Pengaruh Kadar Kalium Abu Kulit Buah Kelapa dalam Mengkatalisis Reaksi Transesterifikasi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Menjadi Metil Ester
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] BPS, “Produksi Perkebunan Besar Menurut Jenis tanaman, Indonesia (Ton),
1995-2010”. http://www.bps.go.id. Diakses pada Tanggal 27 Mei 2013.
[2] Zheng, S., Kates, M., Dubé, M. A., McLean, D. D., “Acid-Catalyzed
Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Frying Oil”, Biomass And Bioenergy,
30(1), 2006:hal. 267-272.
[3] Singh, S.P dan Singh, Dipti, “Biodiesel Production Through The Use Of
Different Sources And Characterization Of Oils And Their Esters As The
Substitute Of Diesel : A Review”, Journal homepage : www.elsevier.com /
locate /rsesr, 14(1), 2010: hal 200–216.
[4] Bode Haryanto, “Abu Serbuk Batang Kelapa Sebagai Katalis Proses
Esterifikasi Stearin”, Jurnal Sistem Teknik Industri, 6(5), 2005:hal. 25-28.
[5] Onyegbado, C. O., Iyagba, E. T., dan Offor, O. J., “Solid Soap Production
using Plantain Peel Ash as Source of Alkali”, J. Appl. Sci. & Environ.
Manage, 6(1), 2002: hal 73-77.
[6] Chinmoy Baroi, Ernest K. Yanfuly, Maurice A. Bergougnouz., “Biodiesel
Production from Jatropha curcas Oil Using Potassium Carbonate as an
Unsupported Catalyst”, International Journal of Chemical Reactor
Engineering, 7(72), 2009: hal 1-18.
[7] Graille J., Lozano P., Pioch D., Geneste P., “Alcoholysis Tests Of Vegetable
Oils With Natural Catalyzers For The Production Of Diesel Fuels” ,
J.Oleagineux, 5(50), 1985: hal 271 – 276.
[8] Luthfi P., Yoeswono, Triyono dan Iqmal Tahir., “Pengaruh Temperatur dan
Kecepatan Pengadukan Terhadap Konversi Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa
dengan Pemanfaatan Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai Katalis Basa”, Indo.
J. Chem., 9(1), 2009: Hal. 54 - 61
[9] Satriana dan Muhammad D. Supardan, “Kinetic Study of Esterification of
Free Acid in Low Grade Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfuric Acid”, AJChe, 8(1),
2008: hal. 1-8.
50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[10] Gumpon P., Allen, M.L., Leevijit, T. dan Thaveesinsopha, K., “Methyl Ester
Production from High Free Fatty Acid Mixed Crude Palm Oil”,
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 29(6), 2007: hal 1551-1561.
[11] Alkabbashi, A.N., Alam, Md. Z., Mirghani, M.E.S., Al-Fusaiel, A.M.A.,
“Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil by Transesterification Process”,
Journal of Applied Science, 9 (17), 2009: hal 3166-3170.
[12] Azhari, Faiz,M., Yunus, R., T.I Mohd. Ghazi, and T.C.S Yaw1, “Reduction
Of Free Fatty Acids In Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil Via An Esterification
Process”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 2008:
hal 92-98.
[13] Suthat Turapan,
Cattareya Yotkamchornkun dan Kamchai Nuithitikul,
“Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil with Sulfated Zirconia:
Effect of Calcination Temperature”, World Academy of Science, Engineering
and Technology 4(1), 2010: hal 14-19.
[14]Surachai Jansri dan Gumpon P., “Enhancement of the Two-Stage Process for
Producing Biodiesel from High Free Fatty Acid Mixed Crude Palm Oil”,
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 45,2011: hal.1094 – 1104.
[15] Mohammad Imaduddin,
Yoeswono, Karna Wijaya dan Iqmal Tahir,
“Ekstraksi Kalium dari Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai Katalis pada
Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Sawit”, Bulletin of Chemical Reaction
Engineering & Catalysis, 3(1-3), 2008: hal 14-20.
[16]Kataren. S, Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan (Jakarta : UI
Press, 1986).
[17]Madya, Noor A,M., Madya Mustafa K,A.A., Process Design In Degumming
And Bleaching Of Palm Oil, Research Vote No: 74198, Centre Of Lipids
Engineering And Applied Research (Clear) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
2006: hal 1-158.
[18] Rondang Tambun, Buku Ajar Teknologi Oleokimia, Departemen Teknik
Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2006.
[19] Haryono,Muhammad A., Wahyuni,, “Proses Pemucatan Minyak Sawit
Mentah Dengan Arang Aktif”, Berkala Ilmiah Teknik Kimia 1(1), 2012: hal
7-12.
