s pgsd kelas 1203943 table of content
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
Lembar Pernyataan .......................................................................................... i
Abstrak ............................................................................................................... ii
Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................. iii
Ucapan Terimakasih ......................................................................................... iv
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................ vi
Daftar Tabel....................................................................................................... ix
Daftar Gambar .................................................................................................. xi
Daftar Diagram ................................................................................................. xii
Daftar Bagan .....................................................................................................xiii
Daftar Lampiran ...............................................................................................xiv
BAB I Pendahuluan .............................................................................................. 1
A. Latar belakang ............................................................................................. 1
B. Rumusan masalah ........................................................................................ 3
C. Tujuan penelitian ......................................................................................... 5
D. Manfaat penelitian ....................................................................................... 5
E. Struktur Organisasi Skripsi.......................................................................... 6
BAB II Landasan Teoretis.................................................................................... 8
A. Pengertian IPA ............................................................................................ 8
B. Hakikat IPA ................................................................................................. 9
C. Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah Dasar ......................................................... 10
1. Karakteristik Pembelajaran IPA ............................................................ 10
2. Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah Dasar ................................. 11
3. Tujuan Pembelajaran IPA ..................................................................... 12
4. Ruang Lingkup Pembelajaran IPA ........................................................ 13
D. Model Pembelajara Problem Based Learning .......................................... 14
1. Karakteristik Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) ............... 15
2. Langkah-langkah Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) ........ 15
3. Kelebihan Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) .................. 17
4. Kekurangan Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) ............... 17
E. Teori-teori Pembelajaran yang Relevan dengan Model Problem Based
Learning .................................................................................................... 18
F. Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif ................................................................... 20
G. Pesawat Sederhana ................................................................................... 22
H. Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan .................................................................. 27
I. Kerangka Berpikir .................................................................................... 28
J. Hipotesis Penelitian .................................................................................. 29
BAB III Metode Penelitian ................................................................................. 31
A. Metode dan Desain Penelitian ................................................................... 31
1. Metode Penelitian .................................................................................. 31
2. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................... 31
vi
vii
B. Subjek Penelitian ...................................................................................... 32
1. Populasi ................................................................................................ 32
2. Sampel .................................................................................................. 34
C. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian .................................................................... 34
D. Variabel dalam Penelitian ......................................................................... 35
E. Definisi Operasional .................................................................................. 35
F. Instrumen Penelitian .................................................................................. 35
G.Prosedur Penelitian .................................................................................... 44
H.Teknik Pengolahan dan Analisis Data ....................................................... 46
1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 46
2. Data Kualitatif ....................................................................................... 48
BAB IV Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan ....................................................... 50
A. Hasil Penelitian ......................................................................................... 50
1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 50
a. Analisis Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen ...................... 50
b. Analisisi Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol ............................ 54
c. Perbandingan Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif
Siswa di Kelas Eksperimen dan Kelas Kontrol ................................. 58
2. Data Kualitatif ....................................................................................... 87
a. Analisis Data Angket ........................................................................ 87
b. Analisis Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru .................................... 92
c. Analisis Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa......................................... 93
d. Catatan Lapangan ............................................................................. 94
B. Pembahasan ............................................................................................... 95
1. Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa di Kelas
Eksperimen pada Materi Pesawat Sederhana ....................................... 95
2. Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa di Kelas Kontrol
pada Materi Pesawat Sederhana ........................................................... 97
3. Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa yang Mengikuti Pembelajaran
dengan Model Problem Based Learning dengan Siswa yang
Mengikuti Pembelajaran Konvensional pada Materi Pesawat
Sederhana.............................................................................................. 99
4. Analisis Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran IPA Menggunakan
Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning ..................................100
5. Faktor yang Mendukung Proses Pembelajaran IPA Menggunakan
Model Problem Based Learning .........................................................101
6. Faktor yang Menghambat Proses Pembelajaran IPA Menggunakan
