THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING BY MTV VJ OF MTV GLOBAL ROOM IN GLOBAL TV

THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING BY MTV VJ OF MTV GLOBAL ROOM IN GLOBAL TV THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in the

English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

by:

Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani C1305501 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2010

THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING BY MTV VJ OF MTV GLOBAL ROOM IN GLOBAL TV

by:

Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani

C1305501

Approved to be examined before the Board Examiners

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Thesis Consultant

Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum NIP.195009011986011001

The Head of English Department

of Non – Regular Program

Drs. Sugiyarto Budi Waskito, M. Pd

NIP. 195211081983031001

ii

THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING BY MTV VJ OF MTV GLOBAL ROOM IN GLOBAL TV

by:

Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani

C1305501

Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University

On March 31, 2010

The Board of Examiners:

Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd

NIP. 195211081983031001

Secretary Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, MA _________________ NIP. 196708301993021001

First Examiner

Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum

NIP. 195009011986011001

Second Examiner

Dr. Tri Wiratno, MA

NIP. 196109141987031001

The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

Drs. Sudarno, MA NIP.195303141985061001

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani NIM : C1305501

Stated wholeheartedly of the thesis entitled The Use of Code Switching by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV is originally made by the researcher. It is not a plagiarism nor made by the others. The things related to other people works are written in quotation and included the bibliography.

If it is proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibilities.

Surakarta,

Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani

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MOTTOS

Do not ever give up until you get what you want

Love suffers long and is kind; love does not envy; love does not parade

itself, love is not puffed up; (1 Corinthians 13:4)

The latest is not always be the worst

DEDICATION

From the deepest of my heart, I dedicate this thesis to:

MY SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST MY BELOVED PAPI & MAMA

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Praise to the Lord Jesus Christ. First of all, I want to give thanks to the Savior, Jesus Christ with all my

strength, heart, and soul. He has given His blessing and mercy until I can finish this thesis. I also want to give thanks to Mother Mary because of her love and grace has helped me to finish this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to all of the people who helped me to finish this thesis:

1. Drs. Sudarno, MA, Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University, for approving this thesis.

2. Drs. Sugiyarto Budi Waskito, M.Pd, Head of Non Reguler English Program in English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University, for his leadership.

3. Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum, my Thesis Consultant, thank you very much for the time, guidance, patience and giving me suggestions or critiques to finish this thesis.

4. Fitria Akhmerti Primasita, SS, MA, my Academic Consultant, thank you for her guidance and support me in finishing my thesis.

5. Miss Sarah Pearsall, M.TESOL, my lovely English Department Lecturer, thank you so much for the interview.

6. All lecturers of English Department who have taught me and gave a lot of knowledge.

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7. Reza Olivia and Billy Bundchen, Karavan Radio Station Broadcasters, thank you for the interview and help me in finishing my thesis.

8. My beloved Papi and Mama. Thank you very much for your love, patience, supports, care, pray and everything for me. (Mama, I was so sorry that I have made you got sick. Thank you so much for not allowing me to come home if I cannot finish my thesis). (Papi, I was so sorry that I made you got very angry with me. You are the most patient father in the world ).

9. My big lovely family, thank you very much for supporting me to finish this thesis.

10. Someone who has gone...I will never forget that you were ever part of my life. Thank you so much for supporting me in finishing my thesis.

11. All of my friends of Non Reguler English Program 2005, Lesti, Iis, Citra, Nia, Mas Wawan, Iik, Sapto, and the others (sorry, I cannot mention one by one!). Thank you for the support until I can finish my thesis.

I love you all and don’t ever forget our beautiful moments!!!

12. All of the people who always help me and also support me until I can finish this thesis. I am sorry that I cannot mention one by one. Thank you very much. L ove you all……………………………………………………………………..

Last but not least, I believe there are still many mistakes in this thesis. Therefore, I hope the readers can give suggestions or critiques in order to make this thesis much better.

Surakarta, 2010 Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani

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ABSTRACT

Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani, C1305501, 2010. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University The Use Of Code Switchingby Mtv Vj Of Mtv Global Room In Global Tv

This research is a descriptive qualitative research in sociolinguistics field. The samples are collected by using purposive sampling technique. The objectives of this research are to find out the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV and to find out the reasons of using those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.