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[20] Deny Sumarna, “Keuntungan Proses Wet Degumming Dibanding Dry
Degumming Pada Pemurnian Minyak sawit Kasar”, Jurnal Teknologi
Pertanian 3(1), 2007: hal. 37-42.
[21] Gerhard Knothe, Gerpen J.V., Krahl, J., The Biodiesel Handbook, AOCS
Press, Department of Agriculture Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A, 2005.
[22] Shuli Yan, Steven O.S., K.Y. Simon Ng, “Simultaneous Transesterification
And Esterification Of Unrefined Or Waste Oils Over ZnO-La2O3 Catalysts”,
Applied
Catalysis
A:
General.
Journal
homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/apcata 353, 2009: hal 203–212.
[23] Adeeb Hayyan, Farouq S.M., Maan H., Inas M.A dan Mohamed E.S.M.,
“Utilizing Ultrasonic Energy for Reduction of Free fatty Acids in Crude Palm
Oil”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(61), 2012: hal.12510-12517.
[24] Hikmah, M.N.dan Zuliyana, “Pembuatan Metil Ester (Biodiesel) dari Minyak
Dedak dan Metanol dengan Proses Esterifikasi dan Transeterifikasi”, Skripsi
Jurusan Teknik Kimia, UNDIP, 2010.
[25] Gumpon Prateepchaikul dan Krit Somnuk, “Continuous Transesterification
For Biodiesel Production Of Esterified Oil Using Static Mixers Coupled With
Highintensity Ultrasonic Irradiation”, The 6th PSU-UNS International
Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET-2013), 2013:hal.1-4.
[26] Asna Luthfiyati, Yoeswono, “Karna Wijaya dan Iqmal Tahir., Kajian
Pengaruh Temperatur Dan Kecepatan Pengadukan Terhadap Konversi
Biodiesel Dari Minyak Sawit Menggunakan Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit
Sebagai Katalis”, Indo. J. Chem., 9(1), 2009: Hal. 54 – 61.
[27]H.A. farag, Azza El-Maghraby dan Nahla.A.T., “Kinetic Study Of Used
Vegetable Oil For Esterification And Transesterification Process Of Biodiesel
Production”, International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences,
IJCBS, 3(2013):hal.1-8.
[28]Ejikeme, P.M., Anyaogu, I.D., Ejikeme, C.L., “Catalysis in Biodiesel
Production by Transesterification Processes-An Insight”, E-Journal of
Chemistry 7(4), 2009: hal 1120-1132.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[29] I.M. Ogbu dan V.I.E. Ajiwa, “Biodiesel Production Via Esterification Of
Free Fatty Acids From Cucurbita Pepo L. Seed Oil: Kinetic Studies”,
International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8), 2013:hal 616-621.
[30] Freedman, B., Pryde.E.H., Mounts. T.L., “Variabel Affecting th Yields of
Fatty Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc,
61(10) ,1984. hal. 1638-1643.
[31] Risnoyatiningsih,
Sri.,
“Biodiesel
From
Avocado
Seeds
By
Transesterification Process”, Jurnal Teknik Kimia ,5(1), 2010: hal. 5-10.
[32] Destiana, Mescha., Agustinus Zandy, Nazef, Soraya Puspasari. “Intensifikasi
Proses Produksi Biodiesel” ITB Bandung, 2007.
[33] Bode Haryanto., Bahan Bakar Alternatif Biodiesel , digitized by USU digital
library Medan, 2002. hal.1-13.
[34] N. Abdullah, F. Sulaiman and H. Gerhauser, “Characterisation of Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunches for Fuel Application”, Journal of Physical Science,
22(1), 2011: hal 1–24.
[35] J.M. Marchetti, M.N. Pedernera dan N.S. Schbib, “Production Of Biodiesel
From Acid Oil Using Sulfuric Acid As Catalyst: Kinetics Study”,
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 40(1), 2010: hal. 1-6.
[36] Renita Manurung, “Transesterifikasi Minyak Nabati”, Jurnal Teknologi
Proses, 5(1), 2006:hal. 47-52.
[37]Summit Enterprises LLC, Fuel for Future, www.ezbiodiesel.com, 2007
diakses pada 18 Agustus 2013.
[38] Adam Karl Khan, Research into Biodisel Kinetics & Catalyst Development,
The University of Queensland, Australia, 2002.
[39] IUPAC Paquot, C. dan Hautfenne, A., Standard Methods for the Analysis of
Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th revised and enlarged edition, USA and
Canada: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1987.
