ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm.
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Arry Bainus MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
2015
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et.all.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
CONTENTS
Contents .............................................................................................
Acknowledgement ..............................................................................
Foreword ............................................................................................
Introduction .......................................................................................
Chapter 1
Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and
Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah
and Wahyu Gunawan ............................................
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
iii
ix
xi
xiii
1
ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum ........................................................................
15
Communication Strategy through Media Education: An Efort to Achieve Harmony and Sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Rakhmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ................................
27
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
iii
Chapter 4
Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A.
Tachya Muhamad ....................................................
Chapter 5
Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal:
Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institutions
Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita
Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...........
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Urban Poverty and Housing
Chapter 8
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin..........................................................................
Human Traicking
Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin ...................................................................
iv
77
93
101
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
and Wahyu Gunawan ..............................................
Chapter 10
53
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ..................
Chapter 9
39
Concluding Remarks ..........................................
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
107
125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and
International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His
current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive
realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such
publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI),
Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International
Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University
of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security
and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a
dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University
Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology
Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political
sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns
are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the
politics of community.
Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work
ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)&
Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work
(IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
v
Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has
published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In
2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar MalaysiaIndonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia
(Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media
Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication
programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy
(2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development
Planning.
Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal
dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at
Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional
Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of
the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf,
Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives
(DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs,
Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who
identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently,
he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group
(AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and
Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user
community.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains
Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being
supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr.
Azlinda Azman.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya.
He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and
Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology
in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and
Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University
of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from
University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration
from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior
Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head
of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a
Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work
Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).
Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department
of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and
rural community.
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 –
present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are
mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a
senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is
eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
vii
Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert
in sociology of government in rural community.
viii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving
me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy
Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would
not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I
have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of
Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty
Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha
Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance
and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many
individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we
wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran
University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali
Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this
book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at
Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for
providing continuous support towards my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ix
x
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
FOREWORD
Dr. Arry Bainus, MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and
success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices
in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book
which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many
academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other
ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very
much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be
understand and scrutinize for better intervention.
I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword
to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more
discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant
solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us
today.
I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their
ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers
to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this
book kind will be published in the near future.
hank you.
Wassalam.
Bandung, 2015
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xi
xii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main
objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of
sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of
social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies
and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory
chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for
human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human
life through many perspectives; political and international strategy,
culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various
theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy
directions.
In the irst chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT)
developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect
have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers
especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have
recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia.
It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and
plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time,
Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance
which totally contribute to the national economic development. However,
what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a
criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies
which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xiii
and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors
especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the
ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as
possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take
positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has
contribute to the development of “Ummah.”
In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media
education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in IndonesiaMalaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public
so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative
news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the
written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is
not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian
should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one
to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian
people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence
of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development.
However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend
to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis
importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving
modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who
are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth,
the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century.
his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values
that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is
relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty,
humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people.
he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development
and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work
harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of
the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential
economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.
In the chapter ifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic
Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions.
Nepal is one of the least developed, post conlict recovery countries going
through a series of transitions and eforts of nation building. his chapter
concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time
due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty
years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic
Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model
or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable
due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the
values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires
an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of
research product for design and implementation of public policies. his
will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies
that the government is currently designing.
In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of
urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely
related to the development and history of the country. After the British
colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing
on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence
they are known as urban pioneers.
In chapter eigth focus on human traicking, issues and Challenges.
Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he researchers
concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region
is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual
exploitation are met). he challenges of the government has the right and
responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as
outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values
in the public administration and services will enhance the performance
of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and
crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers
can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a
rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time
and hopefully this research will also beneit the school management and
Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing
rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xv
research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in
spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s
involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide
as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as
criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.
his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader
“Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It
is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international
seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion
with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat
experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely
inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who
engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the
author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chapter
2
ASEAN Community 2015:
A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum
READERS GUIDE
his chapter focus on ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the
dilemma of Indonesian workers especially
those who categorized as illegal in
Malaysia. Both countries have recognized
their positive contribution whether for
Malaysia or Indonesia. It was undeniable
that all sectors in Malaysia especially
construction and plantation were using
Indonesian workers services. At the same
time, Indonesia also indirectly obtained
advantages through the remittance which
totally contribute to the national economic
development. However, what happened
in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested
and treat as a criminal. It should be stopped
ASEAN Community 2015
15
and substituted by the constructive policies which could give beneits to
the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia and the countries in ASEAN
should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers
which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015
both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all
aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant
workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of
“Ummah.”
INTRODUCTION
Migrant workers and international afairs: a short view
In the globalization context, all types of issues are indirectly and vastly
has entertained around the world. Furthermore, globalization also became
more popular and one of crucial factor behind the wider attention of many
issues related to human developments.