Based on the data analysis, the researcher finds two points in this research. The first point is about the forms of code switching used by the hosts in presenting the program. Those forms of code switching are intrasentential switching, intersentential switching and tag switching.

The second point is about the reasons of the hosts in using those code switchings when they present that program. The hosts create intrasentential switching because of the familar and simpler words and the use of jargon. Then, the hosts create intersentential switching to clarify, to give information, to express condolence feeling, to express thanks feeling, to introduce guest and to have break time. The last is the hosts insert tag switching when they are speaking because to confirm, as an agreement to play song, to remind the viewers and to make sure the viewers.

Finally, it is hoped that this work can be appropriate additional reference for the other researchers who are taking the researches based on the similar data or approach.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

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THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING BY MTV VJ OF MTV GLOBAL ROOM IN GLOBAL TV

Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani 1 Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum 2

ABSTRACT

2010. Thesis Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University, This research is a descriptive qualitative research in sociolinguistics field. The samples are collected by using purposive sampling technique. The objectives of this research are to find out the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV and to find out the reasons of using those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV. Based on the data analysis, the researcher finds two points in this research. The first point is about the forms of code switching used by the hosts in presenting the program. Those forms of code switching are intrasentential switching, intersentential switching and tag switching. The second point is about the reasons of the hosts in using those code switchings when they present that program. The hosts create intrasentential switching because of the familar and simpler words and the use of jargon. Then, the hosts create intersentential switching to clarify, to give information, to express condolence feeling, to express thanks feeling, to introduce guest and to have break time. The last is the hosts insert tag switching when they are speaking because to confirm, as an agreement to play song, to remind the viewers and to make sure the viewers. Finally, it is hoped that this work can be appropriate additional reference for the other researchers who are taking the researches based on the similar data or approach.

1 Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C 1305501 2 Dosen Pembimbing

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Communication is very important for each aspect of life because the main necessity of human is a friendly social relationship which can only happen in a good social relationship with the other people. When people communicate with their societies, they tend to use their traditional languages or the language which is often used in their daily lives. It is known as the mother tongue. Besides using it, people also tend to learn the second language or the foreign language. Moreover, the mother tongue is a language used by the native speakers since they are still children and it is used at home. While the second language is a language learned after the first language either out of necessity or by personal choice and to fulfill some special purposes. For example, the Javanese language is the mother tongue and Indonesian language is called the second language. Then, in Malaysia, Malay is the first language and English is the second language.

In a multilingual community, sometimes a speaker tends to switch from one language to another, commonly called as code switching. The use of code switching is obviously visible in many countries, especially in countries that citizens come from various backgrounds. Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between one or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one In a multilingual community, sometimes a speaker tends to switch from one language to another, commonly called as code switching. The use of code switching is obviously visible in many countries, especially in countries that citizens come from various backgrounds. Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between one or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one

Nowadays, code switching has been largely used in a lot of forms, such as, novels, radios, televisions, teaching learning process, etc. Television is one of the important communication medias because many people like to watch televisions in their daily lives. Television is not expensive anymore since a lot of people own televisions. There are even many people in the villages having televisions. Television has many functions, such as providing news; entertainments; sports etc. Furthermore, this research is going to describe the forms of code switching use by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV and also the reasons of using those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room. Code switching occurs when speakers shift from one language or variety of language to another language, usually in the course of a single conversation, email or letter. For example, speakers may switch back and forth from Indonesian language to English or from English to Indonesian language.

This research focuses on the use of code switching by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV. MTV Global Room program is one of the programs in Global TV. MTV Global Room itself is a program which presents video clips from Indonesian artists and foreign artists. Sometimes, it invites Indonesian artists as its guests. At first, MTV Global Room is usually presented at 11.30 am until

12.30 pm but the broadcasting time is changed into 14.00 pm until 15.00 pm. The broadcasting time is changed because there are new programs in the Global

television. Furthermore, MTV Global Room program is presented from Monday until Friday. It is hosted by Indonesian VJ. Next, it is usually presented by different video jockeys or hosts everyday. Firstly, the hosts are Daniel Mananta, Catherine Sharon Gasnier, Mike Muliardo, Evan Sanders and Rianti Rhiannon Cartwright. They are senior hosts. It means that they have been as the hosts of MTV Global Room program for a long time. Then, the junior hosts are, such as, Franda, Millane Fernandez, Marissa Nasution join into that program. They are new hosts in Global TV. Therefore, the old and the new hosts are combined to present the program now.

Most of the hosts of MTV Global Room can speak English well. Sometimes the hosts switch code from Indonesian into English or switch code from English into Indonesian. For the further explanation, the researcher will give examples about the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room and the reasons of the hosts in using those code switchings when they present the program. Moreover, there are three forms of code switching used by the hosts in presenting that program; those forms are intrasentential switching, intersentential switching and tag switching. The examples of those forms will be described below:

1. Intrasentential Switching data number 5/ MTV GR / Intra.S / A22 – 07 VJ Daniel

: Nah kita kenalan dulu, udah ada Raya, Juno, and Olive. Nah Olive ini yang gantiin Mikuni dulu. Waktu Agustus 2005 mereka juga udah jadi MTV Exclusive Artist.

VJ Franda

: Kelihatannya di bulan Agustus udah ditake mereka The data was taken from the recorded from MTV Global Room program

on August 22 nd , 2007. In this data, the word ditake is mixed together with di- (di was a prefix in Indonesian language). Here, di-, in Indonesian language is as the

function of affix to build passsive verb. VJ Franda uses the word ditake than diambil when she wants to give her comment and express her surprise that Park Drive is as MTV Exclusive Artist again in August 2007 because they have been MTV Exsclusive Artist in August 2005. She also wants to have closer relationship with the guest star.

2. Intersentential Switching data number 4 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 – 07 VJ Daniel

: I’m very sorry to hear that. Aku turut berduka cita dengan meninggalnya Iman. Now we are having phone. So, don’t forget to call us on 5835366. Okay, langsung aja.

This fourth data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on August 21 st , 2007. At first VJ Daniel speaks in English when he

knows that one of the members of ST 12 group band has died because of sick, I’m

very sorry to hear that. Then, he switches the code into Indonesian language, Aku turut berduka cita dengan meninggalnya Iman. By swtching the code, he wants to express his deep condolence about the died of Iman and to show his solidarity as the same artists even though he was not a singer.

3.Tag Switching data number 1 / MTV GR / TS / A21 - 07 VJ Millane : Hi guys yang pasti in MTV Global Room bareng kita berdua and

all about the requests, jadi buat kamu semua yang pengen request langsung aja request ke MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id, okay? Pastinya dibawah situ juga ditulis apa faxnya. Dan buat requests kita ada Natasha Bedingfield with Soulmate, Samsons with For You, Dotrie with Home and ST 12 with Rasa Yang Tertinggal.

The data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on August 21 st , 2007. In this conversation, VJ Millane inserts an English tag after she

speaks in Indonesian language. Here, she wants to confirm to the viewers about the way in requesting songs. If the viewers want to request songs, they can send emails to MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id.

In presenting MTV Global Room program, the hosts sometimes create intrasentential switching, intersentential switching and tag switching. They have own reasons in using those forms when they are speaking. The hosts sometimes create intrasentential switching because of the familiar and simpler words and as jargon. Then, the hosts create intersentential switching to clarify, to give information, to express condolence feeling, to express thanks feeling, to introduce guest star and to have break time. The hosts insert tag switching when they are speaking to confirm, as an agreement to play song, to remind the viewers and to make sure.

B. Problem Statements

The problem statements that will be discussed in this research are:

a. What are the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV?

b. Why is each of those code switchings used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV?

C. Research Objectives

Based on the problem statements above, the objectives of the study are:

a. To find out the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.

b. To find out the reasons of using those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.

D. Research Limitation

Since there are many kinds of topics in Sociolinguistics, it is better to choose one of those topics and develop the topic into a good paper in order to make it will be more understood by the readers. Therefore, the researcher chooses code switching as the topic. Then, the researcher only focuses on the use of code switching by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.