[40] Agus Sundaryono., “Karakteristik Biodiesel Dan Blending Biodiesel Dari Oil
Losses Cair Pabrik Minyak Kelapa Sawit”, J. Tek. Ind. Pert. Vol. 21 (1),
2005: hal 34-40.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[41]Canacki, M dan Van Gerpen, J., “Biodiesel Production From Oils And Fats
With High Free Fatty Acids”, Transactions of the ASAE, 44(6), 2001: hal
1429–1436.
[42]Sirichai Chantara-arpornchai, Apanee Luengnaruemitchai dan Samai Jai-In,
“Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst”,
International Journal of Chemical and Biological Engineering 6(2012):hal
230-235.
[43] Jagadale S. S., Jugulkar L. M., “Review of Various Reaction Parameters and
Other Factors Affecting on Production of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel”,
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) 2(2),
2012:hal.407-411.
[44] D. Darnoko dan Munir Cheryan, “Continuous Production of Palm Methyl
Esters”, JAOCS 77(12), 2000: hal.1269-1272.
[45] Nezahat BOZ, Miray Kara, Oylum Sunal, Ertan Alptekin, “Nebahat
Degirmenbasi, Investigation Of The Fuel Properties Of Biodiesel Produced
Over An Alumina-Based Solid Catalyst”, Turk J Chem 33 (2009), hal. 433 –
442.
[46]Miskah, S., Moeksin, R., Reno. dan Sridawati., “Pemanfaatan Minyak Goreng
Bekas Sebagai Bahan Baku Metil Ester”, Jurnal Rekayasa 17(3), 2008: hal.
15-22.
[47]Kac, A., 2000, “The Two-Stage Adaptation of Mike Pelly’s Biodiesel Recipe
(For Advanced Biofuelers)”, http://journeytoforever.org/, 05 Juni 2013.
[48] Mulyadi, Edi., “Pembuatan Metil Ester dalam Reaktor Tansesterifikasi
Bersekat Miring”, Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 5(2), 2011 : hal. 439-443.
[49] Riyanti, Fahma, “Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Katalis KOH pada
Pembuatan Metil Ester dari Minyak Biji Katapang (Terminalia catappa
Linn)” Jurnal Kimia, Universitas Sriwijaya, Sumatera Selatan: 2012.
[50] Geankoplis, Transport Process and Separation Process Principles. New
York, 2003.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1] BPS, “Produksi Perkebunan Besar Menurut Jenis tanaman, Indonesia (Ton),
1995-2010”. http://www.bps.go.id. Diakses pada Tanggal 27 Mei 2013.
[2] Zheng, S., Kates, M., Dubé, M. A., McLean, D. D., “Acid-Catalyzed
Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Frying Oil”, Biomass And Bioenergy,
30(1), 2006:hal. 267-272.
[3] Singh, S.P dan Singh, Dipti, “Biodiesel Production Through The Use Of
Different Sources And Characterization Of Oils And Their Esters As The
Substitute Of Diesel : A Review”, Journal homepage : www.elsevier.com /
locate /rsesr, 14(1), 2010: hal 200–216.
[4] Bode Haryanto, “Abu Serbuk Batang Kelapa Sebagai Katalis Proses
Esterifikasi Stearin”, Jurnal Sistem Teknik Industri, 6(5), 2005:hal. 25-28.
[5] Onyegbado, C. O., Iyagba, E. T., dan Offor, O. J., “Solid Soap Production
using Plantain Peel Ash as Source of Alkali”, J. Appl. Sci. & Environ.
Manage, 6(1), 2002: hal 73-77.
[6] Chinmoy Baroi, Ernest K. Yanfuly, Maurice A. Bergougnouz., “Biodiesel
Production from Jatropha curcas Oil Using Potassium Carbonate as an
Unsupported Catalyst”, International Journal of Chemical Reactor
Engineering, 7(72), 2009: hal 1-18.
[7] Graille J., Lozano P., Pioch D., Geneste P., “Alcoholysis Tests Of Vegetable
Oils With Natural Catalyzers For The Production Of Diesel Fuels” ,
J.Oleagineux, 5(50), 1985: hal 271 – 276.
[8] Luthfi P., Yoeswono, Triyono dan Iqmal Tahir., “Pengaruh Temperatur dan
Kecepatan Pengadukan Terhadap Konversi Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa
dengan Pemanfaatan Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai Katalis Basa”, Indo.
J. Chem., 9(1), 2009: Hal. 54 - 61
[9] Satriana dan Muhammad D. Supardan, “Kinetic Study of Esterification of
Free Acid in Low Grade Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfuric Acid”, AJChe, 8(1),
2008: hal. 1-8.
