day, he comes back to camp to find that Yeehat Indians have attacked and killed his master. Buck attacks the Indians, killing several and scattering the rest, and then heads off into the wild, where he becomes the leader of a pack of wolves. He becomes a legendary figure, a Ghost Dog, fathering countless cubs and inspiring fear in the Yeehats—but every year he returns to the place where Thornton died, to mourn his master before returning to his life in the wild.

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Appendix B:

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Biography of Jack London

Jack London is an American author. Jack London was born on January 12, 1876. He was the illegitimate son of Flora Wellman and an itinerant astrologer named William Henry Chaney. Only in September of the same year, when Flora married John London, was his name changed into John Griffith London, but he was known better as Jack London. As a child, London learned that his parents didn’t have a good relationship. Therefore, he had grown with a quiet and gentle stepfather. These facts were factors that shaping his personality. London came from a poor family, because of that London had always determined to succeed. London had been working since he was young. When London was 17 years old, he became a Fish Patrol; he was on a ship sailed off to Japan. As time went by, London had grown to like reading and writing.

In 1893, he won a contest in San Francisco for the best descriptive article submitted. Since then, London determined that writing is a way for him to get out of his current economic condition. In, 1895 he went to Oakland High School and then to University of California, but quit at 1897 for the academic pace didn’t benefit anything for his writing skill, and then he headed for Alaska and the Klondike Gold Rush. Back one year later from Alaska, London got a mine of writing ideas more precious than gold. He began to work more seriously on his writing. By 1902, his first novel A Daughter of the Snows was published, and he was married, had two children, a house, and more income than he had ever dreamed of.

Back in California in 1903, London began to write The Call of the Wild. The Call of the Wild itself represents London’s life. London’s close identification with the wolf and the dog, in his life and in his books, is everywhere evident. London had always delighted when friends called him “Wolf” or “Shaggy Wolf,” he signed his letters “Wolf,” had his bookmarks engraved with a picture of a big wolf-dog’s face, and went so far as to call his baronial manor the “Wolf House.” London wasn’t only telling the story of Buck’s life, but also his story. He had seen civilization in many places he had been, the East End, the Oakland slums, the road, and jail, and had chosen savagery which was the Alaskan Wilds. The Call of the Wild was London’s great success and the work that risen up his popularity.

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The Call of the Wild is the most perfectly realized novel he ever wrote. His way of combining primitive world of dogs and Alaska resulted in an allegory of human life.

However, after his era of success passed, London became unmotivated. He had grown to become an alcoholic, and he also didn’t have a good relationship with either his first wife and children or his second wife and children. London then continued to live horribly until he became too sick. In the age of 40, on November 22nd

Summarized from Introduction written by Abraham Rothberg in Jack London’s The Call of the Wild.

, 1916, Jack London killed himself by taking an overdose of morphine.

Behind buck`s decision to go into the wild as seen in Jack London`s the call of the wild.

BEHIND BUCK’S DECISION TO GO INTO THE WILD

AS SEEN IN JACK LONDON’S THE CALL OF THE WILD

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Carolina Karisa Purnomo

Student Number: 121214053

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

BEHIND BUCK’S DECISION TO GO INTO THE WILD

AS SEEN IN JACK LONDON’S THE CALL OF THE WILD

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the

Sarjana Pendidikan

Degree

in English Language Education

By

Carolina Karisa Purnomo

Student Number: 121214053

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

~

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

Parts

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