Model Problem Based Learning .........................................................102
BAB V Simpulan dan Saran ............................................................................103
A. Simpulan ...........................................................................................103
B. Saran ..................................................................................................104
vii
viii
Daftar Pustaka ...................................................................................................105
Lampiran-lampiram .........................................................................................107
Riwayat Hidup...................................................................................................372
viii
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
2.1 Langkah-langkah Pembelajaran PBL....................................................... 15
2.2 Indikator Keterampilan Berpikir Kreatif .................................................. 22
3.1 Data Jumlah Siswa kelas V Kec. Sumedang Utara Kelompok Tinggi .... 33
3.2 Data Jumlah Siswa kelas V Kec. Sumedang Utara Kelompok Sedang ... 33
3.3 Data Jumlah Siswa kelas V Kec. Sumedang Utara Kelompok Rendah ... 34
3.4 Klasifikasi Koefisien Korelasi ................................................................. 38
3.5 Validitas Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .................................. 38
3.6 Validitas Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ........................................... 38
3.7 Klasifikasi Koefisien Reliabilitas............................................................. 39
3.8 Reliabilitas Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .............................. 40
3.9 Reliabilitas Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ................................................. 40
3.10 Klasifikasi Indeks Kesukaran ................................................................. 41
3.11 Indeks Kesukaran Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif.................. 41
3.12 Indeks Kesukaran Butir Soal Hasil Belajar ............................................ 41
3.13 Klasifikasi Koefisien Daya Pembeda ..................................................... 42
3.14 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif ...................... 42
3.15 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Hasil Belajar ................................................ 43
3.16 Interpretasi Gain Ternormalisasi ............................................................ 48
3.17 Penskoran Data Angket Skala Likert ..................................................... 48
4.1 Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen .................................................... 51
4.2 Uji Normalitas Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen .................. 52
4.3 Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen
(Uji Hipotesis 1) ...................................................................................... 54
4.4 Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol .......................................................... 55
4.5 Normalitas Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol ............................... 56
4.6 Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol (Uji Hipotesis
2) ............................................................................................................. 58
4.7 Data Hasil Pretest Kelas Eksperimen Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif
Siswa ....................................................................................................... 59
4.8 Hasil Pretest Kelas Kontrol Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ........... 60
4.9 Rekapitulasi Nilai Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa pada
Kedua Kelas ............................................................................................ 61
4.10 Uji Normalitas Data Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ........ 62
4.11 Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ........... 64
4.12 Hasil Pretest Kelas Eksperimen Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ..................... 65
4.13 Hasil Pretest Kelas Kontrol Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ............................ 66
4.14 Rekapitulasi Nilai Pretest Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Kedua Kelas ........ 67
4.15 Uji Normalitas Data Pretest Hasil Belajar Siswa .................................. 68
4.16 Uji Homogenitas Pretest Hasil Belajar .................................................. 70
4.17 Hasil Uji –T Data Pretest Hasil Belajar ................................................. 71
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Tabel
Halaman
4.18 Hasil Posttest Kelas Eksperimen Kemampuan Beripikir Kreatif
Siswa ...................................................................................................... 72
4.19 Hasil Posttest Kelas Kontrol Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ....... 73
4.20 Rekapitulasi Nilai Posttes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa pada
Kedua Kelas ........................................................................................... 74
4.21 Uji Normalitas Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa................ 75
4.22 Uji Beda Rata-rata Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ......... 77
4.23 Hasil Posttest Kelas Eksperimen Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa .................... 78
4.24 Hasil Posttest Kelas Kontrol Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ........................... 79
4.25 Rekapitulasi Nilai Posttest Tes Hasil Belajar Pada Kedua Kelas .......... 80
4.26 Uji Normalitas Posttest Hasil Belajar Siswa.......................................... 81
4.27 Uji Beda Rata-rata Posttest Hasil Belajar Siswa ................................... 83
4.28 Gain Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif di Kelas Eksperimen dan Kontrol
(Uji Hipotesis 3) ..................................................................................... 84
4.29 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Gain ............................................................. 85
4.30 Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Data Gain ....................................................... 87
4.31 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Respon Terhadap Model Pembelajaran
Problem Based Learning ....................................................................... 88
4.32 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Lancar ........................... 89
4.33 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Luwes ............................ 90
4.34 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Orisinil .......................... 91
4.35 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Elaboratif....................... 91
4.36 Rekapitulasi Persentase Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru ......................... 93
4.37 Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa ............................................................ 94
DAFTAR GAMBAR
GAMBAR
Halaman
2.1 Letak Tititk Beban, Titik Tumpu, dan Titik Kuasa pada Pengungkit
atau Tuas ................................................................................................. 23
2.2 Jungkat-jungkit termasuk Pengungkit Golongan I.................................. 23
2.3 Gerobak Beroda Satu termasuk Pengungki Golongan II ........................ 23
2.4 Pinset termasuk Pengungkit Golongan III .............................................. 24