50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[10] Gumpon P., Allen, M.L., Leevijit, T. dan Thaveesinsopha, K., “Methyl Ester
Production from High Free Fatty Acid Mixed Crude Palm Oil”,
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 29(6), 2007: hal 1551-1561.
[11] Alkabbashi, A.N., Alam, Md. Z., Mirghani, M.E.S., Al-Fusaiel, A.M.A.,
“Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil by Transesterification Process”,
Journal of Applied Science, 9 (17), 2009: hal 3166-3170.
[12] Azhari, Faiz,M., Yunus, R., T.I Mohd. Ghazi, and T.C.S Yaw1, “Reduction
Of Free Fatty Acids In Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil Via An Esterification
Process”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 2008:
hal 92-98.
[13] Suthat Turapan,
Cattareya Yotkamchornkun dan Kamchai Nuithitikul,
“Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil with Sulfated Zirconia:
Effect of Calcination Temperature”, World Academy of Science, Engineering
and Technology 4(1), 2010: hal 14-19.
[14]Surachai Jansri dan Gumpon P., “Enhancement of the Two-Stage Process for
Producing Biodiesel from High Free Fatty Acid Mixed Crude Palm Oil”,
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 45,2011: hal.1094 – 1104.
[15] Mohammad Imaduddin,
Yoeswono, Karna Wijaya dan Iqmal Tahir,
“Ekstraksi Kalium dari Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai Katalis pada
Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Sawit”, Bulletin of Chemical Reaction
Engineering & Catalysis, 3(1-3), 2008: hal 14-20.
[16]Kataren. S, Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan (Jakarta : UI
Press, 1986).
[17]Madya, Noor A,M., Madya Mustafa K,A.A., Process Design In Degumming
And Bleaching Of Palm Oil, Research Vote No: 74198, Centre Of Lipids
Engineering And Applied Research (Clear) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
2006: hal 1-158.
[18] Rondang Tambun, Buku Ajar Teknologi Oleokimia, Departemen Teknik
Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2006.
[19] Haryono,Muhammad A., Wahyuni,, “Proses Pemucatan Minyak Sawit
Mentah Dengan Arang Aktif”, Berkala Ilmiah Teknik Kimia 1(1), 2012: hal
7-12.
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[20] Deny Sumarna, “Keuntungan Proses Wet Degumming Dibanding Dry
Degumming Pada Pemurnian Minyak sawit Kasar”, Jurnal Teknologi
Pertanian 3(1), 2007: hal. 37-42.
[21] Gerhard Knothe, Gerpen J.V., Krahl, J., The Biodiesel Handbook, AOCS
Press, Department of Agriculture Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A, 2005.
[22] Shuli Yan, Steven O.S., K.Y. Simon Ng, “Simultaneous Transesterification
And Esterification Of Unrefined Or Waste Oils Over ZnO-La2O3 Catalysts”,
Applied
Catalysis
A:
General.
Journal
homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/apcata 353, 2009: hal 203–212.
[23] Adeeb Hayyan, Farouq S.M., Maan H., Inas M.A dan Mohamed E.S.M.,
“Utilizing Ultrasonic Energy for Reduction of Free fatty Acids in Crude Palm
Oil”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(61), 2012: hal.12510-12517.
[24] Hikmah, M.N.dan Zuliyana, “Pembuatan Metil Ester (Biodiesel) dari Minyak
Dedak dan Metanol dengan Proses Esterifikasi dan Transeterifikasi”, Skripsi
Jurusan Teknik Kimia, UNDIP, 2010.
[25] Gumpon Prateepchaikul dan Krit Somnuk, “Continuous Transesterification
For Biodiesel Production Of Esterified Oil Using Static Mixers Coupled With
Highintensity Ultrasonic Irradiation”, The 6th PSU-UNS International
Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET-2013), 2013:hal.1-4.
[26] Asna Luthfiyati, Yoeswono, “Karna Wijaya dan Iqmal Tahir., Kajian
Pengaruh Temperatur Dan Kecepatan Pengadukan Terhadap Konversi
Biodiesel Dari Minyak Sawit Menggunakan Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit
Sebagai Katalis”, Indo. J. Chem., 9(1), 2009: Hal. 54 – 61.
[27]H.A. farag, Azza El-Maghraby dan Nahla.A.T., “Kinetic Study Of Used
Vegetable Oil For Esterification And Transesterification Process Of Biodiesel
Production”, International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences,
IJCBS, 3(2013):hal.1-8.
[28]Ejikeme, P.M., Anyaogu, I.D., Ejikeme, C.L., “Catalysis in Biodiesel
Production by Transesterification Processes-An Insight”, E-Journal of
Chemistry 7(4), 2009: hal 1120-1132.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[29] I.M. Ogbu dan V.I.E. Ajiwa, “Biodiesel Production Via Esterification Of
Free Fatty Acids From Cucurbita Pepo L. Seed Oil: Kinetic Studies”,
International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8), 2013:hal 616-621.
[30] Freedman, B., Pryde.E.H., Mounts. T.L., “Variabel Affecting th Yields of
Fatty Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc,
61(10) ,1984. hal. 1638-1643.
[31] Risnoyatiningsih,
Sri.,
“Biodiesel
From
Avocado
Seeds
By
Transesterification Process”, Jurnal Teknik Kimia ,5(1), 2010: hal. 5-10.
[32] Destiana, Mescha., Agustinus Zandy, Nazef, Soraya Puspasari. “Intensifikasi
Proses Produksi Biodiesel” ITB Bandung, 2007.
[33] Bode Haryanto., Bahan Bakar Alternatif Biodiesel , digitized by USU digital
library Medan, 2002. hal.1-13.
[34] N. Abdullah, F. Sulaiman and H. Gerhauser, “Characterisation of Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunches for Fuel Application”, Journal of Physical Science,
22(1), 2011: hal 1–24.
[35] J.M. Marchetti, M.N. Pedernera dan N.S. Schbib, “Production Of Biodiesel
From Acid Oil Using Sulfuric Acid As Catalyst: Kinetics Study”,
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 40(1), 2010: hal. 1-6.
[36] Renita Manurung, “Transesterifikasi Minyak Nabati”, Jurnal Teknologi
Proses, 5(1), 2006:hal. 47-52.
[37]Summit Enterprises LLC, Fuel for Future, www.ezbiodiesel.com, 2007
diakses pada 18 Agustus 2013.
[38] Adam Karl Khan, Research into Biodisel Kinetics & Catalyst Development,
The University of Queensland, Australia, 2002.
[39] IUPAC Paquot, C. dan Hautfenne, A., Standard Methods for the Analysis of
Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th revised and enlarged edition, USA and
Canada: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1987.
[40] Agus Sundaryono., “Karakteristik Biodiesel Dan Blending Biodiesel Dari Oil
Losses Cair Pabrik Minyak Kelapa Sawit”, J. Tek. Ind. Pert. Vol. 21 (1),
2005: hal 34-40.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[41]Canacki, M dan Van Gerpen, J., “Biodiesel Production From Oils And Fats
With High Free Fatty Acids”, Transactions of the ASAE, 44(6), 2001: hal
1429–1436.
[42]Sirichai Chantara-arpornchai, Apanee Luengnaruemitchai dan Samai Jai-In,
“Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst”,
International Journal of Chemical and Biological Engineering 6(2012):hal
230-235.
[43] Jagadale S. S., Jugulkar L. M., “Review of Various Reaction Parameters and
Other Factors Affecting on Production of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel”,
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) 2(2),
2012:hal.407-411.
[44] D. Darnoko dan Munir Cheryan, “Continuous Production of Palm Methyl
Esters”, JAOCS 77(12), 2000: hal.1269-1272.
[45] Nezahat BOZ, Miray Kara, Oylum Sunal, Ertan Alptekin, “Nebahat
Degirmenbasi, Investigation Of The Fuel Properties Of Biodiesel Produced
Over An Alumina-Based Solid Catalyst”, Turk J Chem 33 (2009), hal. 433 –
442.
[46]Miskah, S., Moeksin, R., Reno. dan Sridawati., “Pemanfaatan Minyak Goreng
Bekas Sebagai Bahan Baku Metil Ester”, Jurnal Rekayasa 17(3), 2008: hal.
15-22.
[47]Kac, A., 2000, “The Two-Stage Adaptation of Mike Pelly’s Biodiesel Recipe
(For Advanced Biofuelers)”, http://journeytoforever.org/, 05 Juni 2013.
[48] Mulyadi, Edi., “Pembuatan Metil Ester dalam Reaktor Tansesterifikasi
Bersekat Miring”, Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 5(2), 2011 : hal. 439-443.
[49] Riyanti, Fahma, “Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Katalis KOH pada
Pembuatan Metil Ester dari Minyak Biji Katapang (Terminalia catappa
Linn)” Jurnal Kimia, Universitas Sriwijaya, Sumatera Selatan: 2012.
[50] Geankoplis, Transport Process and Separation Process Principles. New
York, 2003.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara