VERBS IN ENGLISH AND TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE.
VERBS IN ENGLISH AND TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By
MELYNA CHRISTIANI
Registration Number: 082222810007
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the university’s policy on academy
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledge, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan, September 2012
Melyna Christiani
082222810007
CURRICULUM VITAE
Melyna Christiani was born in Dumai, Riau regency, on May 8th 1990, as
the first child in her family. She is a Christian. Her father is Charles Sipahutar as a
worker and her mother is Nurhayati Marpaung as a housewife . She has a sister,
Dina Wiranti Sipahutar who studying in SMA Negeri 1 Dumai, and a brother,
Yosep Yunarso Sipahutar who studying in University of Riau.
After she finished her study in SD Katolik Filius Dei Dumai (2002),
SLTP Katolik Santo Tarcisius Dumai (2005), and SMA Negeri 1 Dumai (2008),
she continued her study in State University of Medan, Faculty of Languages and
Arts, majoring English and Literature Department. Together with her team, she
also wrote two PKM (Program Kreatifitas Mahasiswa) as she studied in State
University of Medan. During her study in university, she worked as an English
teacher for a year in PRODIM Education Private, teaching students in elementary
and junior high school. By hard work and prayers, finally she finished her study in
State University of Medan with the satisfying result as 4 years in 2012.
ABSTRACT
Christiani, Melyna, Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language. A Thesis,
English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of
Medan, 2012.
The objectives of this study is restricted to investigating and describing
similarities and differences of the two languages about verbs in English and Toba
Batak Language, included in terms of types, functions, and forms. This study was
applied by descriptive qualitative design. The data was taken an observation about
Toba Batak language from some of informant and text book. The findings
described that there were some similarities and differences verbs in English and
Toba Batak Language. Both the languages, the similarities described the functions
of verb has as predicates, noun phrase modifiers, adjective phrase complements,
subjects, subject complements and using to be as verbs. The analysis also shown
the differences as how the pattern verbs using tenses in both of the languages, the
verbs using affixes. In conclusion, there are similarities and differences of verbs in
English and Toba Batak Language.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly and foremost, the writer would like give her thankfulness to her
Beloved God, Jesus Christ for all the great things especially the strength that has
been given in her life to complete this thesis.
This thesis would not have been completed without the help, support, advice,
guidance, suggestion and pray from many people, but the writer can be listed the
name in this below. Her special thankful is to express gratitude to :
● Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., as the Head of State University of
Medan.
● Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., as the Dean Faculty of Languages and Arts,
Vice Dean I, II, III, and all staff of administration.
● Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as head and Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum., as
secreatary of English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts for the
guidance administrative in completing all the procedures as required, Dra.
Meisuri, M.A., as head of Non Educational English program and Dra.
Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed. as head of Educational English program.
● Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., as her consultant, for his time, great
advices, comments, ideas, suggestions and guidances during the first process
for complete this thesis.
● Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum., as her academic consultant, for her support during
the academic year in the university.
● Mam Endah, Mam Inri, Sir Hasim, who have helped the writer in
providing the academic administration.
● Great thanks is express to all lecturers in English Department, Faculty of
Languages and Arts in State University of Medan, for the knowledge has
been given as the writer in study.
● Special thanks are said to her beloved parents, Charles Sipahutar and
Nurhayati Marpaung, for their loves, great prayers, patiences, motivations
until she could complete her study in university.
● Thanks are also given to her young beloved brother, Yosep Yunarso
Sipahutar, young beloved sister, Dina Wiranti Sipahutar, and beloved
cousin, Jetty Lisantri Samosir, for their helps, time, love to support the writer
fnished this thesis.
● Thanks to her great Sipahutar and Marpaung family for their helps and
prayers.
● Thanks to Lydya Butar-Butar, Yanty Napitupulu, Osner Panjaitan, and
others, as the participant, for the time, ideas to complete this thesis.
● Sweet love gratitude is given to Manna Ria Munthe, Theresia
Simanjuntak, Silvia Lumban Batu, Julietha, Ruth Stevy, Lestari
Simanjuntak, Roy Martin, Agus Enmono, Wira Telaumbanua, Tarigan,
Oktavian Bangun, Rohmaita Fitri Saragih, her best friends, for their support
and unforgettable love friendships during the academic years.
● Thanks to Vista G S Kalit, Widya L. Simbolon for the helps, supports,
times met their consultant together as long as complete this thesis.
● The writer also give her great thankful for her classmates in Applied
Linguistics class A and B 2008.
● Special thanks lovely is express to her group, CIKASU, they are : her
beloved sister, Ira Munthe, her beloved friends, Agustina, Julietha, Ruth,
Diana, Irma, Putri, for their supports and great prayers.
● At last, thanks are given to Sepron Taneo, You Nanto Manurung ,
Chandra Simanjuntak, as her special friends, for their helps, supports, and
prayers during process this thesis.
God bless us all of the time!
Medan,
September 2012
The writer,
Melyna Christiani
Registration Number: 082222810007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................vi
LIST OF APPENDICES.....................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study ................................................... ....1
B. The Problem of the Study ......................................................... ...2
C. The Objective of the Study ....................................................... ....2
D. The Scope of the Study ............................................................ ....2
E. The Significance of the Study ................................................... ....3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... .4
1. Contrastive Analysis................................................................ .4
2. Grammar.......................................................................................5
a. Basic Grammar ................................................................... .7
3. Verbs ...................................................................................... .8
a. Form of Verb...................................................................... .8
1.) Infinitive Base............................................................... .8
2.) Form of Verb by Tenses ................................................ .9
b. Functions of Verb ............................................................... 11
1) Verbs as Predicates ....................................................... .11
2) Verbs as Noun Phrase Modifier..................................... .12
3) Verb as Adjective Phrase Complement .......................... 12
4) Verb as Subject .............................................................. 12
5) Verb as Subject Complement ......................................... 13
c. Types of Verb in English
1)Auxiliary and Lexical Verbs..............................................13
2)Dynamic and Stative Verbs ............................................ .14
3) Finite and Nonfinite Verbs ............................................ .15
4) Regular and Irregular Verbs .......................................... .16
5) Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .................................. .16
4. Verbs in Toba Batak Language... ........................................... .16
a. Verbs adòng in Toba Batak Language. ............................... .17
1) Functions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ........................ .17
2) Positions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ......................... .18
b. Verbs by Prefix
1) Verbs by Prefix ma- ..................................................... .19
2) Verbs by Prefix mar- .................................................... .21
3) Verbs by Prefix pa- ...................................................... .23
4) Verbs by Prefix di- ....................................................... .23
5) Verbs by Prefix tar- ...................................................... .23
6) Verbs by Prefix ha- ....................................................... .23
7) Verbs by Prefix hu- ...................................................... .24
8) Verbs by Prefix tu- ....................................................... .24
9) Verbs by Prefix um- ..................................................... .24
c. Verbs by Infix .................................................................... .25
1) Verbs by Infix –in- ....................................................... .25
2) Verbs by Infix –um- ..................................................... .25
3) Verbs by Infix –ar- ................................................... ....26
4) Verbs by Infix –al- ....................................................... .26
d. Verbs by Suffix
1) Verbs by Suffix –hon ................................................... .26
2) Verbs by Suffix –an- .................................................... .27
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design ........................................................................ .29
B. The Technique of Collecting Data .............................................. .29
C. The Technique of Analyzing Data .............................................. .30
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Analysis.................................................................................31
B. Research Findings...........................................................................37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions....................................................................................39
C. Suggestions.....................................................................................40
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................41
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 2.1 Modal Auxiliaries ....................................................................... ....14
Table 2.2 Prefix ma- ..................................................................................... .20
Table 2.3 Examples of Infix –in- ............................................................... . . .25
Table 2.4 Form of Verbs by Plural Suffix Verb ............................................. .27
Table 2.5 Function of Verbs by Suffix –an ................................................... .28
Table 4.1 The Aspects of Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language .......... .31
Table 4.2 Differences between Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language ... 38
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Dialogue 1 ......................................................................... 42
Dialogue 2......................................................................... .43
Appendix 2 : Speech 1 ........................................................................... .44
Speech 2............................................................................ .47
Speech 3............................................................................ .49
Speech 4............................................................................ .52
Speech 5............................................................................ .56
Appendix 3 : Questionnair ...................................................................... .59
Appendix 1:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................vi
LIST OF APPENDICES.....................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study ................................................... ....1
B. The Problem of the Study ......................................................... ...2
C. The Objective of the Study ....................................................... ....2
D. The Scope of the Study ............................................................ ....2
E. The Significance of the Study ................................................... ....3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... .4
1. Contrastive Analysis................................................................ .4
2. Grammar.......................................................................................5
a. Basic Grammar ................................................................... .7
3. Verbs ...................................................................................... .8
a. Form of Verb...................................................................... .8
1.) Infinitive Base............................................................... .8
2.) Form of Verb by Tenses ................................................ .9
b. Functions of Verb ............................................................... 11