Keohane and Nye (2001) believe that “complex interdepen-dence”
occurred due to international relations become more complex and not
emphasize on state-to-state relations per se. People-to-people relations as
well as inter-organizations also should taking into account as international
relations phenomena. Hence, the existence of the relationships was real
and not easy to control. his is because the emergence of so called multiple
channels (Keohane and Nye, 2001:21) in the globalization era which
totally afected to transformation of human relations. Everybody could
build relationship and contact with their partners worldwide beyond the
state borders. Abubakar Eby Hara (2009) opine that transnational relations
emerge due to the role of non-state actors such as mass media, NGOs
supported by internet access facilities become more dominant and critical
in international afairs.
he migration is one of easy sample how human movements become
freely and hardly uncontrolled including in Malaysia-Indonesia migration
phenomena. Migration is often framed as a security problem - a threat
to public order, national identity and welfare - (Huysmans, 2006) and
irregular migration a criminal ofense (Bigo 2003, AasFranko 2007 &
Pinyol-Jiménez 2012). Whereas trade and inance are subject to global
regulation, human mobility is not governed by a formal regime (except for
refugees) (Kalm 2012). In short, while capital, goods and skilled workers
circulate freely; unskilled migrants do not, at least not in a legal fashion.
16
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
hus, “mobility is a privilege that is unevenly distributed among human
beings” (Pécoud and de Guchteneire 2006). Migration control is a complex
and costly endeavor including border patrols, issuing of visas and residence
permits, prosecuting, detaining and removing undocumented migrants
(Pécoud and de Guchteneire 2006).
Whereas developed countries have the resources necessary to enforce
strict migration control the developing countries subject to the largest
inlux of immigrants are for the most, neither well equipped to protect
their borders, nor to accommodate refugees and migrants. he paradoxical
development with a free low in capital but not in human beings and the
uneven burden sharing of immigration raise several ethical, social and
political questions. What impact do changing border-control regimes have
on migrants? Can developed countries be ethically justiied in excluding
migrants from underprivileged parts of the world? Do aluent nation states
have any particular duties towards the global poor? hese questions were seen
very critical including in the context of Indonesian migrants phenomena
in Malaysia. In term of social political sciences perspective it was related to
how the countries handle these issues, while diplomatically both countries
also has attempted to manage the issues properly. Human rights issues also
should put at the discussion due to human rights will be bridging between
social political approach and migrant issues management.
THE ISSUES OF INDONESIAN IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN
MALAYSIA
Looking back to the past century, the existence of Indonesian migrant
workers in Malaysia known as Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) was close
correlation with regional powers before the arrival of bevy colonial. Such
empires as Majapahit, Srivijaya and Malacca were among kingdoms which
have huge inluence and power in the Southeast Asian region. Lili Yulyadi
(2009: 364) opined that among people in the region has a good relationship
in relation to communication, trade and cultures indeed. It can be said that
people to people contact or cross-border activities arguably has established
since early through various and multiple channels. Manuscripts and many
historical stories such as Sejarah Melayu, Hikayat Hang Tuah and Hikayat
Melayu dan Bugis (Tuhfat al-Nais) mentioned that trade and wars are
mediums used by peoples in the region to interact each other in order to
build intensive cooperation/ communication. Furthermore, colonial and
Malay authorities were also encouraged and really welcome Indonesian
ASEAN Community 2015
17
workers to Malaya (Liow 2005: 45). he cross-border activity between
the two countries slightly down when the emergence of Konfrontasi 19631966, though still smoothly maintain (BNP2TKI 2012). Hence, this
scenario totally changes after the occurrence of bloody ethnic riots in
13 Mei 1969. Consequently, Malaysian government especially UMNO
the ruling party felt that Malay supremacy was under threaten and seek
to make a balance. UMNO observed that the existence of Indonesian
migrant seen as a potential voters and very prospective to enhance Malay
power. Under this circumstances the arrival of huge number of Indonesian
migrant to Malaysia were totally encourage, appreciated, unoicial and
“silently welcomed” (Liow 2005: 46).
Culture similarities such as language, ethnic and custom were signiicant
factor behind the easy and rapid assimilation of Indonesian migrant with
local community especially Malay ethnic. he May 13th, 1969 riot became
a momentum to accomplish Indonesia-Malaysia relationship which
jeopardized by Sukarno’s aggressive policy. Furthermore, the arrival of
Indonesian migrant also supported by international agenda namely war
against communism which became attention between the two countries
concurrently. Along with the rest and slow down of communism attack,
while the inlux of Indonesian migrant are still increase from time to time.
his is because Malaysia was under good condition after the government
launched New Economic Policy (NEP), while the demand towards
Indonesia cheap workers signiicantly rose. However, large number
of unemployment notably in Java Island is the main factor behind this
scenario (Liow 2005: 47).
