AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE TRANSLATION IN MARK TWAIN’S NOVEL ENTITLED ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page of Approval... i

Statement of Authorization ... ii

Acknowledgment ... iii

Preface ... iv

Abstract ... v

Table of Contents ... vi

List of Figures ... viii

List of Tables... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background ... 1

1.2Limitation of the Study ... 4

1.3Research Questions ... 5

1.4The Aims of the Study ... 5

1.5The Significance of the Study ... 5

1.6The Research Methodology and Procedures ... 6

1.7Clarification of the Key Terms ... 7

1.8Organization of the Paper... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Translation... 9

2.1.1 Definition of Translation ... 9

2.1.2 Process of Translation ... 10

2.1.3 Translation Procedures ... 13

2.1.4 Translation Methods ... 20

2.1.5 The Criteria of Good Translation ... 23

2.2 Figurative Language... 25

2.2.1 Definition of Figurative Language ... 25

2.2.3 Figurative Language in Novel ... 36

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of the Research ... 37

3.2 Source of Data ... 38

3.3 Data Samples ... 39

3.3.1 Population ... 39

3.3.2 Samples ... 39

3.4 Techniques of Collecting the Data ... 40

3.5 Techniques of Analyzing the Data ... 41

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Findings ... 43

4.2 Discussions ... 95

4.2.1 Figurative Language... 95

4.2.2 Translation Procedures ... 96

4.2.3 The Quality of Translation ... 99

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 101

5.2 Suggestions ... 103

REFERENCES ... 104

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This first chapter introduces background of the study including several theories related to the study, and limitation of the study. Besides that, it provides the research questions, the aims of the study, the significance of the study, the research methodology and procedures, and the clarifications of the key terms. Organization of the paper is presented in this chapter as the general depictions of the translating research paper.

1.1 Background

Nowadays, translation has become an important part of life. This act of transferring information and message from the Source Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL) has developed in many parts of the world. The main purpose of translating is to enable the readers to understand the message of the Source Language without any significant obstacle.

The role of translation is certainly important for individuals, group of people, or even a country to access lots of beneficial information from the other parts of world. Furthermore, a translation activity has always been interesting to do. This activity is clearly seen from the existence of translated books of various fields such as technology, economics, and literary works (novel, poetry and short story). Thus, in other words translation is one of tool to bridge communication in written form.

According to Newmark (1988: 5) “translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text”. Meanwhile, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (2005: 1438) states that “translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language”. Based on those explanations it means that when a text is translated from the source language (SL) into target language (TL), the meaning of the text must be same. Therefore, in translating a text the translator must deliver or transfer the information from source language (SL) to target language (TL) as clear as possible.

A translator holds a very essential factor in facilitating people or readership to attain a satisfying translation service. Furthermore, the translator should have good knowledge of both the source language (TL) and target language (TL). As stated by Newmark (1988:4), “a translator has to have a flair and a feel for his own language”. Here, the capability of translator will determine the quality of translation output. In this case, the translator has to be aware of cultural, politic, linguistic, and social background of source language (SL) and target language (TL). Hence, to be a good translator should not only master both the source language (SL) and target language (TL) but also the culture and social background of the source language (SL) that must be translated into target language (TL).

In addition, there are many texts have been translated from English to Indonesian or vice versa for example, history text, science text, literary text and so forth. One of kind of literary works is novel. Novel as one form of literary works

is used by the writer both to deliver his messages to the readers and to invite them to communicate through imaginative languages.

One of imaginative languages is figurative language. The figurative language is usually found in some literary works such as, short story and novel. In writing a novel, a writer mostly uses figurative language. Meriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 415)defines figurative language as:

A form of expression (as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heightened effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener

(Meriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, 1995: 415)

This may mean is usually found in the novel in which the writer uses it to convey exact meaning in a vivid and artistic manner. In other word, the writer tries to create an image in the readers mind. Thus, holding the attention of the readers is the writer’s goal.

As mentioned before, the translator must deliver or transfer the information from source language (SL) to target language (TL) as clear as possible. In accordance with translation, figurative language must be translated carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding. In this case, in translating figurative language becomes one of challenges that have to be faced by a translator.

Based on the elaborations above the writer is interested to investigate one of the most famous classic novels entitled Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. The writer has chosen that novel because the novel has potential issues to be investigated how the figurative language is translated and the

procedures used by translator in translating it based on Newmark’s theory. Hopefully, this research is expected to give more knowledge to the writer or the translator, especially in translating figurative language.

1.2 Limitation of the Study

In translating figurative language, the translators have to be more careful because the translators not only render the meaning of source language to target language but also consider the other aspects, such as culture, social, and politic of source language. Furthermore, the writer found 398 sentences that contain figurative language in the novel. However, the writer focuses on 121 figurative language to be analyzed and in order to be more manageable.

In order to make the discussion in this study more focuses on the problem, the research is limited to identifying, finding out and explaining how figurative language is translated in the two novels. The reason of the writer in conducting this study is that is expected to reveal kinds of procedures used by the translator in translating figurative language. Further, to analyze the quality of translated novel version There are several kinds of figurative language (Meriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, 1995:415) that would be analyzed in this study, namely alliteration, allusion, assonance, imagery, simile, personification, metaphor, hyperbole, paradox, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, onomatopoeia, idiom and symbol that are found in the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain.

1.3 Research Questions

To guide the research, the writer formulates the research questions as follows:

1. What kinds of figurative language are found and translated in the novel? 2. What are the procedures used in translating the figurative language in the

novel into the Indonesian language?

3. What is the quality of translated version of the figurative language?

1.4 The Aims of the Study

The aims of the study are:

1. To discover the kinds of figurative language in Mark Twain’s Novel entitled Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

2. To reveal the procedures used by the translator in translating figurative language in the novel.

3. To know the quality of translated version of the figurative language.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The results of the research are expected to give inputs and ideas to amateur translator as well as the readers in improving and enhancing their translation skills especially in translating figurative language which is usually exist in a novel. In addition, the results of this research are expected to be able to give further knowledge for the writer and for Indonesian translators especially, translating

figurative language into Indonesian language. Further, this study identifies proper procedures, accuracy, clarity, and naturalness in translating figurative language.

1.6 The Research Methodology and Procedures

1. Research Methodology

A qualitative method is used in this research. According to Fraenkell and Wallen (1993: 38) “when a researcher used a qualitative method where the results of the research were not presented in numbers but in form of writing and giving interpretation to the result descriptively”. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to describe, define, classify, and analyze the data.

2. Research Procedures

In conducting the research the writer will use the following procedures: 1. The writer reads both original and translated version of “Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn” novel.

2. The writer selects figurative language found out in the novel from chapter one up to last chapter.

3. The writer extracts each translation of the selected figurative language and places them to each line of the original in a transcript.

4. The writer juxtaposes the gained data both form the original version and translated version.

5. The writer identifies the procedures in translating the figurative language used in all chapters.

6. The writer judges how the quality in the case of accuracy, clarity, and naturalness of the figurative language in translated version novel.