1) Verbs as Predicates ....................................................... .11
2) Verbs as Noun Phrase Modifier..................................... .12
3) Verb as Adjective Phrase Complement .......................... 12
4) Verb as Subject .............................................................. 12
5) Verb as Subject Complement ......................................... 13
c. Types of Verb in English
1)Auxiliary and Lexical Verbs..............................................13
2)Dynamic and Stative Verbs ............................................ .14
3) Finite and Nonfinite Verbs ............................................ .15
4) Regular and Irregular Verbs .......................................... .16
5) Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .................................. .16
4. Verbs in Toba Batak Language... ........................................... .16
a. Verbs adòng in Toba Batak Language. ............................... .17
1) Functions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ........................ .17
2) Positions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ......................... .18
b. Verbs by Prefix
1) Verbs by Prefix ma- ..................................................... .19
2) Verbs by Prefix mar- .................................................... .21
3) Verbs by Prefix pa- ...................................................... .23
4) Verbs by Prefix di- ....................................................... .23
5) Verbs by Prefix tar- ...................................................... .23
6) Verbs by Prefix ha- ....................................................... .23
7) Verbs by Prefix hu- ...................................................... .24
8) Verbs by Prefix tu- ....................................................... .24
9) Verbs by Prefix um- ..................................................... .24
c. Verbs by Infix .................................................................... .25
1) Verbs by Infix –in- ....................................................... .25
2) Verbs by Infix –um- ..................................................... .25
3) Verbs by Infix –ar- ................................................... ....26
4) Verbs by Infix –al- ....................................................... .26
d. Verbs by Suffix
1) Verbs by Suffix –hon ................................................... .26
2) Verbs by Suffix –an- .................................................... .27
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design ........................................................................ .29
B. The Technique of Collecting Data .............................................. .29
C. The Technique of Analyzing Data .............................................. .30
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Analysis.................................................................................31
B. Research Findings...........................................................................37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions....................................................................................39
C. Suggestions.....................................................................................40
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................41
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 2.1 Modal Auxiliaries ....................................................................... ....14
Table 2.2 Prefix ma- ..................................................................................... .20
Table 2.3 Examples of Infix –in- ............................................................... . . .25
Table 2.4 Form of Verbs by Plural Suffix Verb ............................................. .27
Table 2.5 Function of Verbs by Suffix –an ................................................... .28
Table 4.1 The Aspects of Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language .......... .31
Table 4.2 Differences between Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language ... 38
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Dialogue 1 ......................................................................... 42
Dialogue 2......................................................................... .43
Appendix 2 : Speech 1 ........................................................................... .44
Speech 2............................................................................ .47
Speech 3............................................................................ .49
Speech 4............................................................................ .52
Speech 5............................................................................ .56
Appendix 3 : Questionnair ...................................................................... .59
Appendix 1:
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
Appreciation of two or more languages is based on knowledge of similarities
and differences or strengths and weakness of the languages. This study is done to
attain the two aspects by which English and TBL are worth appreciating.
English is a most language that uses in whole of the world in this
globalization or trade global such as ASEAN Free Trade Area and Asian Pasific
Economic (APEC). English can be use as medium of communication in many
different fields or activities between two or more people coming from different
nations. All of nations learn English included Indonesia. Learn English is take the
time. The fact that it is the world’s most widely use English leads the Indonesian
educational authorities in school or universities which have to learn English for 12
years now. Students have to know the grammar of the language, so that the
meanings of words can be easily understood.
Sentences are built on the basic of structural patterns that express certain
meanings. Two sentences can express a different meaning. This is due to the
variety of structures in English.
Sentences are combination of words. Oxford’s dictionary (2003:390) states
that sentence is group of word that express a statement, question, etc. From this
quation, we can conclude that one word is related to another word by the
application of grammatical rules to make a sentence.
A sentence can consist of words bound by grammatical rules which are
logical to the speakers of English. Before mastering the use of sentences in
1
2
English, students must know the use of the parts of speech as verb, adverb,
pronoun, adjective, interjections, numeral, article, conjunction, noun. In this
study, writer will focus analyze about verbs on term of the types, forms, functions.
Indonesia is a country which has many ethnic and culture. Each ethnic has
different language. One of them is Toba Batak’s ethnic. In this study, writer will
search about language of Toba Batak include pattern of the language, the words
which Batakness use as daily. Writer will analyze the use of verbs in Toba Batak
Language which is very important to make a contrastive analysis with English to
find out the similarities and differences verbs in both of the languages.
Therefore, this thesis will attempts to discover the similarities and differences
of verbs in English and Toba Batak Language which are directed for the
importance of the teaching-learning process in schools or universities.
B. The Problem of The Study
The problem of this study is formulated as “ What are the similarities and the
differences of verbs in English and Toba Batak Language in terms of the types,
forms, positions, and functions in the sentences ? ”
C. The Objective of Study
This study is restricted to investigating and describing similarities and
differences of the two languages with reference to current situations, namely to
the use of the languages by the speakers and publications.
