A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING DEMONSTRATED BY BECAK DRIVERS IN MALIOBORO STREET YOGYAKARTA THESIS
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING
DEMONSTRATED
BY BECAK DRIVERS IN MALIOBORO STREET
YOGYAKARTA
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiner in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English and Educational Department
' ER 'fG A
SRI SETYAN1NGSIH NIM: 113 01 016
Engslish Department of Educational Faculty
State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN)
Salatiga
2006 DEPARTEMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE SALATIGA
J L . S tadion 3 (Phone (0298) 3 2 3 7 0 6 SaCatifja 50721
Salatiga, March 3^2006 ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case : Sri Setyaningsih’s Thesis Dear, The Head o f State Islamic
Studies Institute o f Salatiga Assalam u ’alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Sri Setyaningsih’s thesis entitle “A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING DEMONSTRATED BY BECAK DRIVERS IN MALIOBORO STREET YOGYAKARTA”, we have decided and we would like to propose that if it can be accepted by the educational faculty, I hope it will be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Consultant
Hammam, M.Pd NIP. 150 301 298
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STA TE ISL A M IC STU D IES IN ST IT U T E (STAIN) SA LA TIG A
J l Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721 Website :
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
A D ESC R IPT IV E ST U D Y OF CO DE SW ITC H IN G
D E M O N ST R A T E D B Y B E C A K DR IV ER S
IN M A L IO B O R O STR EE T Y O G Y A K A R T A
SR I SE T Y A N IN G SIH
N IM . 113 01 016
Has been brought to the board o f exam iners in M arch, 15th 2006 M / Sofar, 15th 1427 H, and hereby considered to completely fullfillm ent o f the requirem ent for the degree o f Sarjana in The English and Educational Faculty.
M arch, 15* 2006 M
Salatiga, ----------------------------------
Shofar, 15th 1427 H Board o f exam iners
D E P A R T E M E N A G A M A RI S E K O L A H T IN G G I A G A M A IS L A M N E G E R I (S T A IN ) S A L A T IG A
Jl. Stadion 03 Telp. (0298) 323706, 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website :
DEKLARASI
a LSI pwW,“!Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab, peneliti menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini tidak berisi materi yang pernah ditulis oleh orang lain atau pernah diterbitkan. Demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran-pikiran orang lain, kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran orang lain di luar referensi yang peneliti cantumkan, maka peneliti sanggup mempertanggung jawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini di hadapan sidang munaqosah skripsi.
Demikian deklarasi ini dibuat oleh penulis untuk dapat dimaklumi.
Salatiga, 02 Maret 2006 Penulis,
SRI SETYANINGSIH NIM : 113 01 016
MOTTO
cA friend is someone who knows the song in your heart
and sing it back when you forgotren the words
DEDICATIO N
Titis tdesis is dedicated to:
M y dus6andand my 6etovedfamity
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the compassionate, bless and praises always go to great prophet Muhammad. Alhamdulillah, everlasting thanks to Allah, the writer must be deeply grateful to Allah for his blessing, whose without help the writer would have not been able to finish this thesis. Those who ask help to Allah will never feel disappointment.
This thesis is presented to English Department o f State Islamic Studies Institute ( STAIN ) Salatiga in partial fulfillment o f the requirement for the Saijana degree. The writer is aware that she would not have been able to finish her thesis without the help of the following, in particular, to whom the writer is deeply indebted to:
1. Drs. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag, the head o f State Islamic Studies Institute o f Salatiga, for allowing her to conduct a research.
2. Drs. Sa’adi, M. Ag, the dean o f English Department o f Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga, for his guidance and encouragement.
3. Hammam, M.Pd as the consultant who is always ready to give help in solving her problem concerning the writing for the finishing o f die thesis. Thanks you very much for you patience and guidance.
4. All o f the lectures o f English Department, the writer deeply thanks you all for not only giving knowledge, but also insight.
5. My beloved family; father, mother, “yonge”, sister and my niece too, which has facilitated, giving pray and encouraged the writer to finish her study. I could have never thanked you enough and never been able to repay what you done and given to me.
6. Special person in my live, my husband who always patiently gives support, guidance and suggestion.
7. My friends in Pengilon (Vita, Zizzah, Wiwiek, Noeroel, Ema, and Lastri), “ Don’t forget our togetherness “.
8. All my friends, especially the students o f TBI ’01 (Saroh, Sita, Vita, Nely, and the others who cannot mention one by one).
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is imperfect. The writer gladly accept constructive criticisms and evaluation to make this thesis better.
Salatiga, 2 Maret 2006 The writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
C H A P T E R ! INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS A. C onclusion............................................................. B. Suggestion.............................................................. Bibliography Appendix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study The writer once took a walk in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta when she
saw a becak driver having a conversation with foreign tourists. Because o f her curiosity, the writer then came closer to them. She heard the becak driver trying to offer his becak to the foreign tourists.
Becak Driver :“Becak Sir?” Foreign Tourist :“Yes” Becak Driver :“Where to go?” Forreign Tourist :“Kraton, How much?” Becak Driver :“Ten Thousands” (showing his ten fingers)
Foreign Tourist :“No, That’s too expensive, five thousands Okay?” Becak Driver :(Looking his friends) “Adoh Je. Kraton is far Sir, ten thousands okay?”
Foreign Tourist :“Okay, Okay” The conversation above surprised the The becak driver can communicate with foreign tourists even thougl
The becak driver knew who he was facing when a foreigner asked me fare for his serv word “Adah''which was put in the sentenc
Indonesia is a multilingual nation, because it has heterogeneous populations. There are many tribes and almost each tribe has its own language, for example: Balinese, Sundanese, Javanese etc. Nababan states that there are approximately 480 different language in Indonesia.1 As Indonesian people are mobile, the interaction between people from one region and people from other region frequently happens. There are also foreign people coming to Indonesia
either for business or having a vacation. Consequently those people mostly switch from one language to another.
A similar situation happens in Yogyakarta, which is the part o f Indonesia. Code switching happens in both formal and informal situation and one o f the example is the phenomenon which is demonstrated by becak
drivers along the Malioboro Street Yogyakarta as shown in the early part o f this chapter.
The example above describes how the becak driver switched from English to Javanese. The speaker moved to a clause o f another language during the same conversation. The clause “AdohJe” is a Javanese clause.
The writer is interested in this topics because she finds that mostly
becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta are multilingual for a least they
master Javanese, Indonesian and knows little English. They use Javanese to talk with their friends, Indonesian used to offer their service to domestic tourists and have conversation with them and English used to offer their service to foreign tourists.
1 Nababan, Sri Utari Subyak to. M etodologi Pengajaran Bahasa, Jakarta, PT Gramedia
3 Based on this concern, the writer would like to study these problems
under title “A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING DEMONSTRATED BY BECAK DRIVERS IN MALIOBORO STREET YOGYAKARTA”.
B. Statement o f the Problems
Based on the phenomena in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta, the writer can formulate the problems, as follow:
1. What are the code switches demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta?
2. What are the conversational function o f code switching demonstrated by
becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta?
3. What are the factors influences for the code switching demonstrated by the
becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta?
C. Purpose of the Study In accordance with the problems o f the study, the writer formulates the objectives, as follow:
1. To describe the code-switches demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
2. To describe the conversational function o f code switching demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
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3. To describe the factors which are influences for the code switching demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
D. Significance o f the Study
By conducting this research, the writer expects that this study will be useful for the teachers and students in English Department o f Educational faculty. It can enrich the readers knowledge o f sociolinguistics. Besides she also hopes that this study will enlarge our view on sociolinguistics phenomenon (code switching) in our society.
E. Limitation o f the Problem
In this study the writer will only focus on the code switching which is demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta. The subjects o f the study are only the becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
F. Definition o f the Key-Terms
1. Code Switching :The use o f two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance.2
2. Conversational Function :The function of code switching is in oral communication. It includes quotation addressee specification, reiteration,
2 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski, Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Course Book, New York, St. Martin's Press Inc, 1994. p.3.
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interjection, message qualification and personalization versus objectifization.3
3. Sosiocultural Factors ; The abstraction from topics o f communication, relationship between communicators and locales o f communication in accord once with the institutions o f a society and the spheres o f activity o f a speech community. It includes participants topics, situation, domain, setting, values, attitudes, beliefs.4
4. Individual Factors : Factors which consist o f individual preference and skill in using a language or the first language learned by the speaker. 5
G. Objective of The Study
Based on the their level o f proficiency they have learned about o f :
1. To find out the code switches demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta
2. To find out the conversational function o f code switching demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta
' Gnmperz, John J, Discourse Strategies, Cambrigde: cambrigde University Press, 1982, p. 75.
4 Saville Troike, Muriel, The Ethnography o f Communication, cambrigde: Blackwell, 1982, p. 75
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3. To find out the factors influences for the code switching demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta
H. Thesis Organization
This thesis consists into five chapters:
Chapter I is an introduction, which contains background o f the study, statement o f the problems, purpose o f the study, significance o f the study, limitation o f the problem, definition o f key-taros, objectives o f the study, research methodology and thesis organization.
Chapter II gives some review o f the related literature concerning language and speech community, code switching and review o f previous study.
Chapter III discusses the research methodology. It contains instrument o f the study, subject o f the study, data collection method, technique o f data collection and data presentation.
Chapter IV analysis o f the data collected. The data are analyzed by the code switches which are demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta, the conversational function o f code switching which are demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta and the factors which are influence for the code switching demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta.
The last is Chapter V, closure which concludes all o f the data analysis and gives some suggestions o f the problems discussed.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter, the writer would explain some problems of
language and speech community, code switching, review of previous study. In order to get completely understanding, the writer will explain them.
A. Review of the Previous Study
In order to avoid unnecessary replication and to enlarge our knowledge about linguistics the writer reviews the previous study which has a correlation with this study in terms of problems, research methodology and findings.
This previous research was conducted by Desi Kristina in 1999 titled “A Study o f Code Switching Demonstrated by the Priests of GPIB PNIEL
Surabaya”. In her research, she wanted to find out the code switches demonstrated by the priests of GPIB PNIEL, the conversational functions of code switching demonstrated by the priests. The writer conducted her research by using descriptive qualitative research which means the research is collect information about status o f an existing phenomenon, that is a phenomenon as what it is when the research is conducted. In this case the phenomenon being observed is the code switching demonstrated by the priests.
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In her research the writer found that code switching also happens in the church namely Gereja Protestan di Indonesia Bagian Barat PNIEL Surabaya. The language that must be used in the sermon is Indonesian. The situation is formal. However, the code switching still and often happens. The priests may use Indonesian-Javanese code switching, Indonesian-English code switching, and Indonesian-Hebraic code switching. She presented the data, that is code switching demonstrated by the priests o f GPIB PNIEL Surabaya, in the form of complete sentence which include the code switching, based on the original context o f the sermon.
Kristina used Halliday’s in Marasigan’s theory as a framework to analyze the language functions which include regulatory, interpersonal, personal, ideational, representational, and imaginative.1 While Gumperz theoiy in Marasigan were applied in analyzing the conversational functions, which include quotation, message qualification, repetition, addressee specification, interjection, personalization and objectification, facility of expression, and the individual factors of code switching which include individual preferences and skill. 1
1 Kristina, Desi. A Study o f Code Switching Demonstrated by The Priests o f GPIB PNIEL Surabaya.
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B. Code Switching and Code Mixing
1. Code Switching
We all have known that people live in speech community is heterogeneous. It is all because people nowadays are so mobile, that they socialize with people from different society, culture, region, or even nation frequently. In this case, the need to master more than one language is unavoidable. For instance, Indonesian people have to know Bahasa
Indonesia besides their regional language. People who master than one language called bilinguals.
In relation with bilinguals, there is an outstanding phenomenon in sociolinguistics study, called code switching. Hudson defines “code switching as the situation in which a single speaker uses different varieties at different times”.2 Gardner - Chloros in Coupland and Jaworski gives another definition that is “Code switching is the use of two or more language in the same conversation or utterance”.3
Hymes in Giglioli states that no normal person no normal community is limited repertoire to a single variety speak to an unchanging monotony which would produce the possibility of indicating respect, insolence, mock - serious humor, role distance, etc by switching from one code variety to another.4 The effect of code switching occurs in any speech
2 Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. Cambrigde : Cambrigde University Press. 1980. p. 56
3 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski. Op. cit. p. 361 4 Giglioli, Pier Paolo. Language and Social Contact New York : Penguin Books. 1972.
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community, especially in bilingual community, in order to cover the different situation in society.
Hoffmann states that: “Code switching often takes place in either formal or informal situation. In an informal situation, code switching occur quite often in the conversation between people who are familiar with each other, and which have shared educational, ethnic and socio economic background. While informal situation, code switches are usually avoided because of some factors related to prestige, language loyalty and formality. Those factors influence the speaker to concentrate on trying to approximate or keep to monolingual standards.”5 That is why code switching is rarely found in formal situation.
People often switch code without any awareness of the fact that they switch with different language in order to maintain the smoothness o f the conversation, make a topic clear and give information. They constantly and unconsciously code switch, if not from language then from variety to variety, most of the times without serious effort.6 It does not mean that the speakers who switch code always master the second language well.
According to Hoffman “Code switching does not always indicate that the speaker should master the second language as well as the first language, because code switching has been considered as a sign oh linguistics decay”.7
5 Hoffmann. Language Study. Cambrigde : Cambrigde University Press. 1991. p. 113 6 Wallwork, J. F. Language and Liunguistics : An Introduction to the Study of Language. New York. McGrawhill, Inc. 1978. p. 6
7 Hoffmann. Op. c it p. 109
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There are three types o f code switching, namely metaphorical code switching, conversational code switching and situational code switching.
Metaphorical switching is a switching where a variety normally used only in one kind o f situation is used in a different kind because the topics is the should which would normally arise in the first kind o f situation.8 An example is proposed by Bloom and Gumperz in Hudson :
“In the course of a morning spent at the community administration office, we noticed that Clerks used both standard and dialect phrases, depending or whether they were talking about official affairs or not, like wise, when residents step up to a Clerk’s desk, greeting and inquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction is carried in the standard”9 Conversational switching appears when a speaker switches code within a single sentence and may even do so many times. The clearest cases of conversational code switching are of course those in which the varieties concerned are most clearly different, as they are when they distinct language. The example from William Labov in Hudson is:
“Por eso coda (therefore each....), you know its nothing to be proud of, Porque yo no estoy (because I am not) o f it, as a matter of fact I hate it, Pero vieme y sabado yo estoy, tu me ve hacia mi, sola (but come (I) Friday and Satureday I am, you see me, you look at me, alone) with a aquisolita, a veces que Frankie me deja (here alone, sometimes Frankie leaves me), you know a stick or something...” 10
8 Hudson, R. A. Op. c it p. 56
9 Ibid. p. 56
10 Ibid p. 57
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While situational switching occur when the language change accompanies a change of topics or participants or anytime the situation redefined. For example a Javanese is being a Bahasa Indonesia teacher.
She will uses Bahasa Indonesia when discussing things related with school and probably switch into Javanese when discussing family problems.
Marasigan in Sulistiyaningsih states that code switching is not merely a tool to make the speaker gets closer to her hearer. It is also used to show solidarity, prestige, concealment and also get the obstacles out of message delivering process from the speaker.11 There are three reasons that can be proposed why people do code switching, one o f them is when code switching is viewed from social point o f view. The first social motivation o f switching is accommodation to the linguistic environment, which means people tend to accommodate the diversity in their linguistic environment. People who live in bilingual community for example always try to recognize who the hearer is. This is very important to decide which code they should use during the conversation. Second is the situational norm or other social expectations. This motivation is closely related with the situational norm in a certain areas, one area might be very different with another in term of its implementation. One simple example can be raised in the Javanese way o f speaking. As we know that the Javanese language has three levels, namely ngoko, bromo alus and kromo inggil. In
11 Sulistyaningsih, Ike. A Study o f Code Switching Demonstrated by The Students o f English Department of1K IP Surabaya.
Unpublished Thesis. Surabaya: IK.IP Surabaya. 1998. p.
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producing words a speaker will always consider who the interlocutor is, whether she is younger, the same age or older than her. If the interlocutor is younger or the same age the speaker uses ngoko all the time but if the interlocutor is older but close to her the speaker uses ngoko but usually switch to kromo alus or kromo inggil slightly. The last one is the influence of the interlocutor. This happens frequently during a conversation in daily life. According to Gardner-Chloros in Goupland and Jaworski, the influence of the interlocutor is perhaps the most intangible of the three types of motivation above due to the complexity o f speakers reactions to one another and the difficulty of comprehending which aspect of their identity they are bringing to the fore.12
As one of the sociolinguistics phenomenon code switching is so linked to human being. Many reasons are proposed by the speaker when they do code switching and some of them are mentioned above. Besides the reason above, actually there are conversational functions of code switching namely: quotation, addressee specification, interjection, reiteration, message qualification, and personalization versus objectivization.13 But people usually do not know or realize the functions of code switching they do.
Other things that must be known dealing with code switching are the factors that influence it. There are three major factors namely social factors, cultural factors, and individual factors. Social factors consists of
12 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski. Op. c it p. 356 13 Gumperz. John. J. Discourse Strategies. Cambrigde : Cambrigde University Press.
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participants, topic o f conversation, situation, setting o f conversation, and domain. Cultural factors include values, attitudes, and beliefs about both society and the language, The last one, individual factors, consist of individual preferences and skills.14
Research dealing with code switching had been conducted by Pascasio and Marasigan. They observed code switching which occur in Philipines. They found that Philipines speaks English as lingua-ffanca and Philipines as their mother tongue. Philipines often do Philipines-English code switching vice versa in the verbal communication.15
The similar phenomenon also happens in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta where there are becak drivers who switch code during their activities to get passengers. They sometimes switch from English to Javanese or Bahasa Indonesia-Javanese vice versa. The becak drivers may produce the following code switching:
1) English-Javanese code-switching It means the code switching is done from English into Javanese.
2) Indonesian-Javanese code-switching vice versa It means the code-switching is done from Indonesian into Javanese or vice versa.
14 Sulistyaningsih, Ike. Op. c it p.24
15 Ibid. p. 15
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In order to get a better understanding o f code switching, the writer will explain some problems of the conversational function o f code switching and the factors which are influence for the code switching.
1. The Conversational Function of Code Switching Saville - Troike states that the function o f code switching which may have within a speech community are: group identification, solidarity, distancing and redefinition of a situation.16 Another expert says that switching language may use not only to soften but also to strengthen a request. Saying something twice in different language may serve either to intensify or to eliminate ambiguity.
Gumperz in his book “Discourse Strategies” proposes three language situations as the examples in order to explore the mechanism by which code-switching conveys meaning and their relationship to grammar and speaker’s and listener’s social presupposition. 17 Those examples are: The Australian-Yugoslavian border village of formers and laborers where the speakers use Slovenian at home but they are educated in German and live in close proximity to German speaking village and shopping center.
The second is the situation which involves Indian college students from Urban Delhi. All students are native speakers o f Hindi who have had all their secondary education in English. In the last situation, participants are members of a group of Ghicano college students and urban professionals 16 Saville Troike, Muriel. The Ethnography o f Communication. Cambrigde : Blackwell.
1982. p. 32
17 Gumperz. John. J. Op. c it p. 75
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who were bom in the United Stated and are largely from economically deprived backgrounds. They speak Chicano Spanish especially at home with their elders, but speak English in many of their work and friendship relations. Regarding of the conversational function o f code switching.
Gumperz says: “Illustrative brief exchanges, just long enough to provide a basis for context bound interpretation, were extracted from tape recorded conversational in three language situations. These indicate that switching serves roughly similar function in all three situations so that a single preliminary typology can be set up which across language situations”.18
Those functions are:
a. Qoutation It means the code-switch passage are clearly identifiable either as direct quotation or as reported speech. The examples is the Hindi English code switching.
Situation: The conversation among young Hindi speaking college teachers. The speaker is talking about his visit to the doctor.
“He says: ye hi medsin kontinyu koro bhai (continue taking this medicine friend)”.19 b. Addressee specification
It means the code switching serves to direct the message to one of several possible addressees. This happens very frequently in the speech community when a speaker turned to someone who stands aside from a
18 Ibid. p. 75
19 Ibid. p. 76
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group of conversationalists. The example is the Hindi English code switching.
Situation: A group of Hindi speaking graduates students are discussing the subject o f code switching.
A: “sometimes you get exited and then you speak in Hindi, then again you go on the English.” B: “No nonsense, it depends on your command of English.”
B: (Shortly there after turning to a third participant, who has just returned from answering the dour bell) Kjn hai bai (who is it) :
c. Inteijections It means the code switching can also server to mark an interjection or sentence filler, the example is Slovenian German code switching.
Situation: there is a conversation between Austrian villager where B replies to A prior continuing in Slovenian.
A: Grta yete (go there (in German))
B: Ya so ist das21
d. Reiteration In this case frequently a message in one code is repeated in the other code, either literally or in somewhat modified form. In some cases such repetition may serve to clarify what is said, but often they simply amplify or emphasize a message. The example is as follow: Situation: In a certain conversation between two college students.
A: “The three old one spoke nothing but Spanish. Nothing but Spanish.
No hablaban Ingles (They did not speak English).”22
20 Ibid. p. 77
21 Ibid. p. 78
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2. T ^ ^ H to rs which are influential for the code s^e pacng tdying code switching, not only the foi jn S11 the form and the should be comprehended but also tljons tjors that influence for it^ ^ ^ s ig a n in Sulistyaningsih states that fact* Mara'e are very closely re la t^ ^ H h the speaker’s daily life, they are: ^ ^ 1 factors, cultural fa c to ^ ^ H individual factors.23 In order to get a rs an(j understanding of s, the writer will explain in the followii. f g ^ 3 i ^ m w x o n ,OCiall are five aspects that appear in ^ere factors namely: p a r ti^ ^ K , topics, situation, domain, and setting, ^ g ^
1) i H ants >artici] jants here are the people who are t a k i n ^ ^ in the even. It can sither the speaker or the addressee. ^ ^ t
<er and the addressee for a role repjje Sj5hip which can be by how the participant speak, b o ^ g ^ ^ itio n , non verbal mication. For example eye contact, gcsuomrn^tc. 2) o f Conversation fopics here are also the factors that influencj-0pjc;aker in doing code ig. One o f the example is when P<sWitcliw^o ^ e joking in se suddenly switch into Indonesian vjavan(me o f their friends
|to discuss about political issues during tstarts ne conversation.
25 , ingsih, Ike. Op. c it p. 24 26 i ulistyan
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3) Situation Generally there are two forms of situation, formal and informal. People will always consider whether they are in formal or in informal situation when they speak. It is all because the language used in formal situation will be veiy different from in informal situation. That is why situation is very important in the code switching. 4) Domain
Fishman in Giglioli state that domain is very cluster of social situations which are typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.
Domain here involves role relations, topics and locales in which members are involved.27 5) Setting of Conversation
Setting here includes location, time (e.g. day, month, year) and physical aspects of situation for example date birth, place where the event takes place, etc.
b. Cultural factors Code switching as one of linguistics phenomenon are “learned from other people, they are one part the cultural a whole and as such are likely to be closely associated with other aspects o f the culture that are learned from the same people.”28 Cultural aspects here are beliefs, which are about who or what are capable of speech and who or what may be
27 Giglioli, Pier Paolo. Op. c it p. 50
28 Hudson, R. A. Op. C it p. 96
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communicated with in the society and values, which mean the quality of being important or useful of something. In this case is the code switching.
The code switching from Javanese into Indonesian by certain people in the speech community viewed from cultural side is considered valuable as it seems like a sign of genius.29 It is all because Indonesian is a cosmopolitan language which symbolizes prestige, elitism and modernity, c. Individual factors
The individual factors here related to individual preference and skill.30as every individual is different one and another, the frequency of code switching will also be very different. There is a case in which someone will to code switching but not the skill. On the other hand there is someone who has the skill but not the will due to the reason that he wants to keep the purity of the language. It is also the possibility of two people or more who has same skill and will to do code switching.
2. Code Mixing
According to Ronald Wardhaugh, code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extend that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.31
29 Wallwork, J. F. Op. CiL p. 51
30 Saville Troike, Muriel. Op. C it p. 13
31 Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Second Edition. Oxford UK & Cambridge USA : Blackwell, p. 106
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Conversational code mixing involves the deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic change. Pfaff in Ronald Wardhaugh provides the following examples of conversational code mixing among
Spanish - English bilinguals: No van a bring it up in the meeting (they are not going to bring it up in the meeting). Todos los Mexicannos were riled up (All the Mexicans were riled up) Estaba training para pelear (He was training to fight)
Some dudes, la onda is to fight y jambar (Some dudes, the in thing is to fight and steal).32 The ability to mix codes in this way is now often a source of pride, the ability to use pocho or calo, the names that many Spanish-speaking
North Americans give to these varieties. Code mixing may also give way to situational or metaphorical code-switching at any time, use o f the former for an activity always discussed in a particular language, or use of the latter to evoke special feelings.
Gumperz’s analysis of both choice of language and types of code switching and code-mixing in the community reveals that the situation is quite complex because of the number of possibilities that are available, with the ‘right’ choice highly dependent on the social context and intent of the speaker.33
32 Ibid. p. 107-108
33 Ibid. p. 110
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C. Language and Speech Community
1. Language Human being is both an individual and a social creature. As social creature all individual will always interact to each other. When people talk about interaction, it can not be separated from communication. Communication will always happen in the human life interaction. The interaction between parents and children, teachers and students, doctors and patients, becak driver and the passengers are some of the examples. In communication, o f course we need a tool to say things to teach others, namely language.
Every human being possesses language. Language is one of them characteristics which differentiate them from other creatures. Language is so important because it is not simply a means o f communication, it is also very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. Kristeva states that “there is no society without language, anymore than there is society without communication”,34 on the other words, language is very important in human life and it stand on the center of human society ranging from the simple to the complex one. But before starting to study about language, it is better to know what language is because the best way to begin doing something is to fully understand what that thing is, 34 Kristeva, Julia. Language: The Unknown. Great Britain : BPCC Wheatons, Ltd. 1989.
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The first definition is given by Sapir cited by Alwasilah, he defines language as “a purely human and non - instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”.35 3
6 Bolinger and Sears, another experts, say that “language is a system o f vocal auditory communication, interacting with the experiences of its users, employing conventional signs composed of arbitrary patterned sound units and assembled according to set rules”.
From the definition above, it can be seen that language has some characteristics, they are: a. Human; it means language as a system of symbols is only possessed by human being.
b. Non - instinctive; it means human being has to learn language.
As in fact cannot directly speak, he has to learn to speak a certain language from other people.
c. Arbitrary; it means human being uses certain sounds and arranged systematically only by chance. For example the word “tiger” is defined as a large fierce four legged animal of a cat family. Why people say it is because the other do so.
d. Systematic; it means language has certain pattern or rules which can be seen in a system or sounds and a system or sound and a system of meaning.
35 Alwasilah, Chaedar. Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung : Angkasa. 1985. p. 7
36 Bolinger, Dwight and Donald A. Sears. Aspects o f Language. New York : Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Inc. 1981. p. 2
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e. Symbol; it means language is a symbol o f human life which transmit thought, idea or feeling about abstract or concrete thing in human daily life.
f. As a means of communication; it means language has the main function that is as a means of communication in human interaction. Looking at the definition above, it is clear that, in general, language function is as a means o f communication. Language becomes the medium for people to interact with other. By using language, people can create various relationships to reach a good communication in speech community.
Jacobson in Alwasilah, another expert, proposes functions of language use from different point of view, as follow: a. Emotive speech, which deal with psychological factors of speaker such as feeling, emotion and attitudes.
b. Fatigue speech, that is speech which has function to keep social relationships and it occurs in a certain occasions.
c. Cognitive speech, which deals with reality that is denotative or informative persuade and to condition thought or a thinking of attitudes or hearers.
d. Methalingual speech, whose function is to discuss language. It is the most abstract speech.
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e. Phoetic speech, which is used in certain form and extra • 3 7 ordinary esthetics.
There are many phenomena and varieties to be found in society dealing with language. One of them is code switching, which is natural and common in bilingual or multilingual community. If we are talking about bilingual it cannot be separated from bilingual.
According to Bloomfield in Rusyana, bilingualism is the mastery of two language where the mastery of the second language is the same level as the native speaker. The criteria “same level as the native speaker” is really difficult to measure as the native speakers are so divergent in the mastery of their language. That is why Wheinrich proposes another definition o f bilingualism, as follows; Bilingualism is the use of two different language alternately. Haugen, another expert, also defines
38 bilingualism as the comprehension of the knowledge of two languages.
Bilingualism here covers the use of three languages or more which is usually known as multilingualism.
About the lowest level o f a person to be considered is bilingual, Haugen says that he has to be able to produce a complete utterance in the second language. This limit is lower than Wheinrich’s that is the use of two languages alternately and Bloomfield’s that is the mastery of the second language as good as the native speaker. From what is said by
Haugen, it is clear that a person does not have to master two language 3
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37 Alwasilah, Chaedar. Op. c it p. 82
38 Rusyana, Yus. Perihal Kedwibahasaan : Bilingualism. Jakarta : Departemen
Penelitian dan Kebudayaan. 1989. p. 1 - 227
equally well to be considered as bilingual. In line with Haugen, Lado states that “The degree of control of the first, second and even the third and fourth languages is not necessarily comparable. When each language has well defined function and its practices in connection with that function, there is a more or less stable bilingual situation”.39