2.5 Tangga, Jalan Berkelok-kelok, Kampak, Pisau, Obeng, dan Paku
termasuk Bidang Miring ......................................................................... 24
2.6 Katrol Tetap ............................................................................................ 25
2.7 Katrol Bebas ............................................................................................ 25
2.8 Katrol Majemuk ...................................................................................... 25
2.9 Ban Sepeda termasuk Roda Berporos ..................................................... 26
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM
Halaman
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Histogram Pretest Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................... 53
Histogram Posttest Kelas Eksperimen .................................................... 53
Histogram Pretest Kelas Kontrol ............................................................ 57
Histogram Posttest Kelas Kontrol ........................................................... 57
Data Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Kelas Eksperimen
Terdistribusi Normal ............................................................................... 63
4.6 Data Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Kelas Kontrol
Terdistribusi Tidak Normal ..................................................................... 63
4.7 Data Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen Terdistribusi Normal ...... 69
4.8 Data Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol Terdistribusi Normal ............. 69
4.9 Data Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas Eksperimen
Terdistribusi Tidak Normal ..................................................................... 76
4.10 Data Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas Kontrol
Terdistribusi Normal .............................................................................. 76
4.11 Data Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen Terdistribusi Tidak
Normal .................................................................................................... 82
4.12 Data Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol Terdistribusi Tidak
Normal .................................................................................................... 82
4.13 Histogram Data gain Kelas Eksperimen ................................................ 86
4.14 Histogram Data Gain Kelas Kontrol ...................................................... 86
xii
DAFTAR BAGAN
BAGAN
Halaman
3.1 Prosedur Penelitian................................................................................... 46
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman
LAMPIRAN A PERSIAPAN MENGAJAR ........................................... 107
A.1 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) Kelas Eksperimen............ 108
A.2 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) Kelas Kontrol ................. 122
A.3 Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) Kelas Eksperimen ................................... 133
A.4 Lembar Kerja siswa (LKS) Kelas Kontrol .......................................... 140
LAMPIRAN B INSTRUMEN TES ......................................................... 147
B.1 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif ........................ 148
B.2 Instrumen Tes Keterampilan Berpikir Kreatif ...................................... 149
B.3 Kunci Jawaban dan Deskriptor Penilaian Berpikir Kreatif .................. 155
B.4 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar .................................................. 158
B.5 Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ................................................................. 159
B.6 Kunci Jawaban dan Deskriptor Penilaian Tes Hasil Belajar ................ 160
LAMPIRAN C INSTRUMEN NON TES ............................................... 162
C.1 Kisi-kisi Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran Problem
Based Learning .................................................................................... 163
C.2 Angket Respon Siswa Terhadap Pembelajaran Problem Based
Learning ............................................................................................... 165
C.3 Format Observasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Eksperimen ............................. 167
C.4 Format Obsevasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Kontrol ..................................... 173
C.5 Format Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen ......................... 179
C.6 Format Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Kontrol ................................ 182
C.7 Format Catatan Lapangan Siswa Kelas Eksperimen ............................ 185
LAMPIRAN D HASIL UJI INSTRUMEN............................................. 186
D.1 Hasil Uji Validitas Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .............. 187
D.2 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .................... 192
D.3 Tingkat Kesukaran Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .............. 193
D.4 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .................... 195
D.5 Hasil Uji Validitas Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar .................................. 197
D.6 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ....................................... 200
D.7 Tingkat Kesukaran Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ................................. 201
D.8 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ........................................ 202
LAMPIRAN E DATA HASIL PENELITIAN ....................................... 203
E.1 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 204
E.2 Hasil Nilai Sedang Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 209
E.3 Hasil Nilai Terendah Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 214
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E.4 Analisis Data Hasil Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 219
E.5 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ....................... 221
E.6 Hasil Nilai Sedang Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar .......................... 222
E.7 Hasil Nilai Rendah Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ......................... 223
E.8 Analisis Data Hasil Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ......................... 224
E.9 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 226
E.10 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 231
E.11 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 236
E.12 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 241
E.13 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 246
E.14 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 251
E.15 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 256
E.16 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 258
E.17 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen .......... 260
E.18 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ............. 261
E.19 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen .......... 262
E.20 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................. 263
E.21 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol .................... 264
E.22 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................. 265
E.23 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ............. 266
E.24 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................... 268