D. The Scope of Study
Part of speech are related to functions in the sense about language. In part of
speech, there are subject as nouns or pronouns, predicate as verb, adjective,
3
adverb, preposition, conjunction,etc. English sentences consist of predications
about a subject. The main grammatical of a sentence are subject and verb.
Students must know about verb in term of the types, functions, positions in
sentences. This study is limited to the analysis the similarities and differences of
verbs in Engish and Toba Batak language from some informant or theory.
E. The Significance of Study
A study about verbs in English and Toba Batak Language is very interesting
and important for humans because people have to know the pattern of those
language for their speaking in daily or when they speak to foreigners for get no
mistake. Finding of the study are expected to be usefull and relevant practically
and theoretically.
The study is usefull practically by English teachers who teach English in the
region of Batak, North Sumatera. Teachers must teach English as well as they’ve
learn. Teachers must learn the verbs as well because verb is important thing use in
pattern of language especially in English. Teachers have to teach all about verbs
clearly in terms of the types, functions, forms in the sentences and compare the
verbs in English and Toba Batak . This thesis can enrich their knowledge for
teaching.
Practically by students and reader because it will provide understanding the verbs
clearly in both of the languages to enrich their knowledge and know the
comparative the languages for their speaking in daily.
Theoretically, these findings will usefull for researchers develop theory of the
languages or the verb in this thesis for combine, compare with another language
4
39
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be
formulated as the similarities has in the functions of verb and types of verb, to be
as verb, both that language. The functions of verb inclued as predicates, noun
phrase modifiers, adjective phrase complements, subjects, suject complements.
Both that language, there are to be uses as verbs. In English uses am, are, is, was,
were, has, have, had as verb, and in TBL uses just one word that can called to be,
adong. Infinitive adong is function as tell something, narrative auxiliary, and
basic for word mang-adong-hon (mangadonghon). The position verb adong are in
front of the sentences and free in the sentence which state a pressure for words in
front of the sentences.
The differences about the verbs between English and Toba Batak Language are
follows as :
1) Basicly, from the form of verb, almost all verbs in the sentences in English
use grammar regularly, the form is Subject + Verb + complement whereas
almost verbs in sentences of Toba Batak Language is in front of the sentence,
the form is Verb + Subject + complement.
2) In English using modals auxilaries by the time and it can use in question tag
but in Toba Batak Language just use conjunctions as jala, i , dung, ingkon for
complete some words.
39
40
3) In English verbs has change by tenses which the meaning will change too.
Whereas in Toba Batak Language the verbs is not change by tenses because
there’s no tenses, if the verbs n past time, it will be as passive verbs and if the
verbs in present time, it will be as active verbs.
4) In English, verbs also change when use th personal pronoun in the sentence.
Whereas in English verb is not change although uses third person in the
sentence, except word “married”. Verb “married” in Toba Batak Language is
called different for male and female. For male, it called “mangoli” and for
female is called “mangalua”.
5) There is no verb add prefix and infix. Whereas in Toba Batak Language, there
are verb add prefix, infix, suffix. The verb uses affix in Toba Batak Language
can be as verb, noun.
B. Suggestions
As the conclusion above shown, it is suggested for :
1) English teachers who teaching English in the region of Batak, they must teach
English as well as they’ve learn. Teachers have to teach all about verbs
clearly in terms of the types, functions, forms in the sentences and compare
the verbs in English and Toba Batak .
2) The readers and researcher who are interested in studying the verbs of two
languages, especially about English and Toba Batak Language.
41
REFERENCES
Carl, J. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. Harlow: Longman.
Frank, Marcella.1972.Modern English, A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall,Inc.
file:///E:/57.htm- ardhiannovianto’s Site-Profesor Dr Robert Sibarani, Bahasa
Adalah Cermin Segalanya.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29 accessed in April, 3th
2012
http://heather-marie-kosur.suite101.com/english-verbs-and-verb-phrases-a106135
accessed in February, 21 2012
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-verb-forms_main.htm accessed
February, 21 2012
in
http://www.grammar.about.com/od/irregularverbs/a/Ten-Types-Of-Verbs.htm
accessed in February, 21 2012
http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/english/list-7-forms-of-verb.html accessed in
February, 21 2012
Hudson, Richard.2010. An Introduction to Word Grammar. Cambridge:
Cambridge University.
Oxford Dictionary Third Edition.2003.Oxford : Oxford University.
Saragih, Amrin.2010. Introducing System Functional Grammar of English.
Medan.Unpublished.
Setiyadi,
Bambang.2006.Metode Penelitian untuk
Asing.Yogyakarta : Penerbit Graha Ilmu.
Pengajaran
Bahasa
Sinaga, Anicetus. 2002. Tata Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan : Penerbit Bina Media.
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By
MELYNA CHRISTIANI
Registration Number: 082222810007
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the university’s policy on academy
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledge, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan, September 2012
Melyna Christiani
082222810007
CURRICULUM VITAE
Melyna Christiani was born in Dumai, Riau regency, on May 8th 1990, as
the first child in her family. She is a Christian. Her father is Charles Sipahutar as a
worker and her mother is Nurhayati Marpaung as a housewife . She has a sister,
Dina Wiranti Sipahutar who studying in SMA Negeri 1 Dumai, and a brother,
Yosep Yunarso Sipahutar who studying in University of Riau.
After she finished her study in SD Katolik Filius Dei Dumai (2002),
SLTP Katolik Santo Tarcisius Dumai (2005), and SMA Negeri 1 Dumai (2008),
she continued her study in State University of Medan, Faculty of Languages and
Arts, majoring English and Literature Department. Together with her team, she
also wrote two PKM (Program Kreatifitas Mahasiswa) as she studied in State
University of Medan. During her study in university, she worked as an English
teacher for a year in PRODIM Education Private, teaching students in elementary
and junior high school. By hard work and prayers, finally she finished her study in
State University of Medan with the satisfying result as 4 years in 2012.
ABSTRACT
Christiani, Melyna, Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language. A Thesis,
English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of
Medan, 2012.
The objectives of this study is restricted to investigating and describing
similarities and differences of the two languages about verbs in English and Toba
Batak Language, included in terms of types, functions, and forms. This study was
applied by descriptive qualitative design. The data was taken an observation about
Toba Batak language from some of informant and text book. The findings
described that there were some similarities and differences verbs in English and
Toba Batak Language. Both the languages, the similarities described the functions
of verb has as predicates, noun phrase modifiers, adjective phrase complements,
subjects, subject complements and using to be as verbs. The analysis also shown
the differences as how the pattern verbs using tenses in both of the languages, the
verbs using affixes. In conclusion, there are similarities and differences of verbs in
English and Toba Batak Language.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly and foremost, the writer would like give her thankfulness to her
Beloved God, Jesus Christ for all the great things especially the strength that has
been given in her life to complete this thesis.
This thesis would not have been completed without the help, support, advice,
guidance, suggestion and pray from many people, but the writer can be listed the
name in this below. Her special thankful is to express gratitude to :
● Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., as the Head of State University of
Medan.
● Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., as the Dean Faculty of Languages and Arts,
Vice Dean I, II, III, and all staff of administration.
● Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as head and Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum., as
secreatary of English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts for the
guidance administrative in completing all the procedures as required, Dra.
Meisuri, M.A., as head of Non Educational English program and Dra.
Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed. as head of Educational English program.
● Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., as her consultant, for his time, great
advices, comments, ideas, suggestions and guidances during the first process
for complete this thesis.
● Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum., as her academic consultant, for her support during
the academic year in the university.
● Mam Endah, Mam Inri, Sir Hasim, who have helped the writer in
providing the academic administration.
● Great thanks is express to all lecturers in English Department, Faculty of
Languages and Arts in State University of Medan, for the knowledge has
been given as the writer in study.
● Special thanks are said to her beloved parents, Charles Sipahutar and
Nurhayati Marpaung, for their loves, great prayers, patiences, motivations
until she could complete her study in university.
● Thanks are also given to her young beloved brother, Yosep Yunarso
Sipahutar, young beloved sister, Dina Wiranti Sipahutar, and beloved
cousin, Jetty Lisantri Samosir, for their helps, time, love to support the writer
fnished this thesis.
● Thanks to her great Sipahutar and Marpaung family for their helps and
prayers.
● Thanks to Lydya Butar-Butar, Yanty Napitupulu, Osner Panjaitan, and
others, as the participant, for the time, ideas to complete this thesis.
● Sweet love gratitude is given to Manna Ria Munthe, Theresia
Simanjuntak, Silvia Lumban Batu, Julietha, Ruth Stevy, Lestari
Simanjuntak, Roy Martin, Agus Enmono, Wira Telaumbanua, Tarigan,
Oktavian Bangun, Rohmaita Fitri Saragih, her best friends, for their support
and unforgettable love friendships during the academic years.
● Thanks to Vista G S Kalit, Widya L. Simbolon for the helps, supports,
times met their consultant together as long as complete this thesis.
● The writer also give her great thankful for her classmates in Applied
Linguistics class A and B 2008.
● Special thanks lovely is express to her group, CIKASU, they are : her
beloved sister, Ira Munthe, her beloved friends, Agustina, Julietha, Ruth,
Diana, Irma, Putri, for their supports and great prayers.
● At last, thanks are given to Sepron Taneo, You Nanto Manurung ,
Chandra Simanjuntak, as her special friends, for their helps, supports, and
prayers during process this thesis.
God bless us all of the time!
Medan,
September 2012
The writer,
Melyna Christiani
Registration Number: 082222810007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................vi
LIST OF APPENDICES.....................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study ................................................... ....1
B. The Problem of the Study ......................................................... ...2
C. The Objective of the Study ....................................................... ....2
D. The Scope of the Study ............................................................ ....2
E. The Significance of the Study ................................................... ....3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... .4
1. Contrastive Analysis................................................................ .4
2. Grammar.......................................................................................5
a. Basic Grammar ................................................................... .7
3. Verbs ...................................................................................... .8
a. Form of Verb...................................................................... .8
1.) Infinitive Base............................................................... .8
2.) Form of Verb by Tenses ................................................ .9
b. Functions of Verb ............................................................... 11
1) Verbs as Predicates ....................................................... .11
2) Verbs as Noun Phrase Modifier..................................... .12
3) Verb as Adjective Phrase Complement .......................... 12
4) Verb as Subject .............................................................. 12
5) Verb as Subject Complement ......................................... 13
c. Types of Verb in English
1)Auxiliary and Lexical Verbs..............................................13
2)Dynamic and Stative Verbs ............................................ .14
3) Finite and Nonfinite Verbs ............................................ .15
4) Regular and Irregular Verbs .......................................... .16
5) Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .................................. .16
4. Verbs in Toba Batak Language... ........................................... .16
a. Verbs adòng in Toba Batak Language. ............................... .17
1) Functions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ........................ .17
2) Positions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ......................... .18
b. Verbs by Prefix
1) Verbs by Prefix ma- ..................................................... .19
2) Verbs by Prefix mar- .................................................... .21
3) Verbs by Prefix pa- ...................................................... .23
4) Verbs by Prefix di- ....................................................... .23
5) Verbs by Prefix tar- ...................................................... .23
6) Verbs by Prefix ha- ....................................................... .23
7) Verbs by Prefix hu- ...................................................... .24
8) Verbs by Prefix tu- ....................................................... .24
9) Verbs by Prefix um- ..................................................... .24
c. Verbs by Infix .................................................................... .25
1) Verbs by Infix –in- ....................................................... .25
2) Verbs by Infix –um- ..................................................... .25
3) Verbs by Infix –ar- ................................................... ....26
4) Verbs by Infix –al- ....................................................... .26
d. Verbs by Suffix
1) Verbs by Suffix –hon ................................................... .26
2) Verbs by Suffix –an- .................................................... .27
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design ........................................................................ .29
B. The Technique of Collecting Data .............................................. .29
C. The Technique of Analyzing Data .............................................. .30
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Analysis.................................................................................31
B. Research Findings...........................................................................37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions....................................................................................39
C. Suggestions.....................................................................................40
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................41
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 2.1 Modal Auxiliaries ....................................................................... ....14
Table 2.2 Prefix ma- ..................................................................................... .20
Table 2.3 Examples of Infix –in- ............................................................... . . .25
Table 2.4 Form of Verbs by Plural Suffix Verb ............................................. .27
Table 2.5 Function of Verbs by Suffix –an ................................................... .28
Table 4.1 The Aspects of Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language .......... .31
Table 4.2 Differences between Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language ... 38
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Dialogue 1 ......................................................................... 42
Dialogue 2......................................................................... .43
Appendix 2 : Speech 1 ........................................................................... .44
Speech 2............................................................................ .47
Speech 3............................................................................ .49
Speech 4............................................................................ .52
Speech 5............................................................................ .56
Appendix 3 : Questionnair ...................................................................... .59
Appendix 1:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................vi
LIST OF APPENDICES.....................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study ................................................... ....1
B. The Problem of the Study ......................................................... ...2
C. The Objective of the Study ....................................................... ....2
D. The Scope of the Study ............................................................ ....2
E. The Significance of the Study ................................................... ....3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... .4
1. Contrastive Analysis................................................................ .4
2. Grammar.......................................................................................5
a. Basic Grammar ................................................................... .7
3. Verbs ...................................................................................... .8
a. Form of Verb...................................................................... .8
1.) Infinitive Base............................................................... .8
2.) Form of Verb by Tenses ................................................ .9
b. Functions of Verb ............................................................... 11
1) Verbs as Predicates ....................................................... .11
2) Verbs as Noun Phrase Modifier..................................... .12
3) Verb as Adjective Phrase Complement .......................... 12
4) Verb as Subject .............................................................. 12
5) Verb as Subject Complement ......................................... 13
c. Types of Verb in English
1)Auxiliary and Lexical Verbs..............................................13
2)Dynamic and Stative Verbs ............................................ .14
3) Finite and Nonfinite Verbs ............................................ .15
4) Regular and Irregular Verbs .......................................... .16
5) Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .................................. .16
4. Verbs in Toba Batak Language... ........................................... .16
a. Verbs adòng in Toba Batak Language. ............................... .17
1) Functions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ........................ .17
2) Positions of Verb adòng in Toba Batak ......................... .18
b. Verbs by Prefix
1) Verbs by Prefix ma- ..................................................... .19
2) Verbs by Prefix mar- .................................................... .21
3) Verbs by Prefix pa- ...................................................... .23
4) Verbs by Prefix di- ....................................................... .23
5) Verbs by Prefix tar- ...................................................... .23
6) Verbs by Prefix ha- ....................................................... .23
7) Verbs by Prefix hu- ...................................................... .24
8) Verbs by Prefix tu- ....................................................... .24
9) Verbs by Prefix um- ..................................................... .24
c. Verbs by Infix .................................................................... .25
1) Verbs by Infix –in- ....................................................... .25
2) Verbs by Infix –um- ..................................................... .25
3) Verbs by Infix –ar- ................................................... ....26
4) Verbs by Infix –al- ....................................................... .26
d. Verbs by Suffix
1) Verbs by Suffix –hon ................................................... .26
2) Verbs by Suffix –an- .................................................... .27
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design ........................................................................ .29
B. The Technique of Collecting Data .............................................. .29
C. The Technique of Analyzing Data .............................................. .30
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Analysis.................................................................................31
B. Research Findings...........................................................................37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions....................................................................................39
C. Suggestions.....................................................................................40
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................41
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 2.1 Modal Auxiliaries ....................................................................... ....14
Table 2.2 Prefix ma- ..................................................................................... .20
Table 2.3 Examples of Infix –in- ............................................................... . . .25
Table 2.4 Form of Verbs by Plural Suffix Verb ............................................. .27
Table 2.5 Function of Verbs by Suffix –an ................................................... .28
Table 4.1 The Aspects of Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language .......... .31
Table 4.2 Differences between Verbs in English and Toba Batak Language ... 38
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Dialogue 1 ......................................................................... 42
Dialogue 2......................................................................... .43
Appendix 2 : Speech 1 ........................................................................... .44
Speech 2............................................................................ .47
Speech 3............................................................................ .49
Speech 4............................................................................ .52
Speech 5............................................................................ .56
Appendix 3 : Questionnair ...................................................................... .59
Appendix 1:
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
Appreciation of two or more languages is based on knowledge of similarities
and differences or strengths and weakness of the languages. This study is done to
attain the two aspects by which English and TBL are worth appreciating.
English is a most language that uses in whole of the world in this
globalization or trade global such as ASEAN Free Trade Area and Asian Pasific
Economic (APEC). English can be use as medium of communication in many
different fields or activities between two or more people coming from different
nations. All of nations learn English included Indonesia. Learn English is take the
time. The fact that it is the world’s most widely use English leads the Indonesian
educational authorities in school or universities which have to learn English for 12
years now. Students have to know the grammar of the language, so that the
meanings of words can be easily understood.
Sentences are built on the basic of structural patterns that express certain
meanings. Two sentences can express a different meaning. This is due to the
variety of structures in English.
Sentences are combination of words. Oxford’s dictionary (2003:390) states
that sentence is group of word that express a statement, question, etc. From this
quation, we can conclude that one word is related to another word by the
application of grammatical rules to make a sentence.
A sentence can consist of words bound by grammatical rules which are
logical to the speakers of English. Before mastering the use of sentences in
1
2
English, students must know the use of the parts of speech as verb, adverb,
pronoun, adjective, interjections, numeral, article, conjunction, noun. In this
study, writer will focus analyze about verbs on term of the types, forms, functions.
Indonesia is a country which has many ethnic and culture. Each ethnic has
different language. One of them is Toba Batak’s ethnic. In this study, writer will
search about language of Toba Batak include pattern of the language, the words
which Batakness use as daily. Writer will analyze the use of verbs in Toba Batak
Language which is very important to make a contrastive analysis with English to
find out the similarities and differences verbs in both of the languages.
Therefore, this thesis will attempts to discover the similarities and differences
of verbs in English and Toba Batak Language which are directed for the
importance of the teaching-learning process in schools or universities.