Ironically, in the mid of Malaysia rapid development and the rise of
huge number of middle class income many Malaysian are tend to neglect
the “dirty and rough” jobs. Automatically this vacancy totally utilized and
fulilled by many Indonesian workers which recognized as hard workers
and specialize in 3Dsectors namely (dirty, dangerous and diicult)
(Muhammad Iqbal dan Ariin Zainal 2009). Former Malaysian minister
of communications and multimedia Zainuddin Maidin also recognize that
“many Malaysian are selective in job vacancies and unskillful compared
to Indonesian. Without Indonesian workers we are in diicult situation”
(Buletin KJRI 2007: 16). Accordingly, Malaysia is highly dependent
towards Indonesian workers notably informal sectors.
Malaysia totally toke beneits from the existence of Indonesian workers,
while Indonesia also obtained reimbursement. Indonesia got advantages in
18
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
two types namely socially and economically. Socially, the arrival of many
Indonesian in Malaysia could diminish huge number of unemployment
especially in Java Island. Economically, Indonesian foreign workers make
a contribution to the national economy through their remittance. he
demand towards Indonesian workers could be traced since 1970s and
1980s. Between 1970s and 1980s Malaysia needs towards Indonesian
workers approximately 38%-45% a year which posted in plantation sector.
his number is gradually increase from time to time and reach 57% or
12,277 workers in 1991 (Silia Hanani 2009).
Observing above situations Malaysian government was taking into
account seriously through some strategic actions. Government stake
holders prepared for handling migrant workers such as immigration, army
and civil volunteers or Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia (RELA). However,
the results not signiicant while crime index involving Indonesian migrant
are considerable increase. Indonesian migrants began to involve in some
serious crime activity including riots and attacking police for example in
Semenyih Selangor detention camp in 1998, Machap Umboo Melaka
immigration detention in 2001 and riot in Pekan Nenas, Pontian, Johor
detention. In the same year, Indonesian migrant also involve in a riot and
attacking police in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan (Nor Azizan Idris 2005: 153).
herefore, Malaysia hardly desire to re-examine Indonesian workers and
launch “Hire Indonesians last” (Liow 2005: 149). Local elite especially
Malay politicians also worry due to some of them were Christian and
allegedly preaching their religion to the local community (Liow 2003:
49).
Since then, the image of Indonesian workers began to downgrade and
fortunately they obtained mistreatment from their employers especially in
domestic sector such as sexual harassment, bad settlement, exploitation
and so forth (Wan Abdul Rahman Wan Ab. Latif 2012:132). Meanwhile,
the three negative images which embedded in Indonesian workers notably
women are maids, “part-timer” or prostitutes and “mistress” (Silia Hanani
2009). Analysts pointed out that it was probably due to the lack of education
among workers. A report igured out that the majority of Indonesian
workers in Malaysia were secondary school graduates (Muhammad
Iqbal dan Ariin Zainal 2009). However, Indonesian ministry of welfare
estimate diferently where 56,8% of Indonesian workers were no more
than elementary school (Sutaat 2007). he Indonesian government point
of view accuse that the negative images embedded to Indonesian workers
were stimulated by the uses of “Indon” by Malaysia mass media to exploit
ASEAN Community 2015
19
Indonesian workers (Nasrullah Ali Fauzi, 2009: 483). At the same time,
Malaysian government and media also do not hesitate to award Indonesian
workers as “troublemaker” (Liow 2004).
Both countries have taken serious action around 1970s up to 2000s
through consultations and meetings to handle Indonesian workers.
However, only two meetings have been made by both parties throughout
1980s to 2000s. Firstly is so called Perjanjian Medan or Medan Agreement
in 1984 which directly followed by mass huge deportation of Indonesian
illegal workers through Program Pemutihan PATI (1989-1991) and Program
Pengampunan PATI (1991-1992) to switch their status being a legal one
(Nor Azizan Idris 2005: 154). On spite of that, Malaysian government seen
unsatisied with Indonesian government, Malaysia also witness Indonesia
is unserious and did not really taking into account toughly in handling
PATI. Conversely, Indonesian accused Malaysia tend to exaggerate the
PATI issue (Liow 2005: 149).
In August 2001 both governments were agree to overcome PATI
problems after Megawati visit to Kuala Lumpur. In the next year, both
parties oicially sign an agreement in Bali in August 2002 following
massive deportation of Indonesian migrant by Malaysian government. his
action implement by Malaysian government in order to conduct Operasi
Nyah (Ops Nyah) to control PATI enrolment in the mid of 1997 Asian
inancial crisis. Malaysian immigration estimates that up to July 2002
roughly 253,540 PATI successfully transferred to the home country where
82% were Indonesian (Liow 2005: 155). Nonetheless, these meetings were
unsuccessfully to make both parties satisied (Liow 2004: 59). Hence,
some NGOs like Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM) and Tenaganita hugely
criticize and condemn the durable policy of Malaysian government which
suspected as human rights abuses. he NGOs also accuse that series of riots
that emerged in some areas were allegedly triggered by police provocation
(Liow 2003). However, both countries sometimes use and manipulate
these cases along with their political interests while the number of illegal
workers still boost and produce many serious problems.