E.25 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 270
E.26 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 275
E.27 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 280
E.28 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 285
E.29 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 290
E.30 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 295
E.31 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa
Kelas Eksperimen .............................................................................. 300
xvi
E.32 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa
Kelas Kontrol ..................................................................................... 302
E.33 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ......... 304
E.34 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ............ 305
E.35 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ......... 306
E.36 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................ 307
E.37 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................... 308
E.38 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kotrol ................. 309
E.39 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ........... 310
E.40 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol .................. 312
E.41 Data Gain ............................................................................................ 314
E.42 Analisis Data Gain .............................................................................. 316
E.43 Data Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa Kelas Eksperimen (Pertemuan 1
dan 2) ................................................................................................. 318
E.44 Data Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa Kelas Kontrol (Pertemuan
1 dan 2) .............................................................................................. 325
E.45 Data Hasil Angket............................................................................... 332
E.46 Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Eksperimen (Pertemuan
1 dan 2) .............................................................................................. 336
E.47 Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Kontrol (Pertemuan 1
dan 2) ................................................................................................. 340
E.48 Data Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen
(Pertemuan 1 dan 2) ........................................................................... 344
E.49 Data Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Kontrol (Pertemuan 1
dan 2) ................................................................................................ 352
E.50 Data Hasil Catatan Lapangan (Pertemuan 1 dan 2) ............................ 358
E.51 Foto-foto Kegiatan Pembelajaran ....................................................... 360
LAMPIRAN F SURAT SURAT .............................................................. 363
F.1 SK Bimbingan Skripsi .......................................................................... 364
F.2 Surat Izin Penelitian (Kelas Eksperimen dan Kelas Kontrol) ............... 365
F.3 Surat Keterangan ................................................................................... 367
F.4 Monitoring Bimbingan ......................................................................... 369
F.5 Jadwal Penelitian .................................................................................. 371
RIWAYAT HIDUP .................................................................................. 372
Halaman
Lembar Pernyataan .......................................................................................... i
Abstrak ............................................................................................................... ii
Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................. iii
Ucapan Terimakasih ......................................................................................... iv
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................ vi
Daftar Tabel....................................................................................................... ix
Daftar Gambar .................................................................................................. xi
Daftar Diagram ................................................................................................. xii
Daftar Bagan .....................................................................................................xiii
Daftar Lampiran ...............................................................................................xiv
BAB I Pendahuluan .............................................................................................. 1
A. Latar belakang ............................................................................................. 1
B. Rumusan masalah ........................................................................................ 3
C. Tujuan penelitian ......................................................................................... 5
D. Manfaat penelitian ....................................................................................... 5
E. Struktur Organisasi Skripsi.......................................................................... 6
BAB II Landasan Teoretis.................................................................................... 8
A. Pengertian IPA ............................................................................................ 8
B. Hakikat IPA ................................................................................................. 9
C. Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah Dasar ......................................................... 10
1. Karakteristik Pembelajaran IPA ............................................................ 10
2. Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah Dasar ................................. 11
3. Tujuan Pembelajaran IPA ..................................................................... 12
4. Ruang Lingkup Pembelajaran IPA ........................................................ 13
D. Model Pembelajara Problem Based Learning .......................................... 14
1. Karakteristik Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) ............... 15
2. Langkah-langkah Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) ........ 15
3. Kelebihan Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) .................. 17
4. Kekurangan Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) ............... 17
E. Teori-teori Pembelajaran yang Relevan dengan Model Problem Based
Learning .................................................................................................... 18
F. Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif ................................................................... 20
G. Pesawat Sederhana ................................................................................... 22
H. Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan .................................................................. 27
I. Kerangka Berpikir .................................................................................... 28
J. Hipotesis Penelitian .................................................................................. 29
BAB III Metode Penelitian ................................................................................. 31
A. Metode dan Desain Penelitian ................................................................... 31
1. Metode Penelitian .................................................................................. 31
2. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................... 31
vi
vii
B. Subjek Penelitian ...................................................................................... 32
1. Populasi ................................................................................................ 32
2. Sampel .................................................................................................. 34
C. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian .................................................................... 34
D. Variabel dalam Penelitian ......................................................................... 35
E. Definisi Operasional .................................................................................. 35
F. Instrumen Penelitian .................................................................................. 35
G.Prosedur Penelitian .................................................................................... 44
H.Teknik Pengolahan dan Analisis Data ....................................................... 46
1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 46
2. Data Kualitatif ....................................................................................... 48
BAB IV Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan ....................................................... 50
A. Hasil Penelitian ......................................................................................... 50
1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 50
a. Analisis Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen ...................... 50
b. Analisisi Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol ............................ 54
c. Perbandingan Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif
Siswa di Kelas Eksperimen dan Kelas Kontrol ................................. 58
2. Data Kualitatif ....................................................................................... 87
a. Analisis Data Angket ........................................................................ 87
b. Analisis Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru .................................... 92
c. Analisis Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa......................................... 93
d. Catatan Lapangan ............................................................................. 94
B. Pembahasan ............................................................................................... 95
1. Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa di Kelas
Eksperimen pada Materi Pesawat Sederhana ....................................... 95
2. Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa di Kelas Kontrol
pada Materi Pesawat Sederhana ........................................................... 97
3. Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa yang Mengikuti Pembelajaran
dengan Model Problem Based Learning dengan Siswa yang
Mengikuti Pembelajaran Konvensional pada Materi Pesawat
Sederhana.............................................................................................. 99
4. Analisis Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran IPA Menggunakan
Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning ..................................100
5. Faktor yang Mendukung Proses Pembelajaran IPA Menggunakan
Model Problem Based Learning .........................................................101
6. Faktor yang Menghambat Proses Pembelajaran IPA Menggunakan
Model Problem Based Learning .........................................................102
BAB V Simpulan dan Saran ............................................................................103
A. Simpulan ...........................................................................................103
B. Saran ..................................................................................................104
vii
viii
Daftar Pustaka ...................................................................................................105
Lampiran-lampiram .........................................................................................107
Riwayat Hidup...................................................................................................372
viii
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
2.1 Langkah-langkah Pembelajaran PBL....................................................... 15
2.2 Indikator Keterampilan Berpikir Kreatif .................................................. 22
3.1 Data Jumlah Siswa kelas V Kec. Sumedang Utara Kelompok Tinggi .... 33
3.2 Data Jumlah Siswa kelas V Kec. Sumedang Utara Kelompok Sedang ... 33
3.3 Data Jumlah Siswa kelas V Kec. Sumedang Utara Kelompok Rendah ... 34
3.4 Klasifikasi Koefisien Korelasi ................................................................. 38
3.5 Validitas Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .................................. 38
3.6 Validitas Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ........................................... 38
3.7 Klasifikasi Koefisien Reliabilitas............................................................. 39
3.8 Reliabilitas Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .............................. 40
3.9 Reliabilitas Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ................................................. 40
3.10 Klasifikasi Indeks Kesukaran ................................................................. 41
3.11 Indeks Kesukaran Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif.................. 41
3.12 Indeks Kesukaran Butir Soal Hasil Belajar ............................................ 41
3.13 Klasifikasi Koefisien Daya Pembeda ..................................................... 42
3.14 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif ...................... 42
3.15 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Hasil Belajar ................................................ 43
3.16 Interpretasi Gain Ternormalisasi ............................................................ 48
3.17 Penskoran Data Angket Skala Likert ..................................................... 48
4.1 Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen .................................................... 51
4.2 Uji Normalitas Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen .................. 52
4.3 Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Eksperimen
(Uji Hipotesis 1) ...................................................................................... 54
4.4 Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol .......................................................... 55
4.5 Normalitas Data Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol ............................... 56
4.6 Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretest dan Posttest Kelas Kontrol (Uji Hipotesis
2) ............................................................................................................. 58
4.7 Data Hasil Pretest Kelas Eksperimen Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif
Siswa ....................................................................................................... 59
4.8 Hasil Pretest Kelas Kontrol Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ........... 60
4.9 Rekapitulasi Nilai Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa pada
Kedua Kelas ............................................................................................ 61
4.10 Uji Normalitas Data Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ........ 62
4.11 Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ........... 64
