B1J010189 8 1.
DAFTAR REFERENSI
Bergey's Manual Trust, 2009. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer.
Black, J.G., 2008. Microbiology : Principles and Explorations. 7th ed. United States of
America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brunton, S. & Iannini, P., 2014. Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Clinical
Implications for the Empiric Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections. [Online] Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/514388
[Diakses 21 Januari 2014].
Chaieb, K. et al., 2007. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detected by Multiplex PCR Assays in
Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Dialysis Fluid and Needles in a Dialysis
Service. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis, 60, pp.183-87.
Champoux, J., Drew, W.L., Neidhardt, F.C. & Plorde, J.J., 2004. Sherris Medical Microbiology:
An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. United States of America: Mc.Graw Hill.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2006. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial
Disk Susceptibility Tests (M2-A9). Pennsylvania, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2013. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial
Disk Susceptibility Tests (M2-A9). Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards.
Cochetti I, Tili E, Mingoia M, Varaldo PE & Montanari MP, 2008. erm(B)-carrying elements in
tetracycline-resistant pneumococci and correspondence between Tn1545 and Tn6003.
Antimicrob Agents Ch., 52, pp.1285 1290.
DeVelasco, E.A., Verheul, A.F.M., Verhoef, J. & Snippe, H., 1995. Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, and Vaccines. Microbiological Reviews, 59(4), pp.591603.
Farrell, D.J. & Jenkins , S.G., 2004. Distribution across the USA of macrolide resistance and
macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected
from patients with respiratory tract infections : PROTEKT US 2001-2002. J Antimicrob
Chemother, 54, pp.17-22.
Farrell, D.J. et al., 2005. Emergence and Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae with erm(B)
and mef(A) Resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(6), pp.851-58.
Franke A.E. & Clewell D.B. 1981. Evidence for a chromosome-borne resistance transposon
(Tn916) in Streptococcus faecalis that is capable of conjugal transfer in the absence of a
conjugative plasmid. J Bacteriol, 145, pp: 494 502.
Gillespie, S.H., 1989. Aspects of Pneumococcal Infection Including Bacterial Virulence, Host
Response and Vaccination. J. Med. Microbiol, (28), pp.237 248.
Greenwood, D., Slack, Richard C.B., Peutherer, John F., Barer, Michael R., 2007. Medical
Microbiology : A Guide to Microbial Infections, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory
Diagnosis and Control. Oxford: Elsevier Limited
Hawkey, P.M. & Lewis, D.A., 1989. Medical Bacteriology : A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL
Press.
Ko, K.S. & Song, J.H., 2004. Evolution of Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
from Asian Countries That Contains erm(B) and mef(A) Genes. The Journal of Infectious
Diseases, 190, pp.739-47.
Kumar, S.M., Lammens, C., Piessens, J. & Goossens, H., 2005. Multiplex PCR for
Simultaneous Detection of Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistance Determinants in
Streptococci. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(11), pp.4798 4800.
Kuper, K.M., Boles, D.M., Mohr, J.F., Wanger, A., 2009. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing:
A Primer for Clinicians. Pharmacotherapy, 29(11), pp.1326-1343
Leclercq, R. & Courvalin, P., 2002. Resistance to Macrolides and Related Antibiotics in
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(9), pp.27 34.
Lynch, J. & Zhanel, G.G., 2009. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Does Antimicrobial Resistance
Matter? Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 30(2), pp.210-38.
Poole, K. 2005. Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy, 56, pp.20 51
Pro-Lab Diagnostics, 2012. McFarland Standards : Product Code SD2350, SD2300, SD2301,
SD2302, SD2303, SD2304. Round Rock: Pro-Lab Diagnostics.
Rantala, M. 2009. Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Finland with
Special Reference to Macrolides and Telithromycin. Academic Dissertation. Helsinki:
National Instute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland and Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
Roberts, A.P. & Mullany, P. 2011. Tn916-like genetic elements: a diverse group of modular
mobile elements conferring antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 35, pp. 856 871
Sambrook, J. & Russell, D.W., 2001. Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual. 3rd ed. New
York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Song, J.H., Jung, S.I. & Ko, K.S., 2004. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among
clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother., 48, pp.2101-07.
Sutcliffe, J., Tait-Kamradt, A. & Wondrack, L., 1996. Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin : a common
resistance pattern mediated by efflux system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40(8),
pp.1817-23.
Tan, S.C. & Yiap, B.C., 2009. DNA, RNA, and Protein Extraction: The Past and The Present.
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, pp.1-10.
Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2008. 260/280 and 260/230 Ratios (NanoDrop 1000 and 8000).
009th ed. Wilmington, Delaware: Thermo Scientific.
Todar,
K.,
2008.
Online
Textbook
of
Bacteriology.
Available
at::
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/S.pneumoniae.html [Diakses 20 Januari 2014].
22
Wong, K.C., Ho, B.S.W., Egglestone, S.I. & Lewis, W.H.P., 1995. Duplex PCR system for
simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical
specimens. J. Clin. Pathol., 48, pp.101-04.
Zuckerman, J.M., 2004. Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin,
telithromycin. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am, 18, pp.621 49.
23
Bergey's Manual Trust, 2009. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer.
Black, J.G., 2008. Microbiology : Principles and Explorations. 7th ed. United States of
America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brunton, S. & Iannini, P., 2014. Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Clinical
Implications for the Empiric Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections. [Online] Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/514388
[Diakses 21 Januari 2014].
Chaieb, K. et al., 2007. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detected by Multiplex PCR Assays in
Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Dialysis Fluid and Needles in a Dialysis
Service. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis, 60, pp.183-87.
Champoux, J., Drew, W.L., Neidhardt, F.C. & Plorde, J.J., 2004. Sherris Medical Microbiology:
An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. United States of America: Mc.Graw Hill.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2006. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial
Disk Susceptibility Tests (M2-A9). Pennsylvania, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2013. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial
Disk Susceptibility Tests (M2-A9). Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards.
Cochetti I, Tili E, Mingoia M, Varaldo PE & Montanari MP, 2008. erm(B)-carrying elements in
tetracycline-resistant pneumococci and correspondence between Tn1545 and Tn6003.
Antimicrob Agents Ch., 52, pp.1285 1290.
DeVelasco, E.A., Verheul, A.F.M., Verhoef, J. & Snippe, H., 1995. Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, and Vaccines. Microbiological Reviews, 59(4), pp.591603.
Farrell, D.J. & Jenkins , S.G., 2004. Distribution across the USA of macrolide resistance and
macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected
from patients with respiratory tract infections : PROTEKT US 2001-2002. J Antimicrob
Chemother, 54, pp.17-22.
Farrell, D.J. et al., 2005. Emergence and Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae with erm(B)
and mef(A) Resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(6), pp.851-58.
Franke A.E. & Clewell D.B. 1981. Evidence for a chromosome-borne resistance transposon
(Tn916) in Streptococcus faecalis that is capable of conjugal transfer in the absence of a
conjugative plasmid. J Bacteriol, 145, pp: 494 502.
Gillespie, S.H., 1989. Aspects of Pneumococcal Infection Including Bacterial Virulence, Host
Response and Vaccination. J. Med. Microbiol, (28), pp.237 248.
Greenwood, D., Slack, Richard C.B., Peutherer, John F., Barer, Michael R., 2007. Medical
Microbiology : A Guide to Microbial Infections, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory
Diagnosis and Control. Oxford: Elsevier Limited
Hawkey, P.M. & Lewis, D.A., 1989. Medical Bacteriology : A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL
Press.
Ko, K.S. & Song, J.H., 2004. Evolution of Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
from Asian Countries That Contains erm(B) and mef(A) Genes. The Journal of Infectious
Diseases, 190, pp.739-47.
Kumar, S.M., Lammens, C., Piessens, J. & Goossens, H., 2005. Multiplex PCR for
Simultaneous Detection of Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistance Determinants in
Streptococci. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(11), pp.4798 4800.
Kuper, K.M., Boles, D.M., Mohr, J.F., Wanger, A., 2009. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing:
A Primer for Clinicians. Pharmacotherapy, 29(11), pp.1326-1343
Leclercq, R. & Courvalin, P., 2002. Resistance to Macrolides and Related Antibiotics in
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(9), pp.27 34.
Lynch, J. & Zhanel, G.G., 2009. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Does Antimicrobial Resistance
Matter? Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 30(2), pp.210-38.
Poole, K. 2005. Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy, 56, pp.20 51
Pro-Lab Diagnostics, 2012. McFarland Standards : Product Code SD2350, SD2300, SD2301,
SD2302, SD2303, SD2304. Round Rock: Pro-Lab Diagnostics.
Rantala, M. 2009. Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Finland with
Special Reference to Macrolides and Telithromycin. Academic Dissertation. Helsinki:
National Instute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland and Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
Roberts, A.P. & Mullany, P. 2011. Tn916-like genetic elements: a diverse group of modular
mobile elements conferring antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 35, pp. 856 871
Sambrook, J. & Russell, D.W., 2001. Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual. 3rd ed. New
York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Song, J.H., Jung, S.I. & Ko, K.S., 2004. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among
clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother., 48, pp.2101-07.
Sutcliffe, J., Tait-Kamradt, A. & Wondrack, L., 1996. Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin : a common
resistance pattern mediated by efflux system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40(8),
pp.1817-23.
Tan, S.C. & Yiap, B.C., 2009. DNA, RNA, and Protein Extraction: The Past and The Present.
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, pp.1-10.
Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2008. 260/280 and 260/230 Ratios (NanoDrop 1000 and 8000).
009th ed. Wilmington, Delaware: Thermo Scientific.
Todar,
K.,
2008.
Online
Textbook
of
Bacteriology.
Available
at::
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/S.pneumoniae.html [Diakses 20 Januari 2014].
22
Wong, K.C., Ho, B.S.W., Egglestone, S.I. & Lewis, W.H.P., 1995. Duplex PCR system for
simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical
specimens. J. Clin. Pathol., 48, pp.101-04.
Zuckerman, J.M., 2004. Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin,
telithromycin. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am, 18, pp.621 49.
23