E. Research Benefits

This research is expected to give some benefits to:

a. English Department Students This result of this research can be used as reference for students to improve their knowledge in understanding about code switching.

b. Other Researchers This result of this research can be used as reference and will give more information to the other researchers who have the same topic with code switching.

F. Research Methodology

The type of this research is descriptive research. It is a type of research which the aim is to make description about the facts or situation. The researcher collects the data, classifies the data, analyzes the data and makes conclusion. The data will be divided in two forms called main data and supported data.

Firstly, the main data are the transcripts of the records which contain code switching. Secondly, the supported data are obtained from books, interview and internet.

G. Thesis Organization

This thesis is organized into some chapters which will be arranged as follow: CHAPTER I is INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background, Problem

Research Limitation, ResearchBenefits, Research Methodology, and Thesis Organization. CHAPTER II is LITERATURE REVIEW. It consists of Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Speech Community, Code Switching, Code Mixing, Communication, Mass Communication, Mass Media, Television, Video Jockey, MTV Global Room.

CHAPTER III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of Type of Research, Data and Source of Data, Sample and Sampling Technique, Equipments of the Research, Techniques of Collecting Data and Techniques of Data Analysis.

CHAPTER IV is ANALYSIS. It consists of The Forms of Code Switching Used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV and The Reasons of Using those Code Switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.

CHAPTER V consists of CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS. Then, the last parts are BIBLIOGRAPHY and APPENDICES.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Sociolinguistics

1. Definition of Sociolinguistics Sociolingustics is a branch of lingustics that discusses something particularly significant lying between social community and language. The word Sociolinguistics derives from a word socio and linguistics. The basic scope of Sociolinguistics covers language and society since it is a combination of sociology and linguistics. Here some definitions about Sociolingustics, such as, according to Holmes (1990, p.1), Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between

language and society. Meanwhile, Gumperz as quoted by Wardhaugh has observed that Sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and to observe any changes that occur (Wardhaugh, 1998.p.11). Therefore, it creates the relationship among the people and their social status in the society. Then, Hudson (1980:1) says that Sociolingustics is the study of language in relation to society. Meanwhile Chaika (1982:2) states that Sociolinguistics is the study of the way people use language in social interaction.

Therefore it can be pointed out that Sociolingustics is the branch of linguistics that tries to disclose the things related to the use of language by its social community in its social interaction. In the wider point of view,

Sociolingustics does not only discuss what kinds of language use by what social community but also pays attention to the questions of how and why the people use certain language when they interact with the others in their social lives.

It can be concluded that language and society are unseparated. People who live in society need system and tool to manage their realationship among them. Language is an important tool used in communication because it is impossible to conduct social relationship and communication without language. Language can make people understand each other when they are speaking.

2. Scope of Sociolinguistics According to Wardhaugh, Sociolinguistics is divided into two studies; they are macro sociolinguistics and micro sociolinguistics. Hudson said as quoted by Wardhaugh if there is difference between micro sociolinguistics and macro sociolinguistics is macro sociolinguistics or sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language. On the other hand, micro sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society (Wardhaugh, 1998.p.13). This research belongs to micro sociolingustics since it deals with the use of language in certain groups of society.

B. Ethnography of Communication

The aim of Sociolingustics of language, in which the use of language in general is related to social and cultural values, is called the ethnography of

speaking or more generally, thw ethnography of communication. Hymes in Wardhaugh (1998) has proposed an ethnographic frame work which takes onto account that various factors that are involved in speaking. An ethnography of communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives (p.242). For convenience, Hymes uses the word SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors he deems to be relevant. Those various factors are setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms of interaction and interpretation, genre.

a. Setting and Scene (S) The setting and scene of speech are important. Setting refers to the time and place. While scene refers to the abstract psychological setting or the cultural definition of occasion. Setting is the location where the dialogues take place. In this research, the dialogues happen between the hosts of the program.

Besides, those dialogues also happen between the hosts and the guests, the hosts and the viewers who call into the programs in order to request the songs or join into the quiz. All of dialogues take place in the studio of MTV Global Room program in Global TV.

b. Participants (P) (Who is taking part) The participants include various combinations of speaker-listener, addressor-addressee or sender-receiver. The social factors are such as age, gender, status, social distance, and role or profession of the participants also to be

considered. For example, the participants of the program are the hosts, the guests and the viewers who call or participate into the program.

c. Ends (E) (What do the participants want to get) Ends refer to the conventionally recognized and expected outcomes of an exchange as well as to the personal goals that participants seek to accomplish on particular occasion. Outcome can be defined as the purpose of the event from cultural point a view. Goal is defined as the purpose of the individual participants.

In this case, end refers to the purposes of the dialogues. Those purposes are to give information and introduce Indonesian bands, to give entertainment about music such as the video clips not only from Indonesian singers but also from foreign singers gossips of artists, to invite the viewers in order to participate by requesting the songs; discussing the topic and asking the quiz given by the hosts.

d. Act sequence (A) (What is said and done) Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said the precise words used, how they are used, and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at hand. In this research, act refers to performances of the speakers (hosts) which take place in particular situation or time.

The way all of the hosts are relax, fun, and enjoy in presenting the program because the program is not formal and it is for teenagers. Sometimes they create jokes when they speak between the hosts and the viewers who are calling so their performances are not boring. They always greet the viewers with a big

enthuasiams and cheerful therefore the relationship between the hosts and the viewers are closer.

e. Key (K) Key refers to the tone, manner or spirit in which a particular message is conveyed; light hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic etc. The key may also be marked nonverbally by certain kinds of behaviour, gesture, posture, or even deportment.

The key in this conversation depends on the situation of the program and emotion of the hosts. For example, if the news describes about the happiness and the album sales success of the artists, the hosts will present the program cheerfull and enthusiastic, the hosts will greet warmly if there are callers who want to participate into the program, the hosts create jokes with the guests when they ask questions so the situation will not boring.

f. Instrumentalities (I) Instrumentalities refer to the choice of channels or tools, for examples, oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as the language, dialect, code or register that is chosen. In this case, the tool refers to the language used during the dialogues. All of the hosts use Indonesian language as the main language and English for the switching.

g. Norms of interaction and interpretation (N) (Why should people act like this)

Norms refer to specific behaviours, and properties that attach to speaking and also how these may be viewed by someone who does not share them, for examples, loudness, silence, gaze return, etc. Norm is a set of rule which is used

to regulate the verbal activity and all participants have to obey it. For instance, when a host asks to another host, he or she must answer so every host can present the program better and they can create good situation, the hosts have to play the requested songs which are asked by the callers because the callers will be more appreciated so they will join into the program continuely.

h. Genre (G) Genre refers to clearly demarcated types of utterances, such as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures, and editorials. In the dialogues happened inside the program, the genre is entertainment, greeting, fact, argument, information, farewell and joke.

C. Speech Community

Sociolinguistics uses the term speech community to refer to community based on language. Lyons in Wardhaugh offers a definition of what he calls a real

speech community is all the people who use a given language or dialect (Wardhaugh, 1998.p.117). Speech community is not only a group of people who use the same norms for its appropriate use. Basically, the speech community is shaped because of the mutual understanding, especially the share of linguistics codes. Speech community is a group of people who share at least a single speech variety and has the same rules for interacting and interpreting. In speech community, each of the members can produce a variety of codes, styles, and registers.

Speech community can be divided into four main types based on the number of languages; they are bilingual, diglossia, monolingual, and multilingual. Generally, bilingual community recognizes two languages that bear an official status, national, regional. Diglossia describes societal or institutionalised

bilingualism, where two varieties are required to cover all the community’s domains (Holmes, 2001.p.30). Then, monolingual society essentially recognizes only one language. And the last, multilingual is a community that officially

recognizes more than two languages.

D. Code Switching

1. Definition of Code Switching Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between one or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one language in common. Sometimes the switch lasts only for a few sentences, or even a single phrase ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_switching ,). Moreover, according to Gal as quoted by Wardhaugh, code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries, create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations (Wardhaugh, 1998:100). Then, Robert Di Pietro (1977:3) gives a very inclusive definition of this phenomenon, "code-switching is the use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act." ( http://callhavid.wordpress.com ). (Poplack (1987:97), however, has a more

restrictive definition of code-switching. She defines code-switches as, "multi- word sequences, which remain lexically, syntactically, and morphologically unadapted to recipient language patterns ( http://callhavid.wordpress.com ). Code- switching occurs when speakers shift from one language or variety of language to another language, usually in the course of a single conversation, email or letter. For example, speakers might switch back and forth from Urdu to English, or from Scots to English, or indeed from Urdu to Scots. Code switching describes the process of people moving between registers , dialects , and languages in the course of a conversation.

2. Types of Code Switching According to Wardhaugh, there are two kinds of code switching, those are situational code switching and metaphorical code switching (Wardhaugh, 1998:103). Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversant finds themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used, it is called metaphorical code switching. Sometimes situational code switching or metaphorical code switching happens inside the conversation between people with the others when they communicate.

Besides, according to Gumperz (in Poplack, 1980) divides code switching into three types, those are situational code switching, methaporical code switching, and conversational code switching. The first one is situational code

switching in which disticnt language varities are associated with disticnt activities or situation. The second type is methaporical code switching which occurs within

a single situation. The third type is conversational code switching. There is no change of situation or topic here, which may happen in the situational and methaporical code switching.

Poplack (in Romaine 1989:122) says that there are three forms of conversational code switching, tag switching, intersentential switching, and intrasentential swtching. Tag switching involves the insertion of a tag in one language. Then, intersentential switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. The last

one is intrasentential switching is for some linguist considered as “code mixing”. Here, this research uses the theory of Poplack because the whole data obtained in

this research are included into those forms, intrasentential switching; intersentential switching; and tag switching.

E. Code Mixing

Code mixing is a part of language dependency in a bilingual or multilingual society. It means that in a bilingual or multilingual society, it is almost impossible for the speakers to use one code or one language without making use of another language. According to Trudgill, code mixing is the process whereby speakers indulge in code switching between languages of such rapidity and density, even within sentences and phrases that is not possible to set

any given time which language they are speaking (1992:16). It seems that the langguage used in conversation is difficult to detect. The use of two langguages or more does not deal with the change of situation, topic, and participants.

From the definitions above, it can be seen that almost of those definitions have the same limitation understanding of code mixing. It is the process where a fluent bilingual uses two or more languages in talking to another by putting elements of one code into another without any change at all in the situation. Hudson says that code mixing as the condition where there is a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual change language without any change at all in the situation (1996:53).

F. Communication

1. Definition of Communication If we are talking about communication, there are many definitions of communication. For example, communication is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behaviour ( http://www/answers.com/topic/com ). Next, communication is the transmission of the information, ideas, emotion, performance, etc by using words, pictures, numbers and graphics, etc as it said by Berelson and Steiner (1964) in Mulyana (2000, p.62).

Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that communication gives information to the people and it happens among two people or more. On the

other hand, communication not only happen between two people or more but it can happen between only one person when a man is talking with himself under his awareness or not. For example, when we are thinking in order to find the answers

of the others’ questions and when we are delirious while we are sleeping.

2. Communication Process In the communication process, there are some elements inside the process. Those are source, process of encoding, message, channels, process of decoding, receiver, and potential for feedback and the chance of noise (Dominick, 1996:6). It will be explained further one by one below:

a. Source Source initiates the process by having thought or an idea that he or she wishes to transmit to some other entity. Source can be single individuals, groups, or even organizations.

b. Process of encoding Encoding refers to the activities that a source goes through to translate thoughts and ideas into a form that may be perceived by the senses. Encoding in a communication setting can take place one or more times, for example, in a face-to face conversation, the speaker encodes thoughts into words.

c. Message Message is the actual physical product that the source encodes. For example, when we talk, our speech is the message.

d. Channels Channels refer to the ways in which the message travels to the receiver. Sound waves carry spoken words, light waves carry visual messages.

e. Process of decoding Process decoding consists of activities that translate or interpret physical messages into a form that has eventual meaning for receiver. For example, a reporter sits on city council meeting and takes notes.

f. Receiver Receiver is the target of message-its ultimate goals.

g. Potential for feedback Feedback refers to those responses of the receiver that shape and alter the subsequent messages of the source.

h. Chance of noise Noise is anything that interferes with the delivery of message.

