Non Verbal modes of wwf
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
NATURE AND FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
1.0 Introduction.
“Non-verbal
communication
tends
to
provide
the
context
of
verbal
communication and has the power to disambiguate or invalidate the content of
linguistic expression” (Chippendale)
Communication is an activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving
people information. It is also can be define by methods of sending an information to
others. Thus, communication will involve the sender and the receiver when we
communicate. There are two form of communication which are Verbal and Non-Verbal
communication. Verbal communication can be define as sharing an information using
the speech meanwhile non-verbal communication is any communication that take place
using linguistic signs, or “non-word signs (Harrison 1974). Most of the time, people often
face communication breakdown. Little attention, however, non-verbal communication
has received much attention in the areas of business presentation, sales and marketing,
and the development of social skills. Thus, non-verbal communication provide the
context of verbal communication to become more effective.
2.0 The Function of Nonverbal Communication.
In face to face communication, we often combine verbal and non-verbal message to
convey our meaning. Knapp & Hall (1996) highlight the importance interaction and
integration of verbal and non-verbal message. Non-verbal emphasize some part of the
message such as raise the voice to underscore a particular word or phrase. Moreover, we
might smile when telling a humor story show that non-verbal may compliment or add
nuance of meaning in conversation. Often in communication, we intentionally contradict
our verbal message with non-verbal movement such as crossing the fingers when we
talked to other people. Every movement that we made, serve to control the flow of verbal
message. We also tend to use pauses such as “ah” and “um” to indicate that we not
finished talked. In communication also, we love to repeat the verbal message nonverbally.
It can be crucial to see when we do motion with our head or hand to repeat our verbal
“let’s go”. Through the non-verbal communication of others, we are forming the
impressions. Simply, non-verbal communication often used to substitute the place of
verbal message. For instance, we nod our head to indicate yes and shake our head to
indicate no.
1
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
Much of our relationship life is lived non-verbally. Therefore, non-verbal signals to
communicate the nature of our relationship to another person. These signal known as
“tie sign” because it indicate the ways in which the relationship is tied together. For
instance, from relatively informal handshake through more intimate forms like holding
hands and arm linking. In conversation, we give and receive cues that we are ready to
speak, to listen, or to comment on what we said. The strong impact of non-verbal
communication is influencing and deceiving because we will influence others through
what we say. For instance, using the eye and the facial expression to communicate a
linking for the other people. The last function of non-verbal communication is expressing
emotions which we reveal the level of happiness or sadness largely through facial
expression.
3.0 Aspect of Non-verbal Communication.
Different studies have identified a wide variety of types of nonverbal communication.
Therefore, there are three types on non-verbal communication which are kinesics,
proxemics and paralanguage. All of this aspect help to convey the message in the
communication.
3.1 Kinesics
According to DeVito (2011), kinesics content body movement gesture, facial
expressions and eye contact have different function in communication. Gesture is used
to convey meaning in non-verbal communication. Emblems are body gesture that
translate directly into word or phrases using our body gesture. For instance, finger circle
for “OK” sign and thumbs-up for “good job”. But emblem have wide and different
meaning according to the culture of the country. For instance, the “OK” sign in Brazil and
Mediterranean countries carry an obscene meaning whilst thumbs-up sign in Ghana is
an insult. Thus, we have to be careful when using those emblems especially when we
visit other countries. Other than emblem, when we referring to something in specific spot
such as right, we might gesture toward the right. Despite using hands, we also tend to
use our head to point the spot.
On the other hand, facial expressions is the important source of non-verbal message
because our face communicates many thing especially our emotions. Some non-verbal
research claims that facial movements may communicate at least the following eight
emotions which is happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, contempt, and
interest ( Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1972). For instance, when a child opening a
2
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
present, we can observe the joy and delight in his or her eyes and facial expression. In
electronic communication nowadays on the internet, emoticon buttons help to encode
the emotions graphically. For instance, the wink emoticon is “;-)” and “^0^” is refer for
happy emoticon.
Whilst eye contact is an important means of giving social recognition because it is
depending on the duration, direction, and quality of the eye behaviour. According to
Knapp & Hall (2006); Malandro, Barker, & Barker, (1989); Richmond, McCroskey,&
Hickson (2008) there are several important functions of eye contact. There are to
monitor feedback from the receiver by trying to understand their reactions on what we
say. Next, when we speak to more than one people, we have to maintain eye contact to
secure the attention and interest. Eye contact also helps us to regulate, manage and
control the conversation by nodding at a person to signal the person respond. In same
line of thought, eye contact help to signal the nature of the relationship between two
people that indicate affection for or dislike of another person. Moreover, eye contact is
often used to signal status and aggression. Lastly, by making eye contact we overcome
psychologically the physical distance between ourselves and other person. But, avoiding
eye contact may come with emotions such as shame, anxiety and embarrassment.
3.2 Proxemics
Hall (1959,1966) distinguishes four distances that define types of relationship
between people. There are four types which are intimate distance, personel distance,
social distance and public distance. At an intimate distance, each person experiences
the sound, smell, and feel of the other’s person breath which develop comforting and
protecting feeling. However, personel distance define our personel space which keeps
us protected and untouched by others. We only can touch others only if both of us
extend our arms. On the other hand, social distance raging from four to twelve feet
which people in executive and management often apply this distance from their
employees. At public distance, we can take a defensive action if we feel threatened. For
instance, people might keep public distance from
a drunk person. This spatial
communication play important role in verbal and non-verbal communication to give a
space at the beginning conversation.
3.3 Paralanguage
Paralanguage is the vocal but non-verbal dimension of speech. It is includes tone of
voice which is indicating attitude, authority and empathy. Whilst, pitch of voice indicating
3
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
emotions, tensions and stress. On the other hand, volume indicating the importance of
certain words and emotions. It also includes the vocalization of crying, whispering,
moaning, belching, yawning and yelling (Trager, 1958,1961; Argyle, 1988). Even though
the words are the same, people will receive a difference meaning according to the
speed that we used. From a paralinguistic cues, many people make judgement about
other people’s personalities. For instance, people might assume that people who speak
loudly have overinflated egos. Moreover, silence gesture allows the speaker and the
listener to think, formulate and organise the meaning of message. In the same of
thought, silence also signal the importance message. An addition, silence used to hurt
others especially after conflict which one or both individuals remain silent as a kind of
punishment. People sometime tend to be silence because of personel anxiety and
shyness. Therefore, by remaining silent, we preclude the chance of rejection.
4.0 Conclusion.
The ability to use non-verbal communication effectively can yield two major benefits.
(Burgoon & Hoobler, 2002). First, the greater ability to send and receive non-verbal
signals will increase the popularity and psychosocial well-being. Second, the greater
non-verbal skill we have will determine the successful of influencing others. Non-verbal
communication also important to patients who suffering from severe aphasia which lost
ability to understand or produce speech because of brain damage. Thus, they have to
rely on non-verbal means of communication to convey a message. It is crucially show
that non-verbal is more effective to be used together with verbal communication so that
the message that have been send can persuade and influence the receiver as well as
delivery the right content of message that can prevent communication breakdown form
happen.
4
C
[TSL 3101]
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
NATURE AND FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
1.0 Introduction.
“Non-verbal
communication
tends
to
provide
the
context
of
verbal
communication and has the power to disambiguate or invalidate the content of
linguistic expression” (Chippendale)
Communication is an activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving
people information. It is also can be define by methods of sending an information to
others. Thus, communication will involve the sender and the receiver when we
communicate. There are two form of communication which are Verbal and Non-Verbal
communication. Verbal communication can be define as sharing an information using
the speech meanwhile non-verbal communication is any communication that take place
using linguistic signs, or “non-word signs (Harrison 1974). Most of the time, people often
face communication breakdown. Little attention, however, non-verbal communication
has received much attention in the areas of business presentation, sales and marketing,
and the development of social skills. Thus, non-verbal communication provide the
context of verbal communication to become more effective.
2.0 The Function of Nonverbal Communication.
In face to face communication, we often combine verbal and non-verbal message to
convey our meaning. Knapp & Hall (1996) highlight the importance interaction and
integration of verbal and non-verbal message. Non-verbal emphasize some part of the
message such as raise the voice to underscore a particular word or phrase. Moreover, we
might smile when telling a humor story show that non-verbal may compliment or add
nuance of meaning in conversation. Often in communication, we intentionally contradict
our verbal message with non-verbal movement such as crossing the fingers when we
talked to other people. Every movement that we made, serve to control the flow of verbal
message. We also tend to use pauses such as “ah” and “um” to indicate that we not
finished talked. In communication also, we love to repeat the verbal message nonverbally.
It can be crucial to see when we do motion with our head or hand to repeat our verbal
“let’s go”. Through the non-verbal communication of others, we are forming the
impressions. Simply, non-verbal communication often used to substitute the place of
verbal message. For instance, we nod our head to indicate yes and shake our head to
indicate no.
1
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
Much of our relationship life is lived non-verbally. Therefore, non-verbal signals to
communicate the nature of our relationship to another person. These signal known as
“tie sign” because it indicate the ways in which the relationship is tied together. For
instance, from relatively informal handshake through more intimate forms like holding
hands and arm linking. In conversation, we give and receive cues that we are ready to
speak, to listen, or to comment on what we said. The strong impact of non-verbal
communication is influencing and deceiving because we will influence others through
what we say. For instance, using the eye and the facial expression to communicate a
linking for the other people. The last function of non-verbal communication is expressing
emotions which we reveal the level of happiness or sadness largely through facial
expression.