B. The Problem of The Study
The problem of this study is formulated as “ What are the similarities and the
differences of verbs in English and Toba Batak Language in terms of the types,
forms, positions, and functions in the sentences ? ”
C. The Objective of Study
This study is restricted to investigating and describing similarities and
differences of the two languages with reference to current situations, namely to
the use of the languages by the speakers and publications.
D. The Scope of Study
Part of speech are related to functions in the sense about language. In part of
speech, there are subject as nouns or pronouns, predicate as verb, adjective,
3
adverb, preposition, conjunction,etc. English sentences consist of predications
about a subject. The main grammatical of a sentence are subject and verb.
Students must know about verb in term of the types, functions, positions in
sentences. This study is limited to the analysis the similarities and differences of
verbs in Engish and Toba Batak language from some informant or theory.
E. The Significance of Study
A study about verbs in English and Toba Batak Language is very interesting
and important for humans because people have to know the pattern of those
language for their speaking in daily or when they speak to foreigners for get no
mistake. Finding of the study are expected to be usefull and relevant practically
and theoretically.
The study is usefull practically by English teachers who teach English in the
region of Batak, North Sumatera. Teachers must teach English as well as they’ve
learn. Teachers must learn the verbs as well because verb is important thing use in
pattern of language especially in English. Teachers have to teach all about verbs
clearly in terms of the types, functions, forms in the sentences and compare the
verbs in English and Toba Batak . This thesis can enrich their knowledge for
teaching.
Practically by students and reader because it will provide understanding the verbs
clearly in both of the languages to enrich their knowledge and know the
comparative the languages for their speaking in daily.
Theoretically, these findings will usefull for researchers develop theory of the
languages or the verb in this thesis for combine, compare with another language
4
39
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be
formulated as the similarities has in the functions of verb and types of verb, to be
as verb, both that language. The functions of verb inclued as predicates, noun
phrase modifiers, adjective phrase complements, subjects, suject complements.
Both that language, there are to be uses as verbs. In English uses am, are, is, was,
were, has, have, had as verb, and in TBL uses just one word that can called to be,
adong. Infinitive adong is function as tell something, narrative auxiliary, and
basic for word mang-adong-hon (mangadonghon). The position verb adong are in
front of the sentences and free in the sentence which state a pressure for words in
front of the sentences.
The differences about the verbs between English and Toba Batak Language are
follows as :
1) Basicly, from the form of verb, almost all verbs in the sentences in English
use grammar regularly, the form is Subject + Verb + complement whereas
almost verbs in sentences of Toba Batak Language is in front of the sentence,
the form is Verb + Subject + complement.
2) In English using modals auxilaries by the time and it can use in question tag
but in Toba Batak Language just use conjunctions as jala, i , dung, ingkon for
complete some words.
39
40
3) In English verbs has change by tenses which the meaning will change too.
Whereas in Toba Batak Language the verbs is not change by tenses because
there’s no tenses, if the verbs n past time, it will be as passive verbs and if the
verbs in present time, it will be as active verbs.
4) In English, verbs also change when use th personal pronoun in the sentence.
Whereas in English verb is not change although uses third person in the
sentence, except word “married”. Verb “married” in Toba Batak Language is
called different for male and female. For male, it called “mangoli” and for
female is called “mangalua”.
5) There is no verb add prefix and infix. Whereas in Toba Batak Language, there
are verb add prefix, infix, suffix. The verb uses affix in Toba Batak Language
can be as verb, noun.
B. Suggestions
As the conclusion above shown, it is suggested for :
1) English teachers who teaching English in the region of Batak, they must teach
English as well as they’ve learn. Teachers have to teach all about verbs
clearly in terms of the types, functions, forms in the sentences and compare
the verbs in English and Toba Batak .
2) The readers and researcher who are interested in studying the verbs of two
languages, especially about English and Toba Batak Language.
41
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Frank, Marcella.1972.Modern English, A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall,Inc.
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2012
http://heather-marie-kosur.suite101.com/english-verbs-and-verb-phrases-a106135
accessed in February, 21 2012
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-verb-forms_main.htm accessed
February, 21 2012
in
http://www.grammar.about.com/od/irregularverbs/a/Ten-Types-Of-Verbs.htm
accessed in February, 21 2012
http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/english/list-7-forms-of-verb.html accessed in
February, 21 2012
Hudson, Richard.2010. An Introduction to Word Grammar. Cambridge:
Cambridge University.
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Saragih, Amrin.2010. Introducing System Functional Grammar of English.
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Bambang.2006.Metode Penelitian untuk
Asing.Yogyakarta : Penerbit Graha Ilmu.
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Sinaga, Anicetus. 2002. Tata Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan : Penerbit Bina Media.