3. Type of Communication There are some types of communication. According to Mulyana (2000:72), those types are:

a. Intrapersonal communication It is a communication which happens in person himself. It means that we communicate with ourselves under our awareness or not, for example, when we are thinking in order to find the answers of the others’ questions and when we are

delirious while we are sleeping.

b. Interpersonal communication It is a communication between a person and the others and it happens face to face. That communication will enable a person can catch the reaction of the others directly in verbal or nonverbal communication. For example, the communication happens between a teacher and a student.

c. Group communication It is a group of people who has the same purposes, have interaction each other to get that purposes and consider them as the member of the group. For examples, family, lectures, conferences etc.

d. Public communication It is the communication between speakers with a lot of people, for example, speech.

e. Organizational communication This communication happens inside the organization which has formal and informal situation and also happens in the bigger link than group communication.

f. Mass communication This communication uses mass media such as newspaper, magazine, radio or television and held by a company to give the information to the people.

G. Mass Communication

According to Dominick, mass communication refers to the process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machines produces and

transmits public messages that are directed at large, heterogeneous, and scattered audiences (Dominick, 1996. p.17). The source in the mass communication situation is a group of individuals who usually act within predetermined roles in an organizational setting.

Besides, mass communication channels are characterized by the imposition of at least one and usually more than one machine in the process of sending the message. These machines translate the message from one channel to another, for example, television makes use of complicated devices that transform light energy into electrical energy and back again. Furthermore, messages in mass communication are public. Anyone who can afford the cost of a newspaper or a tape deck or a TV set can receive the message.

H. Mass Media

Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state ) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communication ). Mass media can be divided into two kinds, namely electronic and printed media. Electronic includes television, film (audio and visual), radio. While, printed media covers books, newspaper, magazines etc. The electronic media is different from the printed one, in the electronic media, the audiences have to be ready to receive the message since it is

conveyed only at a glance, while in printed media, the conveyed message can be examined and repeatedly read in every chance.

Finally, it can be said that mass media plays an important role, because mass media is capable of acting as a bridge in distribution of information. Moreover, if there will be no communication medias in our surroundings, the people will get difficulties in communicating with the other in their daily lives.

I. Television

Television is one of important means of communication. There are some definitions of television such as the transmission of visual images of moving and stationary objects, generally with accompanying sound, as electromagnetic waves and the recon version of received waves into visual images, an electronic apparatus that receives electromagnetic waves and displays the reconverted images on a screen, the integrated audible and visible content of the electromagnetic waves received and converted by such an apparatus. ( http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/television ).

As we know, television is not expensive anymore since a lot of people own televisions. There are even many people in the villages having television s. Furthermore, television has many functions, such as providing news; entertainments; sports etc. We can watch many kinds of television programs which presented by local stations or foreign stations easily. By watching

television, it can add our knowledge and experiences in our lives so we will not be

a stammer about technology.

J. Video Jockey

A VJ or Video Jockey is a performance artist who performs moving visual art (namely video ) on large displays, often at concerts , nightclubs and music festivals . The term originates from a parallel with DJs , although most of VJs nowadays have more in common with musicians than with DJs (wikipedia.com).

We can see now there are many video jockeys who present television programs in private television station. Besides, most of people rather to call the presenters who present the music programs as video jockey than host even tough it has the same meaning.

K. MTV Global Room

This research focuses on the MTV Global Room television program. That program is one of the programs in Global TV. MTV Global Room itself is a program which presents the video clips from Indonesian artists and foreign artists. Sometimes, it invites Indonesian artists as its guests. Then, the hosts usually create a topic to discuss with the viewers by calling into the program. At first, MTV Global Room is usually presented from Monday until Friday at 11.30 am until 12.30 pm but the broadcasting time is changed from 2 pm until 3 pm. It is

changed because there are new programs. Moreover, the broadcasting days are still from Monday until Friday.

MTV Global Room program is hosted by Indonesian VJ. Next, it is usually presented by different hosts everyday. Firstly, the hosts are Daniel Mananta, Catherine Sharon Gasnier, Rianti Rhiannon Cartwright, Mike Muliardo. They are senior hosts. It means that they have been as the hosts of MTV Global Room program for a long time. Then, the junior hosts are, such as, Franda, Millane Fernandez, and Marissa Nasution join into that program. They are the new hosts in Global TV. Therefore, the old and the new hosts are combined to present the program now.

Most of the hosts of MTV Global Room can speak English well. Sometimes the hosts switch codes from Indonesian language into English or switch codes from English into Indonesian language when they present the program. Therefore there will be variety of codes used by them in presenting the program.

Even though MTV Global Room was finished few years ago but there are some viewers who still remember about that program. It can be proved from the result of the interview with them. In this research, the researcher has interviewed five persons and all of them ever watched this program. Most of them like this program because they can request songs from Indonesian artists or foreign artists. The viewers can learn English too. It can be seen when the hosts mix or switch the language from Indonesian language to English. Besides, they like to watch this program since it also invites famous group bands in Indonesia so they can have

conversation by phone with those group bands. Moreover, this program usually gives free gifts (compact disks, cassettes and t-shirts) for the viewers if they can answer the quiz. It means that MTV Global Room program is popular and watched by a lot of people.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY RESEARCH

A. Type of Research

This research is qualitative research that employs descriptive method. Qualitative research is a research that its data are collected in the form of words, sentences, or pictures that have more meaning than number or quantity (Sutopo, 2002:35). Meanwhile, this research uses descriptive method. According to Nazir, descriptive method is a method in finding the status of the society, an object, a condition, a thought system, and the phenomena which are happening now (1988:63). The objective of this method is to describe facts or the relationships of the phenomena systematically and correctly (Nazir, 1988:63).

B. Data and Source of Data

The source of data is a subject from which all the data are obtained (Arikunto, 2006:129). While data are all of the information or explanations related to the purpose of the research (M.Amirin, 1990:130). The data of this research can

be divided into two kinds of data, those are primary and secondary data. Firstly, primary data is the data obtained from the objects directly in the field. The researcher gets primary data by recording the program (MTV Global Room). Secondly, secondary data is the supported data. It is obtained from books, internet

and interview. The researcher takes the source of data from MTV Global Room program in Global TV.

C. Sample and Technique of Sampling

Sample is the part of population (Arikunto, 2006:130). In getting the data, the researcher uses purposive sampling technique. In purposive sampling technique, the choice of subject is based on the certain criteria. So the samples taken should have the following criteria such as the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV and the reasons why is those each code switchings used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.

D. Equipments of the Research

In this research, the researcher uses some equipments in order to get the data. Those equipments are below:

a. Television set is to display the picture of the program.

b. A tape recorder is a media to record the sound of the program from television. In this case, tape recorder is as a bridge in recording the sound from the television into the cassettes.

c. Cassettes are used in order to save the sound of the program from the television. They are used inside in the tape recorder.

d. Papers are used as to make transcriptions of the whole dialogues program.

E. Techniques of Collecting Data

The researcher uses some ways to collect the data, such as:

a. Watching television In this case, the researcher watches the program from one of television private station which is Global TV.

b. Recording The researcher gets the data by recording the program (MTV Global Room) in television. The researcher uses tape recorder and cassettes to record the program.

c. Transcribing the recording of the program (MTV Global Room) into papers.

d. Selecting the dialogues created by the hosts which are contained the forms of code switching.

e. Classifying the data based on the forms of code switching (intrasentential switching, intersentential switching, and tag switching).

f. Giving a code on each classified data. The data are given some codes to make the analysis easier. The data coding will be based on the order of the data number, the forms of code switching, and the date of recording. The example is below: data number 1 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A21 – 07

1 : refers to the number of data

MTV GR : refers to the name of the program (MTV Global Room)

Intra.S : refers to the form of code switching (intrasentential switching)

A21 – 07 : refers to the date of the recording (August 21, 2007)

g. Interviewing The researcher has interviewed two broadcasters from Karavan FM radio station (Reza Olivia and Billy Bundchen) and one of the lecturers in English Department, Faculty of Letters, namely Miss Sarah Pearsall, M.TESOL.

F. Techniques of Analyzing Data

In analyzing the data, the researcher uses several steps as follows: