Hubungan Kadar Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol dengan Kejadian dan Keparahan Stroke Akut
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahmed, N., Wahlgren, G. 2001. High initial blood pressure after acute stroke is
associated with poor functional outcome. J Intern Med. 249: 467–473.
Bang,O.Y., Saver,J.L., Liebeskind,D.S., Starkman,S., Villablanca,P., Salamon,N.,
et al. 2007. Cholesterol level and symptomatic hemmorrhagic
transformation after ischemic stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. 68:737-742.
Banks, JL., Marotta, CA. 2007. Outcomes validity and reliability of the Modified
Ranking Scale : Implications for stroke clinical trials : A literature review and
synthesis. Stroke. 38: 1091-1096.
Biggerstaff,K.D.,Wooten,J.S.2004. Understanding lipoproteins as transporters of
cholesterol and other lipids. Advan in Physiol Edu. 28:105-106.
Bilic, I., Dzamonja, G., Lusic, I., Matijaca, M., Caljkusic, K. 2009. Risk factors and
outcome differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Acta Clin
Croat. 48(4):399-403.
Bowman,T.S., Sesso,H.D., Ma,J., Kurth,T., Kase,C.S., Stampfer,M.J., et.al. 2003.
Cholesterol and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke; 34:2930-2934.
Caplan, L.R. 2009. Caplan’s stroke: a clinical approach. Saunders Elsevier,
Philadelphia.
Carter, A.M., Catto,A.J., Mansfield,M.W., Bamford,J.M., Grant, P.J. 2007.
Predictive variables for mortality after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke.
38:1873-1880.
Crook, M.A. 2012. Clinical biochemistry and metabolic medicine. CRC press.
Taylor & Francis Group, Florida.
Dahlan, M.S. 2010. Besar sampel dan cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian
kedokteran dan kesehatan. Penerbit Salemba Medika, Jakarta.
De Wit, L.,Putman, K., Devos, H., Brinkmann,N., Dejaeger,E., De Weerdt,W., et
al. 2012. Five-year mortality and related prognostic factors after inpatient
stroke rehabilitation: A European multicentre study. J Rehabil Med. 44 (7):
547-52.
Dinic,J. 2011. Plasma membrane order; the role of cholesterol and links to actin
filaments. The Wenner-Green Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm.
Duncan,P.W., Jorgensen,H.S., Wade,D.T. 2000. Outcome measures in acute
stroke trials: A systematic review and some recommendations to improve
practice. Stroke. 31:1429-1438.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Fischbach FT. 2003. A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. 7th ed.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. New York.
Fitchett,D.H., Goodman,S.G., Langer,A. 2008. Ischemic stroke: A cardiovascular
risk equivalent? Lesson learned from the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive
Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Can J Cardiol;24(9):705708.
Go, A.S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V.L., Benjamin, E.J., Berry, J.D., Blaha, M.J., et
al. 2013. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: A report from the
American Heart Association. Circulation. 129: e28-e292.
Gofir, A. 2009. Manajemen Stroke. Evidence Based Medicine. Pustaka Cendekia
Press. Yogyakarta.
Goldstein, L.B. 2009. The complex relationship between cholesterol and brain
hemorrhage. Circulation. 119: 2131-2133.
Hart,C.L., Hole,D.J., Smith,G.D. 2000. The relation between cholesterol and
haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke in Renfrew/ Paisley study. J Epidemiol
Community Health;54: 874-875.
Hegele, R.A. 2009. Plasma lipoproteins: genetic influences and clinical
implications. Nature reviews. 10:109-121.
Hemphill,J.C., Bonovich,D.C., Besmetris,L., Manley,G.T., Johnston,S.C. 2001.
The ICH score: A simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral
hemorrhage. Stroke; 32:891-897.
Hemphill,J.C., Farrant,M., Neill,T.A. 2009. Prospective validation pf ICH score for
12 month functional outcome. Neurology; 73:1088-1094.
Ibrahim, S., Sung, J., Song, Y., Ferrer, R., Lawlor, D.A., Smith, G.D. 2006. Serum
cholesterol, hemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction:
Korean national health system prospective cohort study. BMJ. 10:1136-1142.
Jauch, E.C., Saver, J.L., Adam, H.P., Bruno, A., Connors, J.J., Demaerschalk,
B.M., et al. 2013. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute
ischemic stroke. Stroke. 44: 870-947.
Jellinger,P.S., Mehta,A.E., Handelsman,Y., Shepherd MD. 2012. American
Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Guidelines for Management of
Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Endocrine Practice. 18(1).
Jong,D., Kessels,F., Lodder,J. 2002. Two types of lacunar infarcts. Further
arguments from a study on prognosis. Stroke;33:2072-2076.
Kelly-Hayes, PA., Robertson, JT., Broderick, JP. 1998. The American Heart
Association Stroke Outcome Classification. Stroke. 29: 1274-1280.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia
2011. Perhimpunan Endokrinologi Indonesia (Perkeni), Jakarta.
Koren-Morag,N., Tanne,D., Graff,E., Goldbourt,U. 2002. Low- and high density
lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern
Med. 162: 993-999.
Kurth, T. 2007. Lipid levels and the risk of ischemic stroke in women. Neurology.
20;68(8):556-562.
Lambert, M. 2011. AHA/ASA Guidelines on Prevention of Recurrent Stroke. Am
Fam Physician. 15, 83(8) : 993-1001.
Mayes, P.A., Botham, K.M. 2003. Lipid Transport and Storage. In: Murray RK,
Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry.
26th ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Companies. P. 205-211. New
York.
Misbach, J. 2011. Stroke : Aspek diagnostik, patofisiologi, manajemen. Badan
Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta.
Molshatzki,N., Orion,D., Tsabari,R., Schwammwnthal,Y., Merzeliak,O., Toashi,M.,
et al. 2011. Chronic kidney disease in patients with acute intracerebral
hemorrhage: association with large hematoma volume and poor outcome.
Cerebrovasc Dis;31:271-277.
Nag,C., Das,K., Ghosh,M.,Khandakar,M.R. 2012. Prediction of clinical outcome in
acute hemorrhagic stroke from single CT scan on admission. N Am J Med
Sci;4(10):463-467.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2004. The Seventh Report of the Joint
National Committee of Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure. US Department of Health and Services.
Noda,H., Iso,H., Irie,F., Sairenchi,T., Ohtaka,E., Doi,M., et al. 2009. Low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and death due to intraparenchymal
hemorrhage. The Ibaraki Perfectual Health Study. Circulation. 119:21362145.
Pokdi Stroke Perdossi. 2011. Guideline Stroke Tahun 2011. Perdossi. Jakarta.
Ramirez-Moreno,J.M., Cassado-Naranjo,I., Portilla,J.C. 2009. Serum cholesterol
LDL and 90-day mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke.
40:1917-1920.
Rodriguez-Luna,D., Rubiera,M., Ribo,M. 2011. Serum low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol level predicts hematoma growth and clinical outcome after acute
intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 42:2447-2452.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sacco,R.L., Benson,R.T., Kargman,D.E. 2001. High density lipoprotein cholesterol
and ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.
JAMA. 6;285(21):2729-2735.
Sacco,R.L., Kasner,S.E., Broderick,J.P. 2013. An Updated Definition of Stroke for
the 21st Century: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 44:00-00.
Sarti,C., Kaarisalo,M., Tuomilehto,J. 2000. The relationship between cholesterol
and stroke. Drug & Aging. 17(1):33-51.
Schlegel,D., Kolb,S.J., Luciano,J.M., Tovar,J.M., Cucchiara,B.L., Liebeskind,D.S,
et al. 2003. Utility of the NIH stroke scale as predictor of hospital
disposistion. Stroke;34:134-137.
Shahar, E., Chambless, L.E., Rosamond. 2003. Plasma lipid profile and incident
ischemic stroke: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Stroke. 34: 623-631.
Sims, J.R., Gharai, L.R., Schaefer, P.W., Vangel, M., Rosenthal, E.S., Lev, M.H.,
and Schwamm, L.H. 2009. ABC/2 for rapid clinical estimate of infarct,
perfusion, and mismatch volumes. Neurology: 72(24): 2104-2110
Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung. Medan.
Sturgeon,J.D., Folsom,A.R., Longstreth,W.T, Shahar,E., Rosamond,W.D.,
Cushman,M. 2007. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in a pooled
prospective study. Stroke. 38:2718-1725.
Taqui A, Kamal AK. 2007. Stroke in Asians. Pak J Neurol Sci. 2(1): 14-17.
Thijs,V.N., Landsberg,M.G., Beaulieu,C., Marks,M.P., Moseley,M.E., Albers,G.W.
2000. Is early ischemic lesion volume on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and
independent predictor of stroke outcome?A multivariable analysis.
Stroke;31:2597-2602.
Truelsen, T., Piechonski-Jozwiak, B., Bonita, R.l. 2006. Stroke Incidence and
Prevalence in Europe : a review of available data. European Journal of
Neurology. 13(6): 581-589.
Tsao,J.W., Hemphill,J.C., Johnston,S.C., Smith,W.S., Bonovich,D.C.2005. Initial
Glasgow Coma Scale score predicts outcome following thrombolysis for
posterior circulation stroke. Arch Neurol;26(7): 1126-9.
Weaver,C., Nappi,A., Bodhit,A., Ju,T., Applewhite,H., Hedna,V.,et al. 2012.
Prehospital GCS score as predictor of outcome after acute ischemic stroke.
Neurology;78(Meeting abstracts 1):P06.238.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Weir,C.J., Bradford,A.P.J., Lees,K.R. 2003. The prognostic value of the
components of the Glasgow Coma Scale following acute stroke. Q J Med;
96: 67-74.
Wiebers, D.O., Feigin, V.L., Brown, R.D. 2006. Handbook of stroke, 2nd ed.
Lippincott, William & Wilkins, Minnesota.
Williams, L. 2009. Stroke outcome assessments. In : Goldstein L (editor) : A
primer on stroke prevention and treatment. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 234-242.
Willmot, M., Leonardi-Bee, J., Bath, P. 2004. High blood pressure in acute stroke
and subsequent outcome: a systematic review. Hypertension. 43:18-24.
Wilson, D.D. 2008. Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Mc-Graw Hills
Companies Inc. New York.
Zhang,J., Wang,Y., Wang,G., Sun,H.,Sun,T., Shi,J., et al. 2011. Clinical factors in
patients with ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke in east China. World J
Emerg Med. 2(1):18-23.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ahmed, N., Wahlgren, G. 2001. High initial blood pressure after acute stroke is
associated with poor functional outcome. J Intern Med. 249: 467–473.
Bang,O.Y., Saver,J.L., Liebeskind,D.S., Starkman,S., Villablanca,P., Salamon,N.,
et al. 2007. Cholesterol level and symptomatic hemmorrhagic
transformation after ischemic stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. 68:737-742.
Banks, JL., Marotta, CA. 2007. Outcomes validity and reliability of the Modified
Ranking Scale : Implications for stroke clinical trials : A literature review and
synthesis. Stroke. 38: 1091-1096.
Biggerstaff,K.D.,Wooten,J.S.2004. Understanding lipoproteins as transporters of
cholesterol and other lipids. Advan in Physiol Edu. 28:105-106.
Bilic, I., Dzamonja, G., Lusic, I., Matijaca, M., Caljkusic, K. 2009. Risk factors and
outcome differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Acta Clin
Croat. 48(4):399-403.
Bowman,T.S., Sesso,H.D., Ma,J., Kurth,T., Kase,C.S., Stampfer,M.J., et.al. 2003.
Cholesterol and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke; 34:2930-2934.
Caplan, L.R. 2009. Caplan’s stroke: a clinical approach. Saunders Elsevier,
Philadelphia.
Carter, A.M., Catto,A.J., Mansfield,M.W., Bamford,J.M., Grant, P.J. 2007.
Predictive variables for mortality after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke.
38:1873-1880.
Crook, M.A. 2012. Clinical biochemistry and metabolic medicine. CRC press.
Taylor & Francis Group, Florida.
Dahlan, M.S. 2010. Besar sampel dan cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian
kedokteran dan kesehatan. Penerbit Salemba Medika, Jakarta.
De Wit, L.,Putman, K., Devos, H., Brinkmann,N., Dejaeger,E., De Weerdt,W., et
al. 2012. Five-year mortality and related prognostic factors after inpatient
stroke rehabilitation: A European multicentre study. J Rehabil Med. 44 (7):
547-52.
Dinic,J. 2011. Plasma membrane order; the role of cholesterol and links to actin
filaments. The Wenner-Green Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm.
Duncan,P.W., Jorgensen,H.S., Wade,D.T. 2000. Outcome measures in acute
stroke trials: A systematic review and some recommendations to improve
practice. Stroke. 31:1429-1438.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Fischbach FT. 2003. A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. 7th ed.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. New York.
Fitchett,D.H., Goodman,S.G., Langer,A. 2008. Ischemic stroke: A cardiovascular
risk equivalent? Lesson learned from the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive
Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Can J Cardiol;24(9):705708.
Go, A.S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V.L., Benjamin, E.J., Berry, J.D., Blaha, M.J., et
al. 2013. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: A report from the
American Heart Association. Circulation. 129: e28-e292.
Gofir, A. 2009. Manajemen Stroke. Evidence Based Medicine. Pustaka Cendekia
Press. Yogyakarta.
Goldstein, L.B. 2009. The complex relationship between cholesterol and brain
hemorrhage. Circulation. 119: 2131-2133.
Hart,C.L., Hole,D.J., Smith,G.D. 2000. The relation between cholesterol and
haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke in Renfrew/ Paisley study. J Epidemiol
Community Health;54: 874-875.
Hegele, R.A. 2009. Plasma lipoproteins: genetic influences and clinical
implications. Nature reviews. 10:109-121.
Hemphill,J.C., Bonovich,D.C., Besmetris,L., Manley,G.T., Johnston,S.C. 2001.
The ICH score: A simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral
hemorrhage. Stroke; 32:891-897.
Hemphill,J.C., Farrant,M., Neill,T.A. 2009. Prospective validation pf ICH score for
12 month functional outcome. Neurology; 73:1088-1094.
Ibrahim, S., Sung, J., Song, Y., Ferrer, R., Lawlor, D.A., Smith, G.D. 2006. Serum
cholesterol, hemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction:
Korean national health system prospective cohort study. BMJ. 10:1136-1142.
Jauch, E.C., Saver, J.L., Adam, H.P., Bruno, A., Connors, J.J., Demaerschalk,
B.M., et al. 2013. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute
ischemic stroke. Stroke. 44: 870-947.
Jellinger,P.S., Mehta,A.E., Handelsman,Y., Shepherd MD. 2012. American
Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Guidelines for Management of
Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Endocrine Practice. 18(1).
Jong,D., Kessels,F., Lodder,J. 2002. Two types of lacunar infarcts. Further
arguments from a study on prognosis. Stroke;33:2072-2076.
Kelly-Hayes, PA., Robertson, JT., Broderick, JP. 1998. The American Heart
Association Stroke Outcome Classification. Stroke. 29: 1274-1280.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia
2011. Perhimpunan Endokrinologi Indonesia (Perkeni), Jakarta.
Koren-Morag,N., Tanne,D., Graff,E., Goldbourt,U. 2002. Low- and high density
lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern
Med. 162: 993-999.
Kurth, T. 2007. Lipid levels and the risk of ischemic stroke in women. Neurology.
20;68(8):556-562.
Lambert, M. 2011. AHA/ASA Guidelines on Prevention of Recurrent Stroke. Am
Fam Physician. 15, 83(8) : 993-1001.
Mayes, P.A., Botham, K.M. 2003. Lipid Transport and Storage. In: Murray RK,
Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry.
26th ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Companies. P. 205-211. New
York.
Misbach, J. 2011. Stroke : Aspek diagnostik, patofisiologi, manajemen. Badan
Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta.
Molshatzki,N., Orion,D., Tsabari,R., Schwammwnthal,Y., Merzeliak,O., Toashi,M.,
et al. 2011. Chronic kidney disease in patients with acute intracerebral
hemorrhage: association with large hematoma volume and poor outcome.
Cerebrovasc Dis;31:271-277.
Nag,C., Das,K., Ghosh,M.,Khandakar,M.R. 2012. Prediction of clinical outcome in
acute hemorrhagic stroke from single CT scan on admission. N Am J Med
Sci;4(10):463-467.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2004. The Seventh Report of the Joint
National Committee of Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure. US Department of Health and Services.
Noda,H., Iso,H., Irie,F., Sairenchi,T., Ohtaka,E., Doi,M., et al. 2009. Low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and death due to intraparenchymal
hemorrhage. The Ibaraki Perfectual Health Study. Circulation. 119:21362145.
Pokdi Stroke Perdossi. 2011. Guideline Stroke Tahun 2011. Perdossi. Jakarta.
Ramirez-Moreno,J.M., Cassado-Naranjo,I., Portilla,J.C. 2009. Serum cholesterol
LDL and 90-day mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke.
40:1917-1920.
Rodriguez-Luna,D., Rubiera,M., Ribo,M. 2011. Serum low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol level predicts hematoma growth and clinical outcome after acute
intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 42:2447-2452.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sacco,R.L., Benson,R.T., Kargman,D.E. 2001. High density lipoprotein cholesterol
and ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.
JAMA. 6;285(21):2729-2735.
Sacco,R.L., Kasner,S.E., Broderick,J.P. 2013. An Updated Definition of Stroke for
the 21st Century: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 44:00-00.
Sarti,C., Kaarisalo,M., Tuomilehto,J. 2000. The relationship between cholesterol
and stroke. Drug & Aging. 17(1):33-51.
Schlegel,D., Kolb,S.J., Luciano,J.M., Tovar,J.M., Cucchiara,B.L., Liebeskind,D.S,
et al. 2003. Utility of the NIH stroke scale as predictor of hospital
disposistion. Stroke;34:134-137.
Shahar, E., Chambless, L.E., Rosamond. 2003. Plasma lipid profile and incident
ischemic stroke: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Stroke. 34: 623-631.
Sims, J.R., Gharai, L.R., Schaefer, P.W., Vangel, M., Rosenthal, E.S., Lev, M.H.,
and Schwamm, L.H. 2009. ABC/2 for rapid clinical estimate of infarct,
perfusion, and mismatch volumes. Neurology: 72(24): 2104-2110
Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung. Medan.
Sturgeon,J.D., Folsom,A.R., Longstreth,W.T, Shahar,E., Rosamond,W.D.,
Cushman,M. 2007. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in a pooled
prospective study. Stroke. 38:2718-1725.
Taqui A, Kamal AK. 2007. Stroke in Asians. Pak J Neurol Sci. 2(1): 14-17.
Thijs,V.N., Landsberg,M.G., Beaulieu,C., Marks,M.P., Moseley,M.E., Albers,G.W.
2000. Is early ischemic lesion volume on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and
independent predictor of stroke outcome?A multivariable analysis.
Stroke;31:2597-2602.
Truelsen, T., Piechonski-Jozwiak, B., Bonita, R.l. 2006. Stroke Incidence and
Prevalence in Europe : a review of available data. European Journal of
Neurology. 13(6): 581-589.
Tsao,J.W., Hemphill,J.C., Johnston,S.C., Smith,W.S., Bonovich,D.C.2005. Initial
Glasgow Coma Scale score predicts outcome following thrombolysis for
posterior circulation stroke. Arch Neurol;26(7): 1126-9.
Weaver,C., Nappi,A., Bodhit,A., Ju,T., Applewhite,H., Hedna,V.,et al. 2012.
Prehospital GCS score as predictor of outcome after acute ischemic stroke.
Neurology;78(Meeting abstracts 1):P06.238.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Weir,C.J., Bradford,A.P.J., Lees,K.R. 2003. The prognostic value of the
components of the Glasgow Coma Scale following acute stroke. Q J Med;
96: 67-74.
Wiebers, D.O., Feigin, V.L., Brown, R.D. 2006. Handbook of stroke, 2nd ed.
Lippincott, William & Wilkins, Minnesota.
Williams, L. 2009. Stroke outcome assessments. In : Goldstein L (editor) : A
primer on stroke prevention and treatment. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 234-242.
Willmot, M., Leonardi-Bee, J., Bath, P. 2004. High blood pressure in acute stroke
and subsequent outcome: a systematic review. Hypertension. 43:18-24.
Wilson, D.D. 2008. Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Mc-Graw Hills
Companies Inc. New York.
Zhang,J., Wang,Y., Wang,G., Sun,H.,Sun,T., Shi,J., et al. 2011. Clinical factors in
patients with ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke in east China. World J
Emerg Med. 2(1):18-23.
Universitas Sumatera Utara