ASEAN COMMUNITY AND THE ILLEGAL MIGRANT IN
MALAYSIA
Anisa Santoso (2012) argued that ASEAN has been moving progressively
in free market and economic integration. Yet for the area such as migrant
20
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
workers protection has had little progress. Compared to such regional
organization as European Union (EU) and Mercosur (Mercado Común
del Sur), ASEAN has slow progress and coherent policy to protect
migrant workers of member countries. EU and Mercosur for instance
have progressed well ahead in establishing a regional framework for the
protection of migrant workers. hey have initiated some comprehensive
regulation such as early as 1951 Paris Treaty, 1957 Treaty of Rome, Treaty
of Amsterdam 1997 and the establishment of the Community Charter on
the Social Rights of Workers in 1989. EU also commits to protect migrant
workers further through initiating European Social Fund which include
in the Treaty of European Union (TEU). Mercosur as Latin American
regional cooperation encompasses Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay,
Venezuela, and Bolivia very concern to protect their migrant workers.
hrough international forum especially ILO (International Labour
Organization) the Mercosur members actively initiate and delivering
the migrant workers issues. Indirectly, some critical issues addressing by
Mercosur were integrated in the ILO conventions. As results, some crucial
regulation such as the 1990 ILO Conventions on the Protection of Migrant
Workers and their Families and Permanent Multilateral Commission with
Decision 19/97 ratiied by the members (Santoso 2012: 2-3).
he Filipino business analyst opines that employees were the one of
important issues among ASEAN members. Facing the ASEAN Community
2015 he argued that local businesses should strive to increase productivity
of its employees through retooling and retraining. his again entails
investments in human capital to ensure that workers keep improving their
productivities to improve output (Lugtu 2013). In this context, it is the
positive signal to Indonesia and Malaysia to efort to resolve some migrant
workers issues especially Indonesian illegal workers in Malaysia. However,
it is not easy to create a comprehensive understanding and cooperation
between the two countries. Indonesia and Malaysia were facing dilemma
in the mid of huge number of Indonesian illegal workers in Malaysia.
he majority of Indonesian workers were illegal, while their contribution
totally needed. hus, both countries should smartly think regarding to
resolve and give solution towards Indonesian workers conjunction ASEAN
Community 2015. he Indonesian workers were potential capital to the
both countries, while the majority of the workers are Muslim. It is great
opportunity to join comprehensive partnership between Indonesia and
Malaysia as Muslim and main countries in ASEAN in order to achieving
the Ummah performance.
ASEAN Community 2015
21
In the context of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia, Muhamad
Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum & Mohd Haizzan Yahaya (2013), argued that
relatively similar with such cases as asylum seekers and refugees in terms
of their own travel documents which totally undocumented. However, a
country has authority whether to oppose or welcome them and they could
not enter a country without any single permission from the host country.
We should recognize as mentioned before that the majority of Indonesian
workers were illegal.
he Indonesian illegal migrant workers in Malaysia should take into
account seriously by Indonesian and Malaysia governments. In line
with ASEAN Community, both countries could establish some bilateral
institutions in order to handle the issues. Rizal Sukma (2003) argued
that through formal and informal institutions and practices could reduce,
prevent, and manage conlicts within ASEAN. Further, he also stated
that in order to become a Security Community, in the future ASEAN
only needs to strengthen its capability to prevent and resolve conlicts and
disorder. Moreover, the basis for a deep economic integration is already
provided for in the plan to create an ASEAN Social and Political Economy
Community. hus, again this is a great challenge as well as opportunity
to the Indonesia and Malaysia to strength cooperation in order to serve
and empowering potential workers. Retraining and educating the workers
which majority were Muslim, signiicantly will contribute not only to the
national economy but also positive development of Ummah in Indonesia
and Malaysia as the most populous Muslim and important countries in
the Southeast Asia.
CONCLUSION
his chapter concludes that Indonesian illegal workers were really
correlated with trans-border activities especially between Indonesia and
Malaysia. Furthermore, as it mentioned above highlight that people-topeople contact has established since the early of the nations building.
However, the illegal migrant phenomena were become taking into account
seriously after 1990s along with their increasing number in Malaysia.
Malaysian government has taken serious actions to decrease the number of
illegal migrant mostly from Indonesia. Nevertheless, they were treated as
like a criminal especially by security oicial, while the government itself did
not aware that have conducted human rights abuses. Facing the ASEAN
Community, both countries should establish comprehensive cooperation
22
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
in order to achieve and empowering the potential capital of the Indonesian
workers through some smart programs. Retraining and educating the
migrant workers are the two important recommendations given to the both
authorities. Hopefully, from the programs will produce productive workers
and ready to contribute to the both national development. Furthermore,
through the implementation of the constructive programs both countries
indirectly empowering the Ummah in order to facing ASEAN Community
2015.
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26
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Arry Bainus MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
2015
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et.all.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
ii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
CONTENTS
Contents .............................................................................................
Acknowledgement ..............................................................................
Foreword ............................................................................................
Introduction .......................................................................................
Chapter 1
Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and
Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah
and Wahyu Gunawan ............................................
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
iii
ix
xi
xiii
1
ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum ........................................................................
15
Communication Strategy through Media Education: An Efort to Achieve Harmony and Sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Rakhmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ................................
27
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
iii
Chapter 4
Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A.
Tachya Muhamad ....................................................
Chapter 5
Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal:
Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institutions
Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita
Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...........
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Urban Poverty and Housing
Chapter 8
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin..........................................................................
Human Traicking
Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin ...................................................................
iv
77
93
101
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
and Wahyu Gunawan ..............................................
Chapter 10
53
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ..................
Chapter 9
39
Concluding Remarks ..........................................
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
107
125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and
International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His
current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive
realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such
publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI),
Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International
Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University
of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security
and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a
dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University
Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology
Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political
sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns
are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the
politics of community.
Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work
ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)&
Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work
(IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
v
Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has
published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In
2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar MalaysiaIndonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia
(Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media
Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication
programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy
(2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development
Planning.
Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal
dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at
Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional
Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of
the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf,
Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives
(DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs,
Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who
identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently,
he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group
(AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and
Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user
community.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains
Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being
supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr.
Azlinda Azman.
vi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya.
He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and
Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology
in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and
Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University
of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from
University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration
from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior
Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head
of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a
Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work
Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).
Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department
of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and
rural community.
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 –
present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are
mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a
senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is
eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
vii
Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert
in sociology of government in rural community.
viii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving
me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy
Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would
not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I
have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of
Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty
Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha
Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance
and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many
individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we
wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran
University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali
Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this
book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at
Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for
providing continuous support towards my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ix
x
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
FOREWORD
Dr. Arry Bainus, MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and
success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices
in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book
which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many
academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other
ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very
much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be
understand and scrutinize for better intervention.
I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword
to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more
discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant
solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us
today.
I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their
ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers
to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this
book kind will be published in the near future.
hank you.
Wassalam.
Bandung, 2015
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xi
xii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main
objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of
sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of
social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies
and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory
chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for
human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human
life through many perspectives; political and international strategy,
culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various
theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy
directions.
In the irst chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT)
developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect
have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers
especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have
recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia.
It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and
plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time,
Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance
which totally contribute to the national economic development. However,
what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a
criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies
which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xiii
and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors
especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the
ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as
possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take
positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has
contribute to the development of “Ummah.”
In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media
education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in IndonesiaMalaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public
so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative
news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the
written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is
not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian
should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one
to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian
people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence
of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development.
However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend
to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis
importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving
modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who
are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth,
the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century.
his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values
that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is
relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty,
humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people.
he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development
and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work
harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of
the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential
economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.
In the chapter ifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic
Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions.
Nepal is one of the least developed, post conlict recovery countries going
through a series of transitions and eforts of nation building. his chapter
concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time
due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty
years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation
xiv
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic
Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model
or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable
due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the
values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires
an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of
research product for design and implementation of public policies. his
will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies
that the government is currently designing.
In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of
urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely
related to the development and history of the country. After the British
colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing
on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence
they are known as urban pioneers.
In chapter eigth focus on human traicking, issues and Challenges.
Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he researchers
concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region
is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual
exploitation are met). he challenges of the government has the right and
responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as
outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values
in the public administration and services will enhance the performance
of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and
crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers
can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a
rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time
and hopefully this research will also beneit the school management and
Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing
rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xv
research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in
spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s
involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide
as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as
criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.
his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader
“Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It
is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international
seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion
with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat
experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely
inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who
engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the
author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chapter
2
ASEAN Community 2015:
A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum
READERS GUIDE
his chapter focus on ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the
dilemma of Indonesian workers especially
those who categorized as illegal in
Malaysia. Both countries have recognized
their positive contribution whether for
Malaysia or Indonesia. It was undeniable
that all sectors in Malaysia especially
construction and plantation were using
Indonesian workers services. At the same
time, Indonesia also indirectly obtained
advantages through the remittance which
totally contribute to the national economic
development. However, what happened
in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested
and treat as a criminal. It should be stopped
ASEAN Community 2015
15
and substituted by the constructive policies which could give beneits to
the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia and the countries in ASEAN
should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers
which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015
both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all
aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant
workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of
“Ummah.”
INTRODUCTION
Migrant workers and international afairs: a short view
In the globalization context, all types of issues are indirectly and vastly
has entertained around the world. Furthermore, globalization also became
more popular and one of crucial factor behind the wider attention of many
issues related to human developments.