7. The writer draws conclusion based on data

1.7 Clarification of the Key Terms

1. “Analysis is the study of something by examining its parts in order to understand it”. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2005)

2. “Translation is transferring the meaning of the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) in the way that author intended in the text”. (Newmark, 1988)

3. “Figurative language is a form of expression (as simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener (Meriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, 1995: 415)

4. “Novel is a story long enough to fill a complete book, in which the character and event are usually imaginary”. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2005)

1.8 Organization of the Paper

The paper is organized into five chapters. Each chapter has its own capacity to elaborate the content in details. Chapter I is background; this chapter presents the background of the study, limitation of the study, research questions,

aims of the study, significance of the study, research methodology and procedure, clarification of the key terms, and the organization of the paper. Chapter II is the theoretical foundation; this chapter presents review of theories relevant to the topic of the study. Furthermore, this topic comprises the theories about translation, novel, and figurative language. Chapter III describes the research methodology and procedures used in this study. It comprises the method of the research, the context of the research, source of data, techniques of collecting data, and techniques of analyzing data. Chapter IV contains the result of the study that comprises findings followed by the discussion of the data. Chapter V consists of the conclusions of the result of the study and the suggestions for further research.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

This chapter deals with theories related to the study. It covers the definition of translation, process of translation, translation procedures, methods of translation, the criteria of good translation and theory about figurative language that will be elaborated in this chapter.

2.1 Translation

2.1.1 Definition of Translation

Basically, translation tends to be defined as a process or kind of activity in changing from one form to another. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “translation is (1) the process of changing forms that is written or spoken into another language. (2) A text or work that has been changed from one language into another. (3) A process of changing into a different form”.

Furthermore, some experts define translation as the process of changing one from into another. However, they comprehend it in different way or mode. According to Newmark (1988: 5) “translation is a process of rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text”. This is the same as what Larson (1984: 3) conveys that “translation is basically a change of form from the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) that refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentence and paragraph etc, which

is spoken or written”. This means that in translating the text’s meaning of the Source Language (SL) must be the same with that in the Target Language (TL).

Regarding those statements above, it is clear that translation covers meaning, form of language, equivalences and cultural context. Therefore, a translator needs to have good understanding not only in mastering the materials that she/he is translating, but also everything that is related to the two languages. It can be concluded that the central idea of translation is the process of transferring meaning from the Source Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL) in order to present the original sense and naturalness of the expression.

2.1.2 Process of Translation

According to Larson (1984: 17), states that “When translating a text, the translator’s goal is an idiomatic translation which makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text into naturalness forms of the Target Language”. Furthermore, she states that “Translation is concerned with a study of lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, which is analyzed in order to determine its meaning”. The discovered meaning is then re-expressed or reconstructed using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the Target Language (TL) and its cultural context. Larson (1984: 4) simply presents the diagram of the translation process as follows:

Figure 2.1 Translation Process by Larson

The forms of the text to be translated and the translation results are shown by the different forms between square and triangle. It means that in translating a text, Larson suggests that “the forms of the Source Language (SL) may be changed into appropriate forms of the receptor language in order to achieve the idiomatic translation”.

In line with Larson, Newmark (1988: 144) there are three basic translation processes as follows:

1. The interpretation and analysis of source language text;

2. The translation procedures, which may be direct, or based on Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL) corresponding syntactic structures.

3. The reformulation of the text in relation to the writer’s attention, the reader’s expectation, the appropriate norms of the Target Language (TL) and so forth.

In addition, Newmark (1988: 19) also states that “in translating, translator should consider some aspects there are firstly begin with choosing a method of

approach, secondly when one is translating, he/she translates with four levels to bear consciously in mind”. Those four levels presented as follows:

1. The source language text level: this level also known as the level of language, where the translator begins and which he/she continually (but not continuously) go back to. At this level, a translator transposes the SL grammar (clauses and groups) into their TL ‘ready’ equivalents and he/she translates the lexical units into the sense that appears immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence.

2. The referential level: this level is the level objects and events, real or imaginary, which he/she progressively has to visualize and build up. This level is an essential part, first of the comprehension, then of reproduction process.

3. The cohesive level: this level is more general and grammatical which traces the train of thought, the feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various presuppositions of the SL text. This level encompasses both comprehension and reproduction. It presents an overall picture, to which a translator may have to adjust the language level.

4. The level of naturalness: this level is only concerned only with reproduction in which a common language appropriate to the writer or speaker in a certain situation. At this level, the translator has to ensure: (1) his translation makes sense; and (2) it reads naturally, that it is written ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of situation.

2.1.3 Translation Procedures

Newmark (1988: 81 – 93) specifically describes the translation procedures there are:

1. Literal

Literal is to transfer or to convert the grammatical structure of the SL both word and sentence to the nearest equivalence of the TL, in which the words are translated individually and out of context.

SL: The book is read by Udin TL: Buku itu dibaca oleh Udin.

2. Transference

Transference is the process of transferring a Source Language (SL) words to a Target Language (TL) text as a translation procedure. The word then becomes a ‘loan word’. The word in this procedure does not change the original form of the SL that is translated into TL. Translators use this procedure for there are the lack vocabularies of the TL. For example, most Indonesian people call the machine makes a printed record computer information as printer. This naming is taken from the source language itself.

SL: Oh, you can’t imagine

TL: Oh, takkan bisa kau bayangkan

3. Naturalization

Naturalization is a procedure that succeeds transference. That is first by adapting the SL word first to the normal pronunciation. And second by

changing it to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL in order to make it familiar to the tongue of the target language speakers.

SL: Strategy, scheme, method TL: Strategi, skema, metode

4. Cultural Equivalent

Cultural equivalent is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word. This procedure has translator to transfer the relevant cultural equivalents of the SL which is possessed by the TL. The main purpose of the procedure is to support of supplement another translation procedure in a couplets.

SL: Bachelor of Arts, notaire TL: Sarjana muda, pengacara

5. Functional Equivalent

Functional equivalent is a common procedure. By using this procedure a translator tries to explain the use—its description of the function—of the source language word in the TL. It is applied to cultural words, require the use of a culture-free word, sometime with a new specific term; it therefore neutralises or the SL word. When one translates Japanese word ‘harakiri’, he/she only explains the function ‘harakiri’ to be ‘an honorable way to end up your own life’. Other example is baccalaureat – ‘french secondary school leaving exam’; Sejm – ‘Polish parliament’ (Newmark, 1988: 83) SL: Shaman (English)

6. Descriptive Equivalent

Differing from functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent puts more emphasize on the description of cultural word. For example, samurai is described as Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century (Newmark, 1988: 81)

SL: Décolletage

TL: Potongan baju wanita yang lehernya sangat rendah

7. Synonymy

Synonymy is the use of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text. In other word, due to there are choices of words in the TL; a translator may decide to use one of the equivalent words. ‘Desert’ can be translated ‘padangpasir' or ‘padang gurun’ by the translator which has the similar meaning in the TL.

SL: Cream tea (English) TL: Pastry (Italian)

8. Through-Translation

Through-translation is the literal translation of common collocation, names of organization, the component of compounds and probably phrases. Normally, through-translation should be used only when they are already recognized term. The most obvious example of through-translation is the names of international organizations which often consist of ‘universal’

words which may be transparent for English language. A common example is UN (United Nations) translated as ‘PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa)’.(Newmark, 1988: 85)

SL: World Health Organization (English) TL: Badan Kesehatan Dunia (Indonesian)

9. Shift or Transposition

A ‘shift’ or ‘transposition’ is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from the SL to TL. One type is the change of singular to plural. The second type of shift is required when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL. The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.

From singular to plural: the sheep Domba-domba itu.

Position of adjective: The lazy woman Wanita yang malas.

From passive to active: The book is read by her Dia membaca buku itu

10. Modulation

Modulation is defined as ‘a variation through a change in viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought’. Free modulations are used by translators ‘when the TL rejects literal translation’, which means virtually always. The translators when use this procedure can replace active sentence for passive sentence. There are other modulations such as ‘part for the whole’, abstract for concrete’, ‘cause for effect’, ‘one for

another’, ‘reversal of terms’, ‘space for time’, ‘intervals and limits’, and ‘change of symbols’.

SL: It is not bad for you TL: Itu baik untuk kamu

11. Recognized Translation

Recognized translation is normally used when the TL accepted translation for the SL both words and sentences. This procedure is sometimes inappropriate or poor but the speakers of TL are fine with that. The translation of ‘Among every tongue and tribe’ is ‘Pada segala bangsa’ or ‘Wait a minute’ is ‘Tunggu sebentar’ as two examples of recognized translation.

SL: Gas station, football TL: Pom bensin, sepak bola.

12. Translation Label

Label is a temporary translation of the SL word. The translator considers this procedure usually as the appropriate one to translate a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can be later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation. For example, heritage language is translated become language

13. Compensation

Compensation procedure is used when one part of a sentence loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect, then the compensated in another part or in a contiguous sentence.

14. Componential Analysis

Componential analysis is the splitting up of lexical unit into its sense components, often one-to-two, -three or –four translations.

15. Paraphrase

Paraphrase is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text. It is used in an “anonymous” text when it is poorly written, or has important implication and omission.

SL: A discussion of these remedies. TL: Perbincangan seputar perbaikan.

16. Adaptation

Adaptation as stated by Vinay and Darbelnet quoted by Newmark (1988: 91) is the use of recognized equivalent between two situations. This is a matter of cultural equivalence, such as ‘Dear Sir’ translated as ‘kepada yang terhormat’ or ‘Yours ever’ translated as Amities.

17. Equivalence

Equivalence is simply referring to notices, familiar alternatives, phrases and idioms. In other words, a translator transfers the meaning of the SL by applying different ways for the same situation as in the original language. In addition, as cited in Newmark (1988: 90), Vinat and Darbelnet

mentions that a term by the translator is considered to be translated into approximate equivalence, accounting for the same situation in different term.

18. Reduction and Expansion

Reduction and expansion are rather imprecise translation procedures, which can be practiced intuitively in some cases. Reduction is used to eliminate some part of the sentence or the phrase from the SL. For expansion, a translator extends belebend (adjective) to be ‘life-giving’ (adverb plus past participle). However, for each there is at least one shift that you may like to bear in mind, particularly in poorly written text. SL: Trust me!

TL: Percayalah!

19. Couplet, Quadruplet and Triplet

Couplet, Quadruplet, Triplet are combination of two, three or four of the mentioned procedures above respectively for dealing with a single problem. They are particularly common for cultural words, if transference combined with a functional or a cultural equivalent.

SL: The prevailing problems

TL: Problem-problem atau masalah-masalah umum

20. Notes, Addition and Glosses

Notes or addition or glosses are three translation procedures where the translator supplies additional information in a translation. Through these procedures a translator tries to explain further or to cover the lack of

information in his or her translation. Note is additional information placed at the bottom of page or at the end of chapter. Meanwhile, additions are written within the text and glossary is put at the end of the book often as list of explanation of unusual words.

2.1.4 Translation Methods

In translating, the translator may face problems in transferring the meaning from SL text to the TL text. It occurs whether in term of grammatical structure, cultural aspect, lexicon, communication situation, style of language both SL text and TL text. Therefore, to solve these problems, some experts proposed some methods of translation.

Larson (1984: 15) divides translation methods into two comprising form-based translation and meaning-form-based translation. According to her, the first is called as literal translation which to follow the form of the source language. And the second is named as idiomatic translation since it is produced to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Thus, Larson adds that “a truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation”.

Further, Larson mentions that a good translator looks for the way in which the same message is expressed naturally in the receptor language. He/she will be able to provide an adequate and sometimes brilliant translation. Therefore:

His goal must be to avoid literalisms and to strive for a truly idiomatic receptor language text. He will know he is successful if the receptor readers do not recognize his work as a translation at all, but simply as a

text written in the receptor language for their information and enjoyment.

(Larson, 1984: 23)

Meanwhile, Newmark (1988: 45 – 47) proposes eight translation methods on the basis of language used to emphasis either SL or TL. He describes them in the form of a flattened V diagram:

Figure 2.2 Newmark’s Flattened V Diagram of Translation Method

The translation methods that emphasize on the Source Language 1. Word-for-word translation

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly into their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to interpret a difficult text as a pre-translation process.

SL: I Like you

TL: Saya menyukai kamu

2. Literal translation

The SL grammar constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates problems to be solved.

SL: They are quick of hearing and sharp-eyed

TL: Mereka punya pendengaran dan penglihatan tajam

3. Faithful translation

It is an attempt to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structure. It transfers cultural words and maintains the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text realization of the SL writer

SL: If he was lucky, his death would be quick TL: Kalau ia beruntung, ia akan mati cepat

4. Semantic translation

The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.

SL: There they lay fat.

TL: Di sana mereka tengkurap rata dengan tanah.

The translation methods that emphasize on the Target Language 1. Adaptation

This is the ‘freest’ form of translation. It is frequently used for play (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, while the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.

2. Free translation

It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called ‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and translation at all.

SL: She was robbed of her jewels yesterday. TL: Kemarin permata-permatanya dirampok.

3. Idiomatic translation

It reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in original.

4. Communicative translation

It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

SL: She put the egg down

TL: Pelan-pelan ia diletakkannya kembali telur itu

2.1.5 The Criteria of Good Translation

Translating a book or paper, whether fiction or non-fiction, from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) is not only an activity of transferring a work, but, more than that, a translator is required to transfer the message of the writer to the reader in the target language (TL). In addition in

mastering SL and TL, he should also understand the situation and context of a work that will be translated. These all are related to the quality of translation.

Meanwhile, Larson (1984: 6) states that the best translation is the one which:

1. Uses the normal language forms of the receptor language

2. Communicates as much as possible, to the receptor language the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the sourcelanguage

3. Maintains the dynamics of the original source language text.

In accordance with Larson statement, Prochazka in Nida (1964) mentions that defines a good translation in terms of certain requirements which must be made of the translator, namely: (1) “He must understand the original word thematically and stylistically”; (2) “He must overcome the different between the two linguistic structures”; and (3) “He must reconstruct the stylistic structures of the original work in his translation”.

Meanwhile, According to Barnwell as cited in Perkasa (2006), there are three most essential qualities of a good translation:

1. Accuracy: This refers to the precise understanding of the source message and the transfer of the message meaning as accurate as possible into the Target Language (TL)

Example: A whole school of poetry, if it is translated into Sekolah-sekolah puisi, the translation is not accurate, it is better to be translated into suatu aliran puisi tersendiri

2. Clarity: Easy to understand. The translation should be clear and understandable. The translator aims to communicate the message in a way that people can readily understand

Example: “How nice this scenery is!” is translated into “Alangkah indahnya pemandangan itu”

3. Naturalness: The translation should make sense, read naturally which is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms, and words that meet that kind of situation. The use of natural Target Language (TL) in the translation is expected to be natural and not sound strange.

Example: She worked hard at whatever she did. It is translated into dia bekerja keras apapun yang dikerjakan, the translation seems unnatural compared with Apapun yang dilakukannya selalu dengan sungguh-sungguh.

2.2 Figurative Language

2.2.1 Definition of Figurative Language

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1987: 379) figurative speech or figurative language is “an example of the figurative use of words.” Same definition is given by Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2005: 433) that is “a word or phrase used for vivid or dramatic effect.”

Figurative language or “figures of speech” (http://www.frostfriends.org/ figurative.html) is “a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words.” In other words, any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of

words in order to furnish new effects or fresh insights into an idea or a subject, cited from (http://www.orangeusd.k12.ca.us/yorba/figurative_language .htm).

Meanwhile, figurative language as stated on (http: //au.encarta.msn.com/ text_761577842__1/Figure_of_Speech.html) is:

Figure of speech, word of group of words used to give particular emphasis to an idea or sentiment. The special emphasis is typically accomplished by the user’s conscious deviation from the strict literal sense of a word, or from the more commonly used from of word order or sentence construction.

In Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 415), figure of speech is defined as:

A form of expression (as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.

In Indonesian language figurative language is known as gaya bahasa or

majas. According to Keraf (1991: 112) in his book entitled “Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa” defines figurative language as:

Persoalan gaya bahasa meliputi semua hirarki kebebasan: Pilihan kata secara individual, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat, bahkan mencakup pula sebuah wacana secara keseluruhan, malahan nada yang tersirat di balik sebuah wacana termasuk pula persoalan gaya bahasa.

Keraf (1991: 112)

Therefore, based on the explanations above, the writer conclude that figurative language is language that cannot be taken literally (or should not be taken literally only). Figurative language is supposed as a way in saying one thing and meaning another. It is usually applied by many writers in creating literary works such as poetry and novel. Many writers create figurative language personally and creatively. Their styles are influenced not only by their culture but

also their background of experiences and so forth. Certainly, the writers’ skill to create attractive and dept meanings of combinational words are needed to attract their readers’ intention.

2.2.2 Types of Figurative Language

According to Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, 1995: 415,

Figurative language or figure of speech can be classified in five major categories, there are:

1. Figures of resemblance on relationship (e.g., simile, metaphor, kenning, conceit, parallelism, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, and euphemism).

2. Figures of emphasis or understatement (e.g., hyperbole, litotes, rhetoric question, antithesis, climax, bathos, paradox, oxymoron, and irony).

3. Figures of sound (e.g., alliteration, repetition, anaphora, and onomatopoeia).

4. Verbal games and gymnastics (e.g., pun, and anagram). 5. Errors (e.g., malapropism, periphrasis, and spoonerism).

Basically, according to Keraf (1991) in bahasa Indonesia figurative language or

majas is divided into four major categories, they are:

1. Majas Perbandingan for example, personification, metaphor, euphemism, allegory, hyperbole, litotes, etc.

2. Majas Sindiran for example, irony, sarcasm, etc.

3. Majas Penegasan for example, pleonasm, repetition, parallelism, tautology, climax, rhetoric, anticlimax, etc.

4. Majas Pertentangan for example, antithesis, paradox, okupasi, etc.

In addition, in line with Frost (2006) state that there are sixteen types of figurative language. Those figurative language would be explained which related to this study and those are used in analyzing the findings. The sixteen types of figurative language are presented below:

1. Alliteration

Alliteration is repeated consonant sound occurring at the beginning of the word or within words. Alliteration is used to create melody, establish mood, call attention to important words, and point out similarities contrast. Meanwhile, based on Ensiklopedi Sastra Indonesia (2004: 42) pointed out that “Aliterasi adalah gaya bahasa dimana adanya pengulangan bunyi konsonan, lazimnya pada awal kata yang berurutan, untuk mencapai efek kesedapan bunyi”

For instances:

• Sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen, and jump for joy

• Five freaky females finding sales at retail.

• Bukan beta bijak berperi (Rustam Effendi’s poem)

2. Allegory

Allegory is a poem in the form of a narrative or story that has a second meaning beneath the surface one. According to Ensiklopedi Sastra Indonesia (2004: 38), “Alegori adalah suatu unsur gaya bahasa perbandingan yang menggunakan perlambang untuk menyatakan kiasan”.

Furthermore, Robert Frost is notable for his use of parable using the description to evoke an idea. For instances:

• After Apple-Picking: the apple harvest suggests accomplishment.

• Birches: the climbing suggests the value of learning and experience.

• Kakek dan nenek itu telah bersama-sama mengarungi bahtera pernikahan selama 50 tahun

3. Allusion

Allusion is a brief figurative or symbolic reference within a literary text to a familiar or person, place, event or thing outside the text. Allusion is used in hopes of triggering an association to portray a meaning. For instances:

• Catherine is a real Cinderella (works a lot around the house , cooking and cleaning)

• He was Hercules of a man (strong, take on anything)

• Si Udin sekuat Gatotkaca

4. Assonance

Assonance is a resemblance of a sound in words or syllable. According to

Ensiklopedi Sastra Indonesia (2004: 93), “Asonansi adalah gaya bahasa dimana perulangan beberapa bunyi yang berdekatan yang terdapat pada berapa kata yang menyebabkan bunyi-bunyi itu enak didengar. Umumnya berupa pengulangan bunyi vokal” For instances:

• Thy kingdom com, thy will be done.

• Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese.

5. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is expression of exaggeration which used by a writer depicted as being better or worse, or larger or smaller, than actually the case. According to Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 573) “hyperbole is a figure of speech that is an intentional exaggeration for emphasis or comic effect.” For instances:

• Dr. Johnson drank his tea in oceans.

• My date last night was the most beautiful girl in the world.

• Darahnya mendidih mendengar hinaan itu

6. Idiom

Idiom is the language peculiar to a group of people and has a special meaning of its own. According to Ensiklopedi Sastra Indonesia (2004: 345) “Idiom adalah ungkapan yang bercorak khas digunakan dalam pemakaian bahasa, baik yang menyimpang dari tata bahasa maupun tidak karena mempunyai makna yang tidak dapat dijabarkan dari makna unsur-unsurnya”. For instances:

• She sings at the top of her lungs.

• Do you need a hand?

• Anak itu besar kepala

7. Imagery

Imagery is the use of words to describe something, to create a “mental picture” of it. When Matthew Arnold’s speaker says “the sea is calm

tonight” in the poem “Dover Beach,” you create sea in your imagination. For instances:

• The trees converged in a velvet meadow.

• Sungai itu mengalir dengan tenang, airnya jernih sehingga ikan-ikan kelihatan dengan jelas

8. Irony

Irony is word using that say something other than what we mean actually. Irony is one of type of figurative language that declare the opposite meaning or contradiction with the fact. According to Ensiklopedi Sastra Indonesia (2004: 361) pointed out that “Ironi adalah majas yang bertentangan dengan makna sesungguhnya, bias berupa ketidaksesuaian antara harapan dan kenyataan atau ketidaksesuaian antara suasana yang diketengahkan dan kenyataan yang mendasari” For example:

• In this cell we are happy, actually.

• Wanita itu kesepian di tengah kota yang ramai

9. Metaphor

Metaphor is use of a word or phrase denoting kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for the purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two. In the other word, “Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word of phrase denoting one kind of object or action is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them” (Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, 1995: 756). For instances:

• A woman is admired for her strength and beauty, she is a silken tent.

• The stages of love are stepping stones to death.

• Raja siang telah pergi keperaduannya

10. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to the thing actually meant. Meanwhile, according to Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 578), “metonymy is figure of speech consists of using the name of one thing for something else with which associated.” There are several examples of metonymy:

• I spent the evening reading Shakespeare.

• “Hollywood.” (The American film industry)

• “White House.” (The president of the United States and advisors)

• Ayah pergi ke kantor naik kijan sedangkan ibu pergi ke pasar naik bebek

11. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it and the use of words whose sound suggests the sense. In more simple terms, it is the use of a word to indicate sound in other words the figurative language of a sound like the word. For instances:

• The fire crackled and the popcorn popped.

• Hiss, rattle, bang, buss, roar, woof and so forth.

12. Paradox

Paradox is a statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements, but on closer inspection may be true. There are three definitions of paradox based on Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 856):

Paradox is (1) A tenet or proposition contrary to received of expectation. (2) An apparently self-contradictory statement, the underlying meaning of which is revealed only by careful scrutiny. (3) Something (such as a person, phenomenon, state of affairs, or action) with seemingly contradictory qualities or phases.

According to Keraf (1991: 136) “Paradoks adalah semacam gaya bahasa yang mengandung pertentangan yang nyata dengan fakta-fakta yang ada”.

Several examples of paradox as follows:

• Men work together whether they work together or apart.

• A well-known secret agent.

• Musuh sering merupakan kawan yang akrab.

13. Personification

Personification is representation of inanimate objects or abstract ideas as living beings, as in fact. According to Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 875), “personification is figure of speech in which human characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality, or animal, or inanimate object.” Furthermore, according to Keraf (1991: 140)

“Personifikasi adalah semacam gaya bahasa kiasan yang menggambarkan benda-benda mati atau barang-barang yang tidak

bernyawa seolah-olah memiliki sifat-sifat kemanusiaan”. There are three examples of personification:

• Night enfolded the town in its ebon wings.

• The tree watches him sleep.

• Anginpun berusaha membisikkan sesuatu kepadaku

14. Simile

Simile is a figure of speech in which a comparison is expressed by the specific use of a word or phrase such as: like, as than, seems or as if. Based on Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 1033), the definition of simile is “figure of speech involving a comparison between two unlike entities. Based on Keraf (1991: 138) states that

“Persamaan atau simile adalah perbandingan yang bersifat eksplisit. Untuk itu ia memerlukan upaya yang secara eksplisit menunjukan kesamaan itu, yaitu kata-kata” seperti, sama, sebagai, bagaikan, laksana, dan sebagainya” There are four examples of simile:

• Like an old-stone savage armed.

• We ran as if to meet the moon.

• Matanya bagaikan bintang timur

15. Symbol

Symbol is a thing that stands for something else more abstract. According to Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 1085) symbol is defined as “something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance:

especially, a visible sign of something invisible.” There are four examples of symbol:

• Our flag is the symbol of our country.

• Flowers become a symbol for the beloved, his wife Elinor.

• “Maung Bandung” hari ini akan beraksi (Maung Bandung means one of soccer club in Indonesia located in Bandung)

16. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that mentions a part of something to suggest the whole or contrary. According to Merriam—Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature (1995: 1086), “synecdoche is figure of speech in which a part represents the whole or, less commonly, the whole represents a part”. In line with Keraf (1991: 142) states that “Sinekdoke adalah semacam bahasa figurative yang mempergunakan sebagaian dari sesuatu hal untuk menyatakan keseluruhan (pars prototo) atau mempergunakan keseluruhan untuk menyatkan sebagian” For instances:

• “Have you got your wheels, man?” (‘Wheel’ is used to mean a car)

• “50 head of cattle.” (‘Head’ is used to mean whole animals)

• Si Udin sudah satu minggu tidak menampakkan batang hidungnya (batang hidung means Si Udin in person”

2.2.3 Figurative Language in Novel

As mentioned before that figurative language usually exists in a novel. Here, the novel is as one of way for the author to write figurative language. According to Buhler in Newmark (1988:39), “novel is included into expressive functions of language. The other two are informative and vocative function.”

Novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form. The English word derives from the Italian word ‘novella’, meaning “a tale, a piece of news”. Novel is longer than any other works such as poem or short story. It is not bound by structural and metrical restrictions such as in plays and poetry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel). However, novels usually attempts to bring greater senses of realism to the narrative by covering a wide range of characters and experience.

With the reference of those definitions above, the writer concludes that novel is a work of narrative fiction in certain length, written in which characters and their actions are described to represent daily life. It is said that novel is a book-length because most of novels wrote in about 40,000 or more that sizes a book. Novel nowadays can be perceived as a quite phenomenon literary work since many people with unrelated background are competing in writing novel. In addition by using figurative language, the novel has certain features in it. The novel will be more vivid imagery, have stronger feeling, the additional detail and comes beautifully to be read by the reader.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the methodology of the research, and describes the method of the research, the source of data, the data samples, the techniques of collecting the data, and the techniques of analyzing the data.

3.1

Method of the Research

In this research, a descriptive qualitative method is used by the writer in analyzing and in exposing the obtained data which is the figurative language that is found in the novel. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 23) state that descriptive method is method used to explain, analyze, and classify, something through various techniques, survey, interview, questionnaire, and test. In addition, Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 380) also explain about qualitative research. Qualitative research is defined as “a research study that investigates the quality of relationships, activities, situations or materials.” Qualitative methods use descriptions and categories (words), for examples, open ended interviews, naturalistic observation, and document analysis. The writer analyzed the data one by one or detail.

Based on Bogdan and Knopp in Fraenkell and Wallen (1993: 380-381) describes five characteristics of qualitative method. First, the natural setting is the direct source of data, and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research. Second, qualitative data are collected in the form of word or pictures

rather than numbers. Third, qualitative researchers are concerned with process as well as product. Fourth, qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data inductively. Fifth, how people make sense out their lives is a major concern to qualitative researchers.

Regarding to the subject of the study, the writer believes that this research has potential issues to be analyzed by a descriptive qualitative method since this research is going to describe and explore the translation procedures used in translating figurative language in a novel.

3.2

Source of Data

The object of the present study is a novel entitled Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain, and its translated version by Juniriang Zendrato and Siwi Karmadi Kurniasih. This novel consists of 43 chapters, and 374 pages. It was published in 1973 and translated into Indonesia in 2007. This is an international best seller novel and belongs to classic novel.

This research was conducted only to analyze the figurative language found in the English novel version. Then the translation procedures in translating the figurative language in the two Indonesian translation versions were analyzed. Therefore, a purposive sampling is an appropriate method employed in this study.

In accordance with it, Fraenkel & Wallen (1993: 88) states that the researcher is able to use his/her judgment to select a sample that he/she believes based on the prior data. This strategy will provide the data the researcher need.

Another reason is the researcher use personal judgment to select a sample since the specific purpose of the research.

3.3

Data Samples

3.3.1 Population

Population is a set of data used to be investigated in which samples can be taken. Sugiyono (2006: 117) also explains that “A population is a generalization area consisting object or subject which has certain quality and characteristic that is determined by the researcher in order to be learned and taken its conclusion”.

After collecting the data, the writer found there are 398 sentences that contain figurative language taken from the whole chapters (chapter 1- chapter 43) of the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain.

3.3.2 Samples

Population is divided into two: sampling population and target population. The sampling population of this research is the whole sentences in the novel ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’, and the target population is the sentences that contain figurative language in it.

Samples are taken from the selected chapters. The steps in sampling process are as follows:

1. There will be 121 samples taken from the selected chapters of the novel (1 - 43 chapters).

2. The selected chapter is divided into three parts: beginning chapters consist of the uneven number chapters (chapter 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13), the middle chapters consist of the even number chapters (chapters 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28) , the last part consist of uneven number chapters (chapters 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43)

3. From the beginning chapters, the writer found 44 sentences of figurative language, 40 sentences that contain figurative language taken from the middle chapters, and from the last chapters 37 sentences of figurative language.

4. From those 121 samples were analyzed by the writer in order to find out the types of figurative language.

5. The writer analyzes the data in order to identify the procedures in translating figurative language.

6. The 121 samples will be analyzed by the writer in order to judges the quality in terms of accuracy, clarity and naturalness.

3.4

Techniques of Collecting the Data

In this research, the writer read a novel entitled Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain as the original or the English version. The translated version is written by Juniriang Zendrato and Siwi Karmadi Kurniasih. Some tools such as dictionaries and textbooks have been used in analyzing and investigating the data which is figurative language that is found in the both novel. In collecting the data, the writer conducts some steps:

1. Reading the novel both the original version and translated version.

2. Highlighting and identifying the sentences that contain figurative language then writes them into transcript.

3. Collecting the data (figurative language)

4. Classifying the gained data based on of each characteristic of figurative language

5. Juxtaposing the gained data between the original version and translated version

3.5

Techniques of Analyzing the Data

The analysis of figurative language translation applied on the entire samples as follows:

• After classifying the figurative language, the writer juxtaposing the gained data which is figurative language both between the original version and the translated version of the novel.

• Calculating the total number of the sentences that contain figurative language in it.

• Identifying the use of translation procedures that are used in translating the original version into Indonesian version based on Newmark’s Theory.

• Categorizing the translation procedures based on Newmark’s Theory

• Calculating total number and percentage of each procedure to find out the amount of each procedure based on the following formula:

P: number of percentages

F: frequency of translation procedures N: number of whole sample

• Judging the quality in terms of accuracy, clarity, and naturalness of translated version

• Drawing conclusion based on the data that have been analyzed.

Example of analysis:

Source Language Target Language

The wind was trying to whisper something to me

p. 4 c. 1

Anginpun berusaha membisikkan

sesuatu kepadaku

p. 35

The example above belongs to personification category. The author used the word “membisikkan” in order to compare the dead thing with human being. Here the author intended to communicate a certain feeling that the word

“anginpun” has a quality of human being. The procedure applied by the translator is through translation procedure because the source language is converted to its nearest target language equivalent. The writer assumes that the translator try to make this sentence more vivid so the readers can easily understand the core of the text. In conclusion this sentence is acceptable or good enough.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the research findings and discussions related to the formulation of the research. The findings are analyzed and elaborated which then discussed in sub-chapters in order to obtain the result of this research.

4.1 Findings

The research is aimed to analyze the types of figurative language that are found in the novel, to figure out the procedures of translation used in translating the novel entitled Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain. Furthermore this research is aimed at judging the quality of translation of Indonesia version in terms of accuracy, clarity, and naturalness.

After conducting the research, the writer has found 398 sentences that contain figurative language from all chapters (chapter 1 – 43). However, 121 sentences are chosen from selected chapters. Those sentences or findings which are figurative language are taken from the selected chapters, the beginning chapters (chapters 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13), the middle chapters (chapters 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28), and the last chapters (chapters 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43). Hence, from those selected chapters, 121 figurative language are collected through purposive

sampling and analyzed based on the translation procedures suggested by Newmark and then stated the quality of translated novel.

In detail, the writer selected 121 figurative language. They consist of 1 alliteration, 2 allusion, 1 assonance, 21 hyperbole, 11 idiom, 25 imagery, 2

irony, 3 metaphor, 2 metonymy, 3 onomatopoiea, 6 paradox, 8 personification, 31 simile, 4 symbol and 1 synecdoche. The further disccusion about each figurative language and its procedures are shown as follow

Table 4.1 The Translation Procedures of Alliteration

No Source Language Target Language Translation Procedures

1

I got a good going-over in the morning from old Miss Watson on account of my clothes.

p.14 c. 3

Paginya aku mendapat

ceramah dari Nona Watson

mengenai bajuku

p. 49 Transposition

The figurative language above belongs to alliteration category. Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds in adjacent words or syllables (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2004: 20). In this case, there is repetition of a letter “G” in “…got a good going-over…” In this figurative language the author wants to create melody, establish mood and call attention from the reader. Furthermore, this sentence is important statement. However, in target language there is no repetition like in source language since the words “…got a good going over…” is translated into “…mendapat ceramah…”. It means that, the aspect of alliteration in the target language is ignored. However, the meaning of the source language can be transferred properly. Transposition is applied by the translator in translating this

figurative language in which the translator changed the grammatical structure of the original text. There are three changes that were conducted by translator. First is position of the word I as subjet placed in front of the sentence in source language is shifted into subject in target language “aku” placed after modifier. Second is the position of modifier of time “in the morning” placed in the middle of sentence is shifted into in the front of the sentence in target language “paginya”. And the last is “my clothes” as plural object is translated into “bajuku” as singular object in the target language. The subject, verb, complement and modifier in this sentence formed the effect of alliteration it self. Generally, the translation is comprehensible. The translation is accurate, natural and clear.

Table 4.2 The Translation Procedures of Allusion

No Source Language Target Language Translation Procedures

1 He said if I warn’t so ignorant, but had read a book called Don Quixote, I would know without asking

p.17 c. 3

Lalu dia bilang kalau saja aku tidak terlalu bodoh dan membaca buku yang berjudul Don Quixote, pasti aku akan tahu tanpa banyak tanya p. 54

Transference

2 And said he was used to being Romeo, so the king could be Juliet.

p. 166 c. 20

Dan berkata bahwa dulu dia biasa berperan jadi Romeo, jadi Dauphin bisa berperan sebagai Juliet

p. 261

Transference

Allusion presents in both figurative language above in which a brief figurative language exist in those sentences there are in figurative language number one namely “Don Quixote” and figurative language number 2 is “Romeo and Juliet”. Both of them are part of history in which Don Quixote was a classic

book written by Cervantes, meanwhile Romeo and Juliet is a couple and they are a familiar story and become legend story for people all over the world. The procedure that was used by translator in translating those figurative language is transference. The procedure does not change physical form of the translated word where Don Quixote and Romeo and Juliet are translation of Don Quixote and Romeo and Juliet. Because the message of those sentences do not change too much and can be understood easily so those sentences are acceptable or good.

Table 4.3 The Translation Procedures of Assonance

No Source Language Target Language Translation Procedures

1

Now you’d hear the thunder let go with an awful crash, and then go rum- bling, grumbling, tumbling

p.63 c. 9

Sekarang kau akan mendengar guntur datang dengan gelegar yang mengerikan, dan bergemuruh

p.118

Paraphrase

Assonance presents in the figurative language above in which the repetition of the vowel sounds within words. In this case, assonance is shown in “rumbling, grumbling, and tumbling” in target language. There is repetition of vowel letter “U” in rumbling, grumbling, tumbling. The writer usually uses assonance to give a musical quality and to create unity. However, in target language there is no assonance. The translation procedure in translating assonance above is paraphrase. The original word that is “rumbling, grumbling, tumbling” is translated into “gelegar yang mengerikan, dan bergemuruh”. The translator attempted to render the contextual meaning of the original by using own language. In other words the translator only translates the core of the sentence without

change the meaning of the source language, so that the reader can understand easily. In this sentence the meaning of the sentence has translated successfully.

Table 4.4 The Translation Procedures of Hyperbole

No Source Language Target Language Translation Procedures

1

I was in a sweat to find out all about him

p. 2 c. 1

Aku berusaha setengah mati untuk bisa memahaminya

p. 33 Synonymy

2

‘What! and I as high as a tree and as big as a church?

p.19 c. 3

Apa! Tubuhku setinggi pohon dan sebesar gereja?

p.55 Through Translation

3

But I lay I’d make that man climb the highest tree there was in the country

p.19 c. 3

Tapi aku akan membuat orang itu memanjat pohon tertinggi di seluruh negeri

p.55

Expansion

4

The judge said it was the holiest time on record

p. 30 c. 5

Hakim itu berkata bahwa itu adalah waktu tersuci di sepanjang sejarah hidupnya. p. 70

Synonymy

5

Seemed a week be- fore we got to the stern

p.91 c. 13

Rasanya seperti butuh waktu seminggu sebelum kami sampai ke buritan kapal

p. 158

Expansion

6

We didn’t touch an oar, and we didn’t speak nor whisper, nor hardly even breathe.

p.92 c. 13

Kami sama sekali tidak

menggunakan dayung, dan kami tidak berbicara atau berbisik, bahkan tidak juga bernafas p. 160

Through Translation

7

Jim was pleased most to death. p. 373

c. 43

Jim senang setengah mati

p. 547 Synonymy

8

The lightning begun to flicker out from under his eyebrows

p. 136 c. 18

Kilat mulai menyambar dari bawah alisnya

p. 220 Transposition

9

And said I was the best boy in the world

p.142 c. 18

Dan dia berkata aku adalah anak laki-laki terbaik di dunia

p. 229 Through Translation

10

I couldn’t get my breath for most a minute

p.148 c. 18

Aku kehilangan napas selama satu menit

p. 238 Paraphrase

11

Lots of the women and girls was crying and taking on, scared most to death

p.186

Banyak perempuan dewasa dan

gadis yang menangis dan

histeris, ketakutan setengah mati.

c. 22 p. 288 12

A MAN’S safe in the hands of ten thousand of your kind

p.187 c. 22

Seorang laki-laki akan tetap aman di tangan ribuan orang seperti kalian

p. 289

Descriptive Equivalent

13

I couldn’t a thought of them in a year

p. 190 c. 22

Aku bahkan tidak dapat

memikirkannya dalam setahun

p. 294 Transposition

14

But his brother would a give anything in this world to see HIM before he died

p.204 c. 24

Karena saudaranya itu akan memberikan segala sesuatu di dunia yaitu dapat melihatnya sebelum mati

p. 312

Expansion

15

‘Poor things! to be left alone in the cold world so.’

p. 205 c. 24

Kasihan! Harus tin’gal sendiri di dunia ya’ kejam ini

p. 314 Synonymy

16

Sudden as winking the ornery old creature went an to smash p. 208

c. 24

Tiba-tiba dalam sekejap mata,

orang tua itu menghampiri

untuk menampar p. 317

Reduction

17

Then Susan SHE waltzed in; and if you’ll believe me, she did give Hare-lip hark from the tomb p. 223

c. 26

Kemudian Susan berkata jika kau mempercayaiku, dia akan mendengar dari kuburan p. 338

Transference

18

And I wished I could tell her a thousand lies, so she could do it again

p. 223 c. 26

Aku berharap dapat mengatakan kepadanya seribu kebohongan sehingga dia melakukannya lagi. p. 338

Through Translation

19

They sha’n’t touch a hair of your head

p.241 c. 28

Mereka tidak boleh

menyentuhmu meski sehelai rambut

p. 362

Reduction

20

I’ve thought of her a many and a many a million times

p.244 c. 28

Aku rasa aku telah memikirkan dia berjuta kali

p. 367 Paraphrase

21

And he was so grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world

p.273 c. 31

Dan dia sangat gembira, dan dia berkata bahwa aku adalah teman baik yang pernah dia miliki di dunia ini

p. 406

Reduction

Hyperbole presents in all figurative language above. Hyperbole is a figurative of speech that is an intentional exaggeration for emphasis or comic

effect (Merriam – Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, 1995: 573). In this case, all of sentence above have the effect of exaggeration within its words.

Hyperbole presents in figurative language number 1, 4, 7 and 15 in which the exaggeration of statement is made to emphasize the truth of the statement. An exaggeration language is used in both the source language and in target language. The readers are able to catch the meaning of the sentences if they do not read literally. In source language of figurative language number 1 the word “sweat” is translated into target language into “setengah mati”. It means that the translator attempted to understand how the character “I” really wants to know something so hard. The sentence “The judge said it was the holiest time on record” in figurative language number 4 shows that there is an exaggeration expression in this sentence. It sounds too excessive that the author of the novel wants to attract the readers and it cannot be understood literally. In figurative language number 7 “Jim was pleased must to death” illustrates that it is does not make sense that Jim was happy and almost die because of it. This is only the author’s style in expressing something in his character in the novel. Then in figurative language number 15 in sentence “to be left alone in the cold world so” indicates the exaggeration expression. In this sentence, the author of the novel intended to make this expression much more attract to be read.

The translation of figurative language number 1, 4, 7 and 15 applied same procedure in translating the source language that is synonymy. In translating figurative language number 1 the translator tried to put the closest phrase to translate “sweat” into “setengah mati”. Actually, the word “sweat” is literally

translated as “keringat or peluh”. However, the translator selected the word

“setengah mati” in translating “sweat” in order to appropriate with the context of the text. Figurative language number 4, the translator translated the word “judge” into “hakim” in target language. Actually, the word “judge” can be literally translated into “wasit” in target language. But, the word is not appropriate in this text since it will change the meaning. So, the translator used the word “hakim” that has similar meaning to “judge”.

The figurative language number 2, 6, 9, and 18, it can be seen the exaggeration in each sentences. In figurative language number 2 can be seen that the sentence “I as high as a tree and as big as a church” has the effect of exaggeration. It does not make sense that the body of people can be as high as a tree and as big as a church. This is only the imagination of the authors that is expressed in his writing. The sentence “we didn’t speak nor whisper, nor hardly even breathe” in figurative language number 6 has exaggeration effect. Human may be dead if do not breath even 5 minutes. Figurative language number 9 illustrates exaggeration expression in sentence “I was the best boy in the world”. Through this sentence the author of the novel attempts to emphasize for certain effect. An exaggeration expression also found in a sentence “I wished I could tell her a thousand lies” in figurative language number 18. It is impossible that a person is able to lie in a thousand to other.

The translator applied identical procedure in translating figurative language number 2, 6, 9 and 18 that is through translation procedure. The word “church” in figurative language number 2 is translated into “gereja” in target

language. The word “oar” is translated into “dayung” in figurative language number 6. In figurative language number 9 and 18 the words “boy” and “thousand”, each of them is translated into “anak laki-laki” and “seribu” in target language. Therefore, the translator applied this procedure in order to convert the grammatical structure of the source language to the nearest target language equivalent.

Hyperbole was found in figurative language number 3, 5 and 14. It is indicated in “I’d make that man climb the highest tree there was in the country” In figurative language number 3, “Seemed a week before we got to the stern” in figurative language number 5 and “But his brother would a give anything in this world to see him before he died” in figurative language number 14 which are all of them have exaggeration expression.

Expansion procedure was applied by the translator in translating figurative language number 3, 5, and 14 in which there is some addition of words class was put in target language. It can be seen in figurative language number 3 the word “country” is translated into “seluruh negeri”. So in this case, the translator added one word class that is adjective “seluruh” in target language. The expansion is happened in figurative language number 5 in which the word “stern” (noun) is translated into “buritan kapal” (noun plus noun). Meanwhile, in figurative language number 14 the translator translated a noun “world” to be “dunia yaitu” (a noun plus a verb).

The exaggeration expression was seen in each figurative language number 8, 11 and 13. “The lightning begun to flicker out from under his eyebrows” in

translated into “Wajahnya pucat; putih, tidak seperti kulit putih manusia, tetapi putih seperti orang sakit, atau putihnya binatang yang merangkak seperti katak pohon atau perut ikan” is little bit lack of naturalness. Suggested version that can be considered is the translation of “wajahnya pucat; putih, tidak seperti putih kulitnya manusia, tetapi putih seperti orang sakit atau seputih binatang merangkak seperti katak pohon atau seputih perut ikan”. The next translation that shows lack of naturalness is in figurative language number 2 in irony “I druther have it than another man’s kiss-the-Bible” is translated into ”Aku lebih memilih janjimu itu daripada sumpah di atas Kitab Suci oleh seorang laki-laki”. It would be better if the translation like this “aku lebih memilih janjimu daripada sumpah seorang laki-laki di atas Kitab Suci”.

Furthermore, there are some inaccurate translation found in the subject of the study in terms of translating figurative language, for example in figurative language number 27 in simile, the word “sunset” is translated into “matahari terbit”. Actually, in Kamus Inggris—Indonesia (Echols and Shadily, 2000: 568) the meaning of “sunset” is “matahari terbenam”. “matahari terbit” is translation of sunrise (Kamus Inggris—Indonesia, Echols and Shadily, 2000:568 )

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter covers the conclusions of the study and suggestions that might have benefits and inputs for everyone who wants to conduct a research relating to this study.

5.1 Conclusions

After presenting findings and discussions, the writer draws some conclusions. First, there are 15 types of figurative language of total number of figurative language (121 figurative language) found in the selected chapters in the novel, namely: simile (31 items), imagery (25 items), hyperbole (21 items), idiom (11 items), personification (8 items), paradox (6 items), symbol (4 items), metaphor (3 items), onomatopoeia (3 items), allusion (2 items), irony (2 items), metonymy (2 items), alliteration (1 item), assonance (1 item), and synecdoche (1 item). The type of figurative language that frequently appears is simile.

Second, there are 13 types of translation procedures applied by translator in translating the figurative language. those procedures are synonymy ( 25 items), through translation ( 24 items), transposition (16 items), paraphrase (11 items), expansion (11 items), transference (8 items), reduction (7 items), naturalization (5 items), modulation (5 items), notes, addition and glosses (3 items), cultural

equivalent (3 items), descriptive equivalent (2 items), and literal translation (1 item). It can be seen that synonymy is the most frequent translation procedure that is employed by the translator in translating figurative language.

Third, generally the result of this research shows that the translation of figurative language in this novel is considered to be accurate, clear and natural because it has fulfilled the criteria of good translation proposed by Barnwell. The meaning of source language is transferred properly into target language. The translation achieves the level of clarity because the target language is easy to understand. Generally, the translator has used natural forms of the target language. However, there are some problems found in translating figurative language in this novel. The fatal problem that arises in the translation of figurative language is that the translator has to be more careful in translating figurative language that contain idiomatic expression. It is proved in findings that the writer found that some of translations sound lack of naturalness.

Based on elaborations above, the writer can conclude that simile is the most frequently type of figurative language found in the novel. It is because the author of the novel, Mark Twain intended to demonstrate the likelihood between things or ideas. In other words, the use of simile here is to make an explicit comparison and to reveal the real meaning in order to be easily understood. Synonymy is the most frequent procedure applied because there are many terms and words that have meaning more than one meaning. So the translator has to select the most precise or the right equivalent of source language to the target language. Generally, the

translation has fulfilled the criteria of good translation proposed by Barnwell. In other words, the translation is good enough.

5.2 Suggestions

In regard to the study, the writer proposes some suggestions that might be helpful for those who are interested in conducting a research to this study.

1. The translator should master the translation procedures to produce an accurate, clear, and natural translation.

2. Before translating any figurative language, the translator also should have the knowledge about figurative language both in the source language and the target language. The translator, then, should find the most appropriate procedures to translate the figurative language that would not reduce the aesthetic value in the source language and transfer it successfully in the target language with an appropriate figurative language as well.

3. Further study can be conducted to analyze the difficulties in translating a text that contains figurative language in it.

REFERENCES

Alwasilah, A. C. 1993. Kaji Ulang Kata Kerja Bahasa Inggris. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa.

Echols, M. John & Hassan Shadily. 2000. Kamus Inggris – Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia

Ensiklopedi Sastra Indonesia. 2004. Bandung: Titian Ilmu

Figurative Language: [Online] Retrieved from: (http://frostfriend.org/figurative .html) [July 2, 2009]

Figurative Language: Academy of the Arts. [Online] Retrieved from: (http://orangeusd.k12.ca.us/yorba/figurative language.html) [July 2, 2009]

Figure of Speech [Online] Retrieved from: (http://au.encarta.msn.com/text 761577842 1/Figure of Speech.html) [July 2, 2009)

Fraenkell, Jack. R and Wallen, Norman. G. 1993. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (2nd Ed.). New York: Mc. Graw-Hill International Edition.

Hornby, A S. 2005. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Keraf, G. 1991 Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.

Larson, M. L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation (A Guide Cross-Language Equivalence). New York: University Press of America.

Longman Group UK Team. 1998. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition). Essex: Longman Group UK Limited.

Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. 1995. USA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Newmark, P. 1982. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International.

Perkasa, G. H. 2006. An Analysis of Methods and Procedures of Translation in Toyota Warranty and Service Booklet. Unpublished Paper. Bandung: English Department. Indonesia University of Education.

Sugiyono. 2006. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfa Beta

Twain, M. 1973. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Washington Square Press.

Twain, M. 2007. Translated by Juniaring Zendrato dan Siwi Karmadi Jurniasih, Petualangan Huckleberry Finn. Yogyakarta: Narasi Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. 2009 [Online]. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel [July 16, 2009]