4.12 Hasil Pretest Kelas Eksperimen Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ..................... 65
4.13 Hasil Pretest Kelas Kontrol Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ............................ 66
4.14 Rekapitulasi Nilai Pretest Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Kedua Kelas ........ 67
4.15 Uji Normalitas Data Pretest Hasil Belajar Siswa .................................. 68
4.16 Uji Homogenitas Pretest Hasil Belajar .................................................. 70
4.17 Hasil Uji –T Data Pretest Hasil Belajar ................................................. 71
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Tabel
Halaman
4.18 Hasil Posttest Kelas Eksperimen Kemampuan Beripikir Kreatif
Siswa ...................................................................................................... 72
4.19 Hasil Posttest Kelas Kontrol Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ....... 73
4.20 Rekapitulasi Nilai Posttes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa pada
Kedua Kelas ........................................................................................... 74
4.21 Uji Normalitas Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa................ 75
4.22 Uji Beda Rata-rata Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa ......... 77
4.23 Hasil Posttest Kelas Eksperimen Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa .................... 78
4.24 Hasil Posttest Kelas Kontrol Tes Hasil Belajar Siswa ........................... 79
4.25 Rekapitulasi Nilai Posttest Tes Hasil Belajar Pada Kedua Kelas .......... 80
4.26 Uji Normalitas Posttest Hasil Belajar Siswa.......................................... 81
4.27 Uji Beda Rata-rata Posttest Hasil Belajar Siswa ................................... 83
4.28 Gain Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif di Kelas Eksperimen dan Kontrol
(Uji Hipotesis 3) ..................................................................................... 84
4.29 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Gain ............................................................. 85
4.30 Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Data Gain ....................................................... 87
4.31 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Respon Terhadap Model Pembelajaran
Problem Based Learning ....................................................................... 88
4.32 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Lancar ........................... 89
4.33 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Luwes ............................ 90
4.34 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Orisinil .......................... 91
4.35 Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Indikator Berpikir Elaboratif....................... 91
4.36 Rekapitulasi Persentase Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru ......................... 93
4.37 Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa ............................................................ 94
DAFTAR GAMBAR
GAMBAR
Halaman
2.1 Letak Tititk Beban, Titik Tumpu, dan Titik Kuasa pada Pengungkit
atau Tuas ................................................................................................. 23
2.2 Jungkat-jungkit termasuk Pengungkit Golongan I.................................. 23
2.3 Gerobak Beroda Satu termasuk Pengungki Golongan II ........................ 23
2.4 Pinset termasuk Pengungkit Golongan III .............................................. 24
2.5 Tangga, Jalan Berkelok-kelok, Kampak, Pisau, Obeng, dan Paku
termasuk Bidang Miring ......................................................................... 24
2.6 Katrol Tetap ............................................................................................ 25
2.7 Katrol Bebas ............................................................................................ 25
2.8 Katrol Majemuk ...................................................................................... 25
2.9 Ban Sepeda termasuk Roda Berporos ..................................................... 26
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM
Halaman
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Histogram Pretest Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................... 53
Histogram Posttest Kelas Eksperimen .................................................... 53
Histogram Pretest Kelas Kontrol ............................................................ 57
Histogram Posttest Kelas Kontrol ........................................................... 57
Data Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Kelas Eksperimen
Terdistribusi Normal ............................................................................... 63
4.6 Data Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Kelas Kontrol
Terdistribusi Tidak Normal ..................................................................... 63
4.7 Data Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen Terdistribusi Normal ...... 69
4.8 Data Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol Terdistribusi Normal ............. 69
4.9 Data Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas Eksperimen
Terdistribusi Tidak Normal ..................................................................... 76
4.10 Data Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas Kontrol
Terdistribusi Normal .............................................................................. 76
4.11 Data Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen Terdistribusi Tidak
Normal .................................................................................................... 82
4.12 Data Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol Terdistribusi Tidak
Normal .................................................................................................... 82
4.13 Histogram Data gain Kelas Eksperimen ................................................ 86
4.14 Histogram Data Gain Kelas Kontrol ...................................................... 86
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DAFTAR BAGAN
BAGAN
Halaman
3.1 Prosedur Penelitian................................................................................... 46
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman
LAMPIRAN A PERSIAPAN MENGAJAR ........................................... 107
A.1 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) Kelas Eksperimen............ 108
A.2 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) Kelas Kontrol ................. 122
A.3 Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) Kelas Eksperimen ................................... 133
A.4 Lembar Kerja siswa (LKS) Kelas Kontrol .......................................... 140
LAMPIRAN B INSTRUMEN TES ......................................................... 147
B.1 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif ........................ 148
B.2 Instrumen Tes Keterampilan Berpikir Kreatif ...................................... 149
B.3 Kunci Jawaban dan Deskriptor Penilaian Berpikir Kreatif .................. 155
B.4 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar .................................................. 158
B.5 Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ................................................................. 159
B.6 Kunci Jawaban dan Deskriptor Penilaian Tes Hasil Belajar ................ 160
LAMPIRAN C INSTRUMEN NON TES ............................................... 162
C.1 Kisi-kisi Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran Problem
Based Learning .................................................................................... 163
C.2 Angket Respon Siswa Terhadap Pembelajaran Problem Based
Learning ............................................................................................... 165
C.3 Format Observasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Eksperimen ............................. 167
C.4 Format Obsevasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Kontrol ..................................... 173
C.5 Format Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen ......................... 179
C.6 Format Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Kontrol ................................ 182
C.7 Format Catatan Lapangan Siswa Kelas Eksperimen ............................ 185
LAMPIRAN D HASIL UJI INSTRUMEN............................................. 186
D.1 Hasil Uji Validitas Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .............. 187
D.2 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .................... 192
D.3 Tingkat Kesukaran Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .............. 193
D.4 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif .................... 195
D.5 Hasil Uji Validitas Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar .................................. 197
D.6 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ....................................... 200
D.7 Tingkat Kesukaran Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ................................. 201
D.8 Daya Pembeda Butir Soal Tes Hasil Belajar ........................................ 202
LAMPIRAN E DATA HASIL PENELITIAN ....................................... 203
E.1 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 204
E.2 Hasil Nilai Sedang Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 209
E.3 Hasil Nilai Terendah Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 214
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E.4 Analisis Data Hasil Uji Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir
Kreatif ................................................................................................. 219
E.5 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ....................... 221
E.6 Hasil Nilai Sedang Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar .......................... 222
E.7 Hasil Nilai Rendah Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ......................... 223
E.8 Analisis Data Hasil Uji Instrumen Tes Hasil Belajar ......................... 224
E.9 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 226
E.10 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 231
E.11 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 236
E.12 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 241
E.13 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 246
E.14 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 251
E.15 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ......................................................................................... 256
E.16 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ................................................................................................ 258
E.17 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen .......... 260
E.18 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ............. 261
E.19 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen .......... 262
E.20 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................. 263
E.21 Hasil Nilai Sedang Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol .................... 264
E.22 Hasil Nilai Terendah Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................. 265
E.23 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ............. 266
E.24 Analisis Data Hasil Pretest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................... 268
E.25 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 270
E.26 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 275
E.27 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 280
E.28 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 285
E.29 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 290
E.30 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 295
E.31 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa
Kelas Eksperimen .............................................................................. 300
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E.32 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa
Kelas Kontrol ..................................................................................... 302
E.33 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ......... 304
E.34 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ............ 305
E.35 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ......... 306
E.36 Hasil Nilai Tertinggi Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................ 307
E.37 Hasil Nilai Sedang Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol ................... 308
E.38 Hasil Nilai Terendah Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kotrol ................. 309
E.39 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Eksperimen ........... 310
E.40 Analisis Data Hasil Posttest Hasil Belajar Kelas Kontrol .................. 312
E.41 Data Gain ............................................................................................ 314
E.42 Analisis Data Gain .............................................................................. 316
E.43 Data Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa Kelas Eksperimen (Pertemuan 1
dan 2) ................................................................................................. 318
E.44 Data Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa Kelas Kontrol (Pertemuan
1 dan 2) .............................................................................................. 325
E.45 Data Hasil Angket............................................................................... 332
E.46 Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Eksperimen (Pertemuan
1 dan 2) .............................................................................................. 336
E.47 Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru Kelas Kontrol (Pertemuan 1
dan 2) ................................................................................................. 340
E.48 Data Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen
(Pertemuan 1 dan 2) ........................................................................... 344
E.49 Data Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Kontrol (Pertemuan 1
dan 2) ................................................................................................ 352
E.50 Data Hasil Catatan Lapangan (Pertemuan 1 dan 2) ............................ 358
E.51 Foto-foto Kegiatan Pembelajaran ....................................................... 360
LAMPIRAN F SURAT SURAT .............................................................. 363
F.1 SK Bimbingan Skripsi .......................................................................... 364
F.2 Surat Izin Penelitian (Kelas Eksperimen dan Kelas Kontrol) ............... 365
F.3 Surat Keterangan ................................................................................... 367
F.4 Monitoring Bimbingan ......................................................................... 369
F.5 Jadwal Penelitian .................................................................................. 371
RIWAYAT HIDUP .................................................................................. 372