Keohane and Nye (2001) believe that “complex interdepen-dence”
occurred due to international relations become more complex and not
emphasize on state-to-state relations per se. People-to-people relations as
well as inter-organizations also should taking into account as international
relations phenomena. Hence, the existence of the relationships was real
and not easy to control. his is because the emergence of so called multiple
channels (Keohane and Nye, 2001:21) in the globalization era which
totally afected to transformation of human relations. Everybody could
build relationship and contact with their partners worldwide beyond the
state borders. Abubakar Eby Hara (2009) opine that transnational relations
emerge due to the role of non-state actors such as mass media, NGOs
supported by internet access facilities become more dominant and critical
in international afairs.
he migration is one of easy sample how human movements become
freely and hardly uncontrolled including in Malaysia-Indonesia migration
phenomena. Migration is often framed as a security problem - a threat
to public order, national identity and welfare - (Huysmans, 2006) and
irregular migration a criminal ofense (Bigo 2003, AasFranko 2007 &
Pinyol-Jiménez 2012). Whereas trade and inance are subject to global
regulation, human mobility is not governed by a formal regime (except for
refugees) (Kalm 2012). In short, while capital, goods and skilled workers
circulate freely; unskilled migrants do not, at least not in a legal fashion.
16
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
hus, “mobility is a privilege that is unevenly distributed among human
beings” (Pécoud and de Guchteneire 2006). Migration control is a complex
and costly endeavor including border patrols, issuing of visas and residence
permits, prosecuting, detaining and removing undocumented migrants
(Pécoud and de Guchteneire 2006).
Whereas developed countries have the resources necessary to enforce
strict migration control the developing countries subject to the largest
inlux of immigrants are for the most, neither well equipped to protect
their borders, nor to accommodate refugees and migrants. he paradoxical
development with a free low in capital but not in human beings and the
uneven burden sharing of immigration raise several ethical, social and
political questions. What impact do changing border-control regimes have
on migrants? Can developed countries be ethically justiied in excluding
migrants from underprivileged parts of the world? Do aluent nation states
have any particular duties towards the global poor? hese questions were seen
very critical including in the context of Indonesian migrants phenomena
in Malaysia. In term of social political sciences perspective it was related to
how the countries handle these issues, while diplomatically both countries
also has attempted to manage the issues properly. Human rights issues also
should put at the discussion due to human rights will be bridging between
social political approach and migrant issues management.
THE ISSUES OF INDONESIAN IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN
MALAYSIA
Looking back to the past century, the existence of Indonesian migrant
workers in Malaysia known as Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) was close
correlation with regional powers before the arrival of bevy colonial. Such
empires as Majapahit, Srivijaya and Malacca were among kingdoms which
have huge inluence and power in the Southeast Asian region. Lili Yulyadi
(2009: 364) opined that among people in the region has a good relationship
in relation to communication, trade and cultures indeed. It can be said that
people to people contact or cross-border activities arguably has established
since early through various and multiple channels. Manuscripts and many
historical stories such as Sejarah Melayu, Hikayat Hang Tuah and Hikayat
Melayu dan Bugis (Tuhfat al-Nais) mentioned that trade and wars are
mediums used by peoples in the region to interact each other in order to
build intensive cooperation/ communication. Furthermore, colonial and
Malay authorities were also encouraged and really welcome Indonesian
ASEAN Community 2015
17
workers to Malaya (Liow 2005: 45). he cross-border activity between
the two countries slightly down when the emergence of Konfrontasi 19631966, though still smoothly maintain (BNP2TKI 2012). Hence, this
scenario totally changes after the occurrence of bloody ethnic riots in
13 Mei 1969. Consequently, Malaysian government especially UMNO
the ruling party felt that Malay supremacy was under threaten and seek
to make a balance. UMNO observed that the existence of Indonesian
migrant seen as a potential voters and very prospective to enhance Malay
power. Under this circumstances the arrival of huge number of Indonesian
migrant to Malaysia were totally encourage, appreciated, unoicial and
“silently welcomed” (Liow 2005: 46).
Culture similarities such as language, ethnic and custom were signiicant
factor behind the easy and rapid assimilation of Indonesian migrant with
local community especially Malay ethnic. he May 13th, 1969 riot became
a momentum to accomplish Indonesia-Malaysia relationship which
jeopardized by Sukarno’s aggressive policy. Furthermore, the arrival of
Indonesian migrant also supported by international agenda namely war
against communism which became attention between the two countries
concurrently. Along with the rest and slow down of communism attack,
while the inlux of Indonesian migrant are still increase from time to time.
his is because Malaysia was under good condition after the government
launched New Economic Policy (NEP), while the demand towards
Indonesia cheap workers signiicantly rose. However, large number
of unemployment notably in Java Island is the main factor behind this
scenario (Liow 2005: 47).
Ironically, in the mid of Malaysia rapid development and the rise of
huge number of middle class income many Malaysian are tend to neglect
the “dirty and rough” jobs. Automatically this vacancy totally utilized and
fulilled by many Indonesian workers which recognized as hard workers
and specialize in 3Dsectors namely (dirty, dangerous and diicult)
(Muhammad Iqbal dan Ariin Zainal 2009). Former Malaysian minister
of communications and multimedia Zainuddin Maidin also recognize that
“many Malaysian are selective in job vacancies and unskillful compared
to Indonesian. Without Indonesian workers we are in diicult situation”
(Buletin KJRI 2007: 16). Accordingly, Malaysia is highly dependent
towards Indonesian workers notably informal sectors.
Malaysia totally toke beneits from the existence of Indonesian workers,
while Indonesia also obtained reimbursement. Indonesia got advantages in
18
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
two types namely socially and economically. Socially, the arrival of many
Indonesian in Malaysia could diminish huge number of unemployment
especially in Java Island. Economically, Indonesian foreign workers make
a contribution to the national economy through their remittance. he
demand towards Indonesian workers could be traced since 1970s and
1980s. Between 1970s and 1980s Malaysia needs towards Indonesian
workers approximately 38%-45% a year which posted in plantation sector.
his number is gradually increase from time to time and reach 57% or
12,277 workers in 1991 (Silia Hanani 2009).
Observing above situations Malaysian government was taking into
account seriously through some strategic actions. Government stake
holders prepared for handling migrant workers such as immigration, army
and civil volunteers or Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia (RELA). However,
the results not signiicant while crime index involving Indonesian migrant
are considerable increase. Indonesian migrants began to involve in some
serious crime activity including riots and attacking police for example in
Semenyih Selangor detention camp in 1998, Machap Umboo Melaka
immigration detention in 2001 and riot in Pekan Nenas, Pontian, Johor
detention. In the same year, Indonesian migrant also involve in a riot and
attacking police in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan (Nor Azizan Idris 2005: 153).
herefore, Malaysia hardly desire to re-examine Indonesian workers and
launch “Hire Indonesians last” (Liow 2005: 149). Local elite especially
Malay politicians also worry due to some of them were Christian and
allegedly preaching their religion to the local community (Liow 2003:
49).
Since then, the image of Indonesian workers began to downgrade and
fortunately they obtained mistreatment from their employers especially in
domestic sector such as sexual harassment, bad settlement, exploitation
and so forth (Wan Abdul Rahman Wan Ab. Latif 2012:132). Meanwhile,
the three negative images which embedded in Indonesian workers notably
women are maids, “part-timer” or prostitutes and “mistress” (Silia Hanani
2009). Analysts pointed out that it was probably due to the lack of education
among workers. A report igured out that the majority of Indonesian
workers in Malaysia were secondary school graduates (Muhammad
Iqbal dan Ariin Zainal 2009). However, Indonesian ministry of welfare
estimate diferently where 56,8% of Indonesian workers were no more
than elementary school (Sutaat 2007). he Indonesian government point
of view accuse that the negative images embedded to Indonesian workers
were stimulated by the uses of “Indon” by Malaysia mass media to exploit
ASEAN Community 2015
19
Indonesian workers (Nasrullah Ali Fauzi, 2009: 483). At the same time,
Malaysian government and media also do not hesitate to award Indonesian
workers as “troublemaker” (Liow 2004).
Both countries have taken serious action around 1970s up to 2000s
through consultations and meetings to handle Indonesian workers.
However, only two meetings have been made by both parties throughout
1980s to 2000s. Firstly is so called Perjanjian Medan or Medan Agreement
in 1984 which directly followed by mass huge deportation of Indonesian
illegal workers through Program Pemutihan PATI (1989-1991) and Program
Pengampunan PATI (1991-1992) to switch their status being a legal one
(Nor Azizan Idris 2005: 154). On spite of that, Malaysian government seen
unsatisied with Indonesian government, Malaysia also witness Indonesia
is unserious and did not really taking into account toughly in handling
PATI. Conversely, Indonesian accused Malaysia tend to exaggerate the
PATI issue (Liow 2005: 149).
In August 2001 both governments were agree to overcome PATI
problems after Megawati visit to Kuala Lumpur. In the next year, both
parties oicially sign an agreement in Bali in August 2002 following
massive deportation of Indonesian migrant by Malaysian government. his
action implement by Malaysian government in order to conduct Operasi
Nyah (Ops Nyah) to control PATI enrolment in the mid of 1997 Asian
inancial crisis. Malaysian immigration estimates that up to July 2002
roughly 253,540 PATI successfully transferred to the home country where
82% were Indonesian (Liow 2005: 155). Nonetheless, these meetings were
unsuccessfully to make both parties satisied (Liow 2004: 59). Hence,
some NGOs like Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM) and Tenaganita hugely
criticize and condemn the durable policy of Malaysian government which
suspected as human rights abuses. he NGOs also accuse that series of riots
that emerged in some areas were allegedly triggered by police provocation
(Liow 2003). However, both countries sometimes use and manipulate
these cases along with their political interests while the number of illegal
workers still boost and produce many serious problems.