3.0 Aspect of Non-verbal Communication.
Different studies have identified a wide variety of types of nonverbal communication.
Therefore, there are three types on non-verbal communication which are kinesics,
proxemics and paralanguage. All of this aspect help to convey the message in the
communication.
3.1 Kinesics
According to DeVito (2011), kinesics content body movement gesture, facial
expressions and eye contact have different function in communication. Gesture is used
to convey meaning in non-verbal communication. Emblems are body gesture that
translate directly into word or phrases using our body gesture. For instance, finger circle
for “OK” sign and thumbs-up for “good job”. But emblem have wide and different
meaning according to the culture of the country. For instance, the “OK” sign in Brazil and
Mediterranean countries carry an obscene meaning whilst thumbs-up sign in Ghana is
an insult. Thus, we have to be careful when using those emblems especially when we
visit other countries. Other than emblem, when we referring to something in specific spot
such as right, we might gesture toward the right. Despite using hands, we also tend to
use our head to point the spot.
On the other hand, facial expressions is the important source of non-verbal message
because our face communicates many thing especially our emotions. Some non-verbal
research claims that facial movements may communicate at least the following eight
emotions which is happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, contempt, and
interest ( Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1972). For instance, when a child opening a
2
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
present, we can observe the joy and delight in his or her eyes and facial expression. In
electronic communication nowadays on the internet, emoticon buttons help to encode
the emotions graphically. For instance, the wink emoticon is “;-)” and “^0^” is refer for
happy emoticon.
Whilst eye contact is an important means of giving social recognition because it is
depending on the duration, direction, and quality of the eye behaviour. According to
Knapp & Hall (2006); Malandro, Barker, & Barker, (1989); Richmond, McCroskey,&
Hickson (2008) there are several important functions of eye contact. There are to
monitor feedback from the receiver by trying to understand their reactions on what we
say. Next, when we speak to more than one people, we have to maintain eye contact to
secure the attention and interest. Eye contact also helps us to regulate, manage and
control the conversation by nodding at a person to signal the person respond. In same
line of thought, eye contact help to signal the nature of the relationship between two
people that indicate affection for or dislike of another person. Moreover, eye contact is
often used to signal status and aggression. Lastly, by making eye contact we overcome
psychologically the physical distance between ourselves and other person. But, avoiding
eye contact may come with emotions such as shame, anxiety and embarrassment.
3.2 Proxemics
Hall (1959,1966) distinguishes four distances that define types of relationship
between people. There are four types which are intimate distance, personel distance,
social distance and public distance. At an intimate distance, each person experiences
the sound, smell, and feel of the other’s person breath which develop comforting and
protecting feeling. However, personel distance define our personel space which keeps
us protected and untouched by others. We only can touch others only if both of us
extend our arms. On the other hand, social distance raging from four to twelve feet
which people in executive and management often apply this distance from their
employees. At public distance, we can take a defensive action if we feel threatened. For
instance, people might keep public distance from
a drunk person. This spatial
communication play important role in verbal and non-verbal communication to give a
space at the beginning conversation.
3.3 Paralanguage
Paralanguage is the vocal but non-verbal dimension of speech. It is includes tone of
voice which is indicating attitude, authority and empathy. Whilst, pitch of voice indicating
3
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PEREMPUAN MELAYU
MELAKA
LINGUISTI
C
[TSL 3101]
emotions, tensions and stress. On the other hand, volume indicating the importance of
certain words and emotions. It also includes the vocalization of crying, whispering,
moaning, belching, yawning and yelling (Trager, 1958,1961; Argyle, 1988). Even though
the words are the same, people will receive a difference meaning according to the
speed that we used. From a paralinguistic cues, many people make judgement about
other people’s personalities. For instance, people might assume that people who speak
loudly have overinflated egos. Moreover, silence gesture allows the speaker and the
listener to think, formulate and organise the meaning of message. In the same of
thought, silence also signal the importance message. An addition, silence used to hurt
others especially after conflict which one or both individuals remain silent as a kind of
punishment. People sometime tend to be silence because of personel anxiety and
shyness. Therefore, by remaining silent, we preclude the chance of rejection.
4.0 Conclusion.
The ability to use non-verbal communication effectively can yield two major benefits.
(Burgoon & Hoobler, 2002). First, the greater ability to send and receive non-verbal
signals will increase the popularity and psychosocial well-being. Second, the greater
non-verbal skill we have will determine the successful of influencing others. Non-verbal
communication also important to patients who suffering from severe aphasia which lost
ability to understand or produce speech because of brain damage. Thus, they have to
rely on non-verbal means of communication to convey a message. It is crucially show
that non-verbal is more effective to be used together with verbal communication so that
the message that have been send can persuade and influence the receiver as well as
delivery the right content of message that can prevent communication breakdown form
happen.
4