ASEAN COMMUNITY AND THE ILLEGAL MIGRANT IN
MALAYSIA
Anisa Santoso (2012) argued that ASEAN has been moving progressively
in free market and economic integration. Yet for the area such as migrant
20
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
workers protection has had little progress. Compared to such regional
organization as European Union (EU) and Mercosur (Mercado Común
del Sur), ASEAN has slow progress and coherent policy to protect
migrant workers of member countries. EU and Mercosur for instance
have progressed well ahead in establishing a regional framework for the
protection of migrant workers. hey have initiated some comprehensive
regulation such as early as 1951 Paris Treaty, 1957 Treaty of Rome, Treaty
of Amsterdam 1997 and the establishment of the Community Charter on
the Social Rights of Workers in 1989. EU also commits to protect migrant
workers further through initiating European Social Fund which include
in the Treaty of European Union (TEU). Mercosur as Latin American
regional cooperation encompasses Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay,
Venezuela, and Bolivia very concern to protect their migrant workers.
hrough international forum especially ILO (International Labour
Organization) the Mercosur members actively initiate and delivering
the migrant workers issues. Indirectly, some critical issues addressing by
Mercosur were integrated in the ILO conventions. As results, some crucial
regulation such as the 1990 ILO Conventions on the Protection of Migrant
Workers and their Families and Permanent Multilateral Commission with
Decision 19/97 ratiied by the members (Santoso 2012: 2-3).
he Filipino business analyst opines that employees were the one of
important issues among ASEAN members. Facing the ASEAN Community
2015 he argued that local businesses should strive to increase productivity
of its employees through retooling and retraining. his again entails
investments in human capital to ensure that workers keep improving their
productivities to improve output (Lugtu 2013). In this context, it is the
positive signal to Indonesia and Malaysia to efort to resolve some migrant
workers issues especially Indonesian illegal workers in Malaysia. However,
it is not easy to create a comprehensive understanding and cooperation
between the two countries. Indonesia and Malaysia were facing dilemma
in the mid of huge number of Indonesian illegal workers in Malaysia.
he majority of Indonesian workers were illegal, while their contribution
totally needed. hus, both countries should smartly think regarding to
resolve and give solution towards Indonesian workers conjunction ASEAN
Community 2015. he Indonesian workers were potential capital to the
both countries, while the majority of the workers are Muslim. It is great
opportunity to join comprehensive partnership between Indonesia and
Malaysia as Muslim and main countries in ASEAN in order to achieving
the Ummah performance.
ASEAN Community 2015
21
In the context of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia, Muhamad
Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum & Mohd Haizzan Yahaya (2013), argued that
relatively similar with such cases as asylum seekers and refugees in terms
of their own travel documents which totally undocumented. However, a
country has authority whether to oppose or welcome them and they could
not enter a country without any single permission from the host country.
We should recognize as mentioned before that the majority of Indonesian
workers were illegal.
he Indonesian illegal migrant workers in Malaysia should take into
account seriously by Indonesian and Malaysia governments. In line
with ASEAN Community, both countries could establish some bilateral
institutions in order to handle the issues. Rizal Sukma (2003) argued
that through formal and informal institutions and practices could reduce,
prevent, and manage conlicts within ASEAN. Further, he also stated
that in order to become a Security Community, in the future ASEAN
only needs to strengthen its capability to prevent and resolve conlicts and
disorder. Moreover, the basis for a deep economic integration is already
provided for in the plan to create an ASEAN Social and Political Economy
Community. hus, again this is a great challenge as well as opportunity
to the Indonesia and Malaysia to strength cooperation in order to serve
and empowering potential workers. Retraining and educating the workers
which majority were Muslim, signiicantly will contribute not only to the
national economy but also positive development of Ummah in Indonesia
and Malaysia as the most populous Muslim and important countries in
the Southeast Asia.
CONCLUSION
his chapter concludes that Indonesian illegal workers were really
correlated with trans-border activities especially between Indonesia and
Malaysia. Furthermore, as it mentioned above highlight that people-topeople contact has established since the early of the nations building.
However, the illegal migrant phenomena were become taking into account
seriously after 1990s along with their increasing number in Malaysia.
Malaysian government has taken serious actions to decrease the number of
illegal migrant mostly from Indonesia. Nevertheless, they were treated as
like a criminal especially by security oicial, while the government itself did
not aware that have conducted human rights abuses. Facing the ASEAN
Community, both countries should establish comprehensive cooperation
22
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
in order to achieve and empowering the potential capital of the Indonesian
workers through some smart programs. Retraining and educating the
migrant workers are the two important recommendations given to the both
authorities. Hopefully, from the programs will produce productive workers
and ready to contribute to the both national development. Furthermore,
through the implementation of the constructive programs both countries
indirectly empowering the Ummah in order to facing ASEAN Community
2015.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues