Prefixes Between English And Batak Toba Language: A Contrastive Analysis

PREFIXES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BATAK TOBA

LANGUAGE: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY

: HERBERT MOUREN SIANIPAR

REG. NO : 040705051

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thank to Jesus Christ who

has given healthy and blessings for me to finish this thesis.

This thesis is entitled “Prefixes between English and Batak

Toba: A Contrastive Analysis”. And this thesis is to fulfill one of

requirements to get Sarjana Degree from Faculty of Letters,

University of Sumatra Utara.

In completing this this, the writer realizes that this thesis will

not come to existence without help, encouragement, advice, and critics

from some person. First, the writer extends his sincere thanks to the

Head of English Department, Dra. Swesana M. Lubis, M.Hum and

Secretary of English Department, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed,

TESOL, and all lecturers who have thought him during the year of his

study, and for supporting and encourage him to finish this thesis.

Great thanks are addressed to his Supervisor, Drs. Ridwan

Hanafiah, M. A and his co-supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.

Hum for their generous help and support dealing with correcting and

improvement of this thesis.

The writer also gives thanks to Drs. Syaifuddin, M. A, P.Hd as

Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatra Utara and all staff

for facilities given to him during the period of study in this faculty.

The special thanks and love are dedicated to his beloved

parents, B. H. Sianipar and N. Pasaribu, and also to my brother and

sisters, for their care, prayers, love, patience and financial and moral

support to their son during his study.

Apart from that, the writer also say thank to all friends, Ando,

Fajar, Venan and others that can be mentioned one by one for giving

help and support to him. And a special thank is to my lovely ‘doll’ for

her time and attention in finishing this thesis.

Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being

perfect; therefore any constructive critics and advice are highly

appreciated. He hopes that this thesis will be used for the readers

especially who are interested in studying English.

God Blesses Us

Medan, June 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the analysis 1.2. Scope of the analysis 1.3. Problems of the analysis 1.4. Objectives of the analysis 1.5. Significances of the analysis 1.6. Review of Related Literature CHAPTER II. THEORITICAL REVIEW

2.1. A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis 2.2. Morphology

2.3. Morpheme

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS 3.1. Data

3.2. The Source of Data

3.3. The Technique of Analyzing Data CHAPTER IV. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1. English Prefixes 4.2. Batak Toba Prefixes

4.3. Analysis

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion

5.2. Suggestion BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABBREVIATION

Adj. : Adjective Adv. : Adverb

N : Noun

V : Verb

Vi :Intransitive Verb Vt : Transitive Verb

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of The Study

Language is known as a tool of communication used by human being to express his thought, emotion, and desire to others by using sounds, gestures and signals. Then, language is so essential for everyone that cannot be separated from human’s life.

In studying the language, the writer needs the knowledge called linguistics. Linguistics is a scientific knowledge that can be applied to study many languages in this world. Hartley (1982: 3) says, “Linguistics has something to do with language, it also implies that linguistics relevant to the learning of language”.

One of linguistic aspects is concerned to the contrastive linguistics. Contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more languages (or sub-systems of languages) are made explicit (Jawasi Naibaho, 2006:1). The interest in this analysis is merely the linguistic nature of languages compare without relating the differences and similarities to any speakers in the process of analysis.

From the statement above, it means that the main goal of contrastive linguistics is to find out what the differences and similarities in analyzing languages. And in this occasion, the writer tends to contrast prefixes in English and Batak Toba language. Prefix is a part of affix that must be added to a base

form in front of it, and morphologically prefix can not stand alone because it is a bound morpheme. For example:

English Batak Toba Prefix a- Prefix mar-

a- + moral (not moral + a-) mar- + ende (not ende + mar-) amoral marende

From the above example, the writer concludes that position of prefix is in front of the base form, not after base form.

In prefix, there are four points that writer needs to compare in both languages. They are in form, distribution, function, and meaning. Form talks about whether a prefix that can be attached in the root of words, which began with phoneme vocal and consonant. Distribution, concerns when a prefix can be distributed to any class of words, whether it is noun, adverb, adjective, or etc. Function, talks whether an attachment of a prefix can change the class of words. And meaning is concerned on the meaning of words after putting a prefix.

Indonesia is one of the big countries in the world consists of islands which are separated by ocean and islands that has many tribes as well as their languages. One of the tribes in Indonesia is Bataknese. The Batak`s society consists of a few tribes such as Karo, Pakpak, Toba, Simalungun, Angkola or Mandailing. The Batak Toba language is one of regional languages in Indonesia. Batak Toba is a dialect of the Batak language. It is spoken by about one million people living on Samosir island and to the east, south, and south-west of Lake Toba and henceforth in North Sumatra.

All of these points are taken in order to contrast in English and Batak Toba language in prefixes. The writer chooses Batak Toba language to be analyzed,

because this language that contrasts to English has uniqueness, differences, similarities and even complexities in both languages, and the other reason is one of the most used ethnic language in Indonesia and as the second language for the writer as a Bataknese.

1.2Scope of The Study

In this analysis the writer concentrates on the contrastive of English and Batak Toba prefixes which focuses to form, function, distribution, and meaning in order to find out the correspondence, partly correspondence and non-correspondence.

1.3Problem of The Study

The problem to be analyzed is :

What is the correspondence, partly correspondence and non-correspondence in form, distribution, function, and meaning between English and Batak Toba language in prefixes?

1.4Objective of The Study

The objective of analysis is to find the correspondence, partly correspondence, and non-correspondence in form, distribution, function and meaning between English and Batak Toba prefixes.

1.5The Significance of The Study

a. To be a guide for the readers know the similarities and differences of English and Batak Toba in prefixes.

b. To be a reference for the readers tend to study about Batak Toba and English in prefixes.

c. This analysis can be an additional information in contrastive linguistics for the students especially in Faculty of Letters.

1.6The Review of Related Literature

In order to get the best result of the analysis, the writer finds many theories to support the study. Some of them are adopted from the books or last research related on this study.

Hartman and Stork (1972:43) stated that comparative and contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages. It means that the comparative and contrastive linguistics are the branches of linguistics that compare two or more languages. Besides, the contrastive analysis is a method of analysis by contrasting two or more languages.

Erina Apriani (2001:58) said that in English and Rawas prefixes, there are correspondence, partly correspondence and non correspondence in form, function, distribution, and also meaning. It shows that the three goals of contrastive analysis can be found.

M. Ramlan (1980:30) states. “Proses pembubuhan afiks ialah pembubuhan afiks pada suatu bentuk, baik bentuk tunggal maupun bentuk kompleks, untuk membentuk kata.”

“The affixation is the process of attaching or adding an affix to a base form or a complex word in order to form another classes of word.”

Ridwan (1997: 121) says: “Analisis konstrastif menggaris bawahi usaha-usaha untuk menemukan unsure-unsur yang sama (correspondences), sebagian sama (partly correspondences) dan tidak sama atau beda penuh (non-correspondences) antara bahasa-bahasa yang dibandingkan.”

Ronald W. Langacker (1972: 78) states: “Affixes that precede the word roots are called prefixes.”

J.J Lamberts (1972: 295) says: “An Affix is a morpheme which may be attached at the beginning or end of a base or to one or more morphemes unfortunately attached to such a base.”

Janndey & Poletto (1994: 134) state: “A prefix that attaches to the beginning and a suffix attaches to the end of a word. The general term for prefixes and suffixes is affixation.”

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1. A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis (Naibaho 2006: 2) is an activity in contrasting the first language structure with the second language structure in order to identify the correspondences and non-correspondences of the two languages. Contrastive analysis has some purposes, such as to contrast the first language structure and the second’s; to predict the difficulties and the error in learning language and to arrange and to prepare the method in conveying the material. In this thesis, the writer wants to emphasize language structure between English and Batak Toba by adding prefixes for each language.

Contrastive analysis (Guntur 1972:43) has two aspects of analyzing, they are:

a) Psychological aspect

Psychology aspect concerns on difficulties in learning, the way of arranging the teaching materials and how the way in giving the teaching materials b) Linguistics aspect

Linguistics aspects concerns with the contrasted problems, what will be to be contrasted, and how to contrast them.

Contrastive study attempts to analyze the correspondences and non-correspondences between languages in contact, at some or all expression levels. The primary objective is the examination of systematic correspondences and

correspondences between aspects of languages concerned. The goal of contrastive analysis (Naibaho 2006: 1) is to find out whether the prefix:

1. Correspondent 2. Partly Correspondent 3. Non Correspondent

Correspondence means that there are similarities found between the source and target language the writer analyzes, for example, they are correspondence in form. Partly correspondence means that there are some similarities between the source and target language, but not in whole part. While non correspondence is there is no similarities found between the source and target language.

In this analysis, the writer has to consider the form, distribution, function and meaning. Form is one of the most widely used terms in linguistics with a correspondingly wide range of meaning. It will discuss about the changing of base form after attaching prefix. It can be prefixes that start with vowel, consonant, semivowel, dipthong, and cluster. Vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without audible stopping of the breath such as a, i, u, e, o; then consonant is a speech sound produced by abstructing or impeding the passage of air at the vocaltract above glottis; and diphtong is when one syllable consists of two vowel sounds, it is necessary to pronounce them by means of quick glide from one vowel to the others, for example /ai/ in glide; and /ei/ in make (Ridwan 1997: 8). The variant realizations of a linguistic unit are referred to as ‘form’ of the unit. And meaning is the basic notion is used in linguistics both as a datum and also as a criterion of analysis linguists study meaning, and also use meaning as a criterion for studying other aspects of language. In contrastive analysis, the writer analyzes

the base form. Base form is a term used in Morphology as an alternative to root and stem; it refers to any part of a word seen as a unit to which an operation can be applied when one adds an affix to a root or stem. The terms that the writer uses to support the analysis are form, distribution, function and meaning. In form, the writer can use vowel, consonant, diphthong, affixes, etc to be discussed. In distribution, the writer analyze the distribution of the word classes consist verb, noun, adjective, adverb, and numeral. In function, the writer discusses the process of word classes’ changes, for examples: noun to verb, noun to adjective, etc. In meaning, the writer will analyze whether there is similar meaning or not between the two languages. Of course, in analyzing language the writer have to contrast both the two languages in same term, if the writer uses prefix to be discussed in source language. The writer has to use the same term in the target language too. The writer can’t analyze both the two languages with different term because the writer will not find the similarities and differences between them.

In this scientific paper, the term to be discussed generally is prefix. Prefix is a kind of affix that is bounded. It means that prefix can not stand alone or don’t have meaning with out attaching to certain word. Prefix takes part or position in front of word. It is signed with a dash (-) after it, for example, in English: un-, cover-, mis-, under-, etc.

In contrastive analysis, there are source and target language. In this case, the source language is English, while the target language is Batak Toba. Both of these two languages will be analyzed in terms of form, distribution, function, and meaning.

2.2. Morphology

Morphology is considered as a scientific study of details of words’ building with the influence of words structure changes into a group and the meaning of words. A word can consist of two units or more that each unit has a meaning. For instance the words of act, action, react, actor, etc, has different meaning each other although come from one word that is act, as the steam form. The vowel of action, react, actor, have two morphemes for each that is morpheme –ion, re-, -or, as affixes and the morpheme of act as the steam form.

There are some linguists’ opinions about the definition of morphology, they are:

a. Nida (1974 : 1) says, “Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words”

b. R.R.K. Hartmann and F.C. Stork in their book Dictionary of Language and Linguistics state, “Morphology is a branch of grammar concerned with the study and analysis of the structure, forms, and classes of the words”.

c. J.W.M. Verhaar (1978 : 52) says, “Morfologi adalah bidang linguistik yang mempelajari susunan bagian-bagian kata secara gramatikal”.

The writer can say that morphology is a linguistic field that learning of words’ structures grammatically. For example, the words bag consists of three phonemes, but the words consist of only one morpheme. One morpheme can also consist of one phoneme only like –s in English language like: looks, makes, etc.

From the definition above, the writer can conclude that morphology is a branch of linguistics, which learns about details of word structure, the elements and form changes, function, and meaning that appears as the effect of a process.

2.3. Morphemes

Based on the linguists’ definition above, the writer finds out that a morpheme is the smallest elements that has the meaning, lexical or grammatical, and has a function in word forming. For example fill, drive, re-, -tion, etc is one morpheme for each.

There is a morpheme that has only one phonology structure, such as beli which consists of four phoneme; /b/, /e/, /l/, /i/. Beside that, there is a morpheme that has phonology structure, such as ma- morpheme has variety phonology structure; /mang-/, /man-/, /m-/, /n. Morpheme may also be classified as derivational and inflectional.

The writer calls them derivational morphemes because when they are conjoined to other morphemes (or words), a new word is derived or formed. The derivation word may have a different grammatical class than the un-derived word or may even be in a different meaning than the original word. So, derivational morphemes can change the syntactic category of the word with which they combine for example, by adding en- to the noun camp derives verb. Inflectional morphemes are determined by the rules of syntax. Inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic category of the word.

For example: English Inflectional Morpheme He visits me (-s third person singular present) He visited me (-ed past)

He is drinking coffee (-ing progressive) Mary has the shortest hair (-est superlative) Ann has shorter hair than Mary (-er comparative) Jane’s hair is short (-‘s possessive)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYSIS

3.1. Data

The methodology research is aimed to solve the problem by describing the facts and data systematically based on the recent fact. The writer will do library research. Library research is the method, which is supplied by collecting data or information from references, which have been written, by linguists or other experts.

In addition to library research, the writer also uses descriptive method. Nawawi (1995: 67) states, “Metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang diselidiki (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, pabrik, dan lain-lain) sebagaimana adanya, berdasarkan, fakta-fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang”.

In writing this thesis, the writer tries to apply a sistematic theory to describe prefixes in English and Batak Toba with their kinds and examples. The proposes some examples of English and Batak Toba prefixes and finally takes the correspondence, partly correspondence, and non correspondence of two prefixes of both languages.

3.2. The Source of Data

The colleting data is very important. In this analysis, the writer analyzes English and Batak Toba in prefixes based on their category in morphological

process. The books that used by the writer are Tata Bahasa Batak Toba, Meresapkan Jiwa dan Darah Batak by Mrg. Dr.Anicetus B. Sinaga, OFM and from Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words by Eugene A. Nida and Morfologi Bahasa Edisi Kedua by Jos Daniel Parera.

3.3. The Technique of Analyzing Data

The writer tries to analyze the data by collecting some references which are related to this thesis. There are some steps that the writer has done to analyze the data:

1. Collect the data

First of all, the writer collects the data from English and Batak Toba some references of morphology.

2. Select the data

Then, after collecting the data (prefix), the writer selects them.

3. After words, the writer identifies the English and Batak Toba prefix with the title.

4. Classify

Next, the writer classifies the data according to form, function, distribution and meaning.

5. Finally the writer analyzes the prefix which correspondence, partly correspondence, and non correspondence between English and Batak Toba. The technique of analyzing data is carried out by collecting, selecting and

CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Prefixes in English

Basically, the English has more many prefixes than Batak Toba prefixes. However in this thesis, the writer analyze some of The English prefixes only which is usually used in daily conversation as mention bellow: a-, be-, dis-, en-, hyper-, out-, over-, mis-, re-, un-, and under-.

1. Prefix a- /ə/

Distribution

Prefix a- can be attached to:

a. Noun, such as board, shore, and top. Example:

a- + board → aboard /ə’bo:d/ a- + shore → ashore /ə’∫o:_(r)/ a- + top → atop /ə’tpp/ b. Verb, such as rise, wake, sleep. Example:

a- + rise → arise /ə’raIz/ a- + wake → awake /ə’weIk/ a- + sleep → asleep /ə’sli:p/ c. Adjective, such as, flame, long, moral. Example:

a- + long → along /ə’lpβ/ a- + moral → amoral /,əI’mprəl/

Form

Prefix a- does not change the form of the word. Example:

a- + wake → awake / ə’weIk/ a- + board → aboard /ə’bo:d/

Function

Prefix a- has the function:

a. To change the noun into verb.

a- + Noun → Verb

Example:

a- + bed → abed /ə’bet/ a- + ward → award /ə’wo:d/ b. To change the noun into adjective.

Example:

a- + Noun → Adjective

a- + board (n) → aboard (adj.) /ə’bo:d/ a- + blaze (n) → ablaze (adj.) /ə’bleIz/

Meaning

The meaning implied by the prefix a- is: a. in, at, or, on

Example:

a- + light → alight (at) /ə’laIt/ a- + board → aboard (on) /ə’bo:d/ in the state of, in the process of Example:

a- + wash → awash (in the process) /ə’wp∫/ a- + sleep → asleep /ə’sli:p/

2. Prefix be- /bΙ-/

Distribution

Prefix be- can be attached to: a. Noun, such as, witch, lie, quest.

Example:

be- + witch → bewitch /bΙ’wIt∫/ be- + lie → belie /bΙ’laI/ be- + quest → bequest /bΙ’kwest/ b. Verb, such as, wail, stir, come.

Example:

be- + wail → bewail /bΙ’weIl/ be- + stir → bestir /bΙ’st3:(r)/

be- + come → become /bΙ’kΛm/

Form

Prefix be- does not change the form of the word. Example:

be- + lie → belie /bΙ’laI/ be- + quest → bequest /bΙ’kwest/

Function

Prefix be- has the function of:

a. To change verb intransitive into verb transitive.

Be- + Verb intransitive → Verb Transitive

Example:

be- + come → become /bΙ’kΛm/ be- + moan → bemoan /bΙ’məυn/ be- + wail → bewail /bΙ’weIl/ b. To change noun into verb.

Be- + Noun → Verb

Example:

be- + siege → besiege /bΙ’si:d / be- + lie → belie /bΙ’laI/

be- + quest → bequest /bΙ’kwest/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix be- is: become or make. Example:

be- + quest → bequest (make) /bΙ’kwest/

3. Prefix dis- /dΙs-/

Distribution

a. Adjective, such as, honest, interested, loyal. Example:

dis- + honest → dishonest /dΙs’pnIst/ dis- + interested → disinterested /dΙs’Intrəst/ dis- + loyal → disloyal /dΙs’loIəl/ b. Noun, such as, order, belief, honor.

Example:

dis- + order → disorder /dΙs’o:də(r) / dis- + belief → disbelief /dΙsbI’li:f/ dis- + honor → dishonor /dΙs’pnə(r)/ c. Verb, such as, appear, allow, claim.

Example:

dis- + appear → disappear /dΙsə’pIə(r)/ dis- + allow → disallow /dΙsə’laυ/ dis- + claim → disclaim /dΙs’kleIm/

Form

Prefix dis- does not change the form of the word. Example:

dis- + like → dislike /dΙs’laIk/ dis- + allow → disallow /dΙsə’laυ/

Function

Prefix dis- does not change the class of the word. Example:

dis- + honest → dishonest /dΙs’pnIst/

Dis- + Noun → Noun

dis- + order → disorder /dΙs’o:də(r)/

Dis- + Verb → Verb

dis- + appear → disappear) /dΙsə’pIə(r)/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix dis- is: a. lack of.

Example:

dis- + belief → disbelief /dΙsbI’li:f/ b. negative

Example:

dis- + like → dislike /dΙs’laIk/ dis- + honest → dishonest /dΙs’pnIst/

4. Prefix en- /Ιn-/

Distribution

Prefix en- can be attached to:

a. Adjective, such as, danger, sure, rich. Example:

en- + danger → endanger /Ιn’deInd ə(r)/ en- + sure → ensure /Ιn’∫υə(r)/ en- + rich → enrich /Ιn’rIt∫/ b. Noun, such as, list, act, camp.

Example:

en- + list → enlist /Ιn’lIst/ en- + act → enact /Ι’nǽkt/ en- + camp → encamp /Ιn’kǽmp/ c. Verb, such as force, close, join.

Example:

en- + force → enforce /Ιn’fo:rs/ en- + close → enclose /Ιn’kləυz/ en- + join → enjoin /Ιn’d oIn/

Form

Prefix en- does not change the form of the word. Example:

en- + joy → enjoy /In’d oI/ en- + large → enlarge /Ιn’lα:d /

Function

Prefix en- has the function of:

a. To change adjective into verb.

En- + Adjective → Verb

Example:

en- + joy → enjoy /In’d oI/ en- + rich → enrich /Ιn’rIt∫/ en- + large → enlarge /Ιn’lα:d / b. To change noun into verb.

Example:

en- + camp → encamp /Ιn’kǽmp/ en- + list → enlist /Ιn’lIst/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix en- is: a. make into

Example:

en- + rich → enrich /Ιn’rIt∫/ en- + sure → ensure /Ιn’∫υə(r)/ en- + joy → enjoy /In’d oI/ b. put in

Example:

en- + title → entitle /Ιn’taItl/ en- + force → enforce /Ιn’fo:rs/ en- + list → enlist /Ιn’lIst/

5. Prefix hyper- /haΙpə(r)-/

Distribution

Prefix hyper- can be attached to: a. Adjective, such as, sensitive, active.

Example:

hyper- + sensitive → hypersensitive /haΙpə(r)’sensətIv/ hyper- + active → hyperactive /haΙpə(r)’ǽktIv/ b. Noun, such as, market, tension.

Example:

hyper- + market → hypermarket /haΙpəmα:kIt/ hyper- + tension → hypertension /haΙpə’ten∫n/

Form

Prefix hyper- does not change the form of the word. Example:

hyper- + market → hypermarket /haΙpəmα:kIt/ hyper- + tension → hypertension /haΙpə’ten∫n/

Function

Prefix hyper- does not change the class of the word. Example:

Hyper- + Noun → Noun

hyper- + market → hypermarket /haΙpəmα:kIt/

Hyper- + Adjective → Adjective

hyper- + active → hyperactive /haΙpə(r)’ǽktIv/

Meaning

Prefix hyper- has the meaning of over excessive. Example:

hyper- + tension → hypertension /haΙpə’ten∫n/ hyper- + active → hyperactive /haΙpə(r)’ǽktIv/

6. Prefix mis- /mΙs-/

Distribution

a. Noun, such as, name, trust. Example:

mis- + name → misname /mΙs’neIm/ mis- + trust → mistrust /mΙs’trΛst/ b. Verb, such as, conduct, judge, lead.

Example:

mis- + conduct → misconduct /mΙskpndΛkt/ mis- + judge → misjudge /mΙs’d Λd / mis- + lead → mislead /mΙs’li:d/

Form

Prefix mis- does not change the form of the word. Example:

mis- + place → misplace/mΙs’pleIs/ mis- + take → mistake /mΙ’steIk/ mis- + judge → misjudge /mΙs’d Λd /

Function

Prefix mis- has the function of: a. To change verb into noun.

Mis- + Verb → Noun

Example:

mis- + judge → misjudge /mΙs’d Λd / mis- + lead → mislead /mΙs’li:d/ mis- + take → mistake /mΙ’steIk/ b. To change noun into verb.

Mis- + Noun → Verb

Example:

mis- + name → misname /mΙs’neIm/ mis- + fire → misfire /mΙs’faIə(r)/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix mis- is: a. not

Example:

mis- + trust → mistrust /mΙs’trΛst/ b. wrong

Example:

mis- + name → misname /mΙs’neIm/ c. opposite with the base form

Example:

mis- + fire → misfire /mΙs’faIə(r)/

7. Prefix out- /aυt-/

Distribution

Prefix out- can be attached to: a. Noun, such as, house, post.

Example:

out- + house → outhouse /aυthaυs/ out- + post → outpost /aυtpəυst/ b. Verb, such as, lay, run.

Example:

out- + lay → outlay /aυtleI/ out- + run → outrun /aυt’rΛn/

Form

Prefix out- does not change the form of the base form. Example:

out- + door → outdoor /aυtdo:(r)/ out- + face → outface /aυtfeIs/ out- + come → outcome /aυtkΛm/

Function

Prefix out- has the function of: a. To change the noun into verb.

Mis- + Noun → Verb

Example:

out- + rage → outrage /aυtreId /

out- + distance → outdistance /aυt’dIstəns/ out- + face → outface /aυtfeIs/

b. To change the verb into noun

Mis- + Verb → Noun

Example:

out- + come → outcome /aυtkΛm/ c. To change noun into adjective

Mis- + Noun → Adjective

out- + door → outdoor /aυtdo:(r)/

out- + number → outnumber /aυt’nΛmbə(r)/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix out- is: a. located outside

Example:

out- + door → outdoor /aυtdo:(r)/ out- + post → outpost /aυtpəυst/ b. surprising, to a great extent

Example:

out- + number → outnumber /aυt’nΛmbə(r)/ out- + run → outrun /aυt’rΛn/

c. with the various sense of ‘out’ as defined in the dictionary Example:

out- + cry → outcry /aυt’kraI/

out- + spoken → outspoken /aυtspəukən/

8. Prefix over- /əυvə(r)-/

Distribution

Prefix over- can be attached to: a. Adjective, such as, much, due.

Example:

over- + much → overmuch /əυvə(r)’mΛt∫/ over- + due → overdue /əυvə(r)dju:/

b. Adverb, such as, time, night. Example:

over- + time → overtime /əυvə(r)’taI:m/ over- + night → overnight /əυvə(r)’naIt/ c. Noun, such as, tax, sight.

Example:

over- + tax → overtax /əυvə(r)’tǽks/ over- + sight → oversight /əυvə(r)’saIt/ d. Verb, such as, take, sleep, work.

Example:

over- + take → overtake /əυvə(r)’teIk/ over- + sleep → oversleep /əυvə(r)’sli:p/ over- + work → overwork /əυvə(r)’w3:k/

Form

Prefix over- does not change the form of the word. Example:

over- + tax → overtax /əυvə(r)’tǽks/ over- + sight → /əυvə(r)’saIt/

over- + stay → overstay /əυvə(r)’steI/

Function

Prefix over- has the function of: a. To change the noun into verb

Over- + Noun → Verb

over- + step (n) → overstep (v) /əυvə(r)’step/ b. To change the verb into noun

Over- + Verb → Noun

Example:

over- + charge (v) → overcharge (n) /əυvə(r)’t∫α:d / over- + joy (v) → over-joy (n) /əυvə(r)’d oI/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix over- is: a. to excess, too much

Example:

over- + stay → overstay /əυvə(r)’steI/ over- + dress → overdress /əυvə(r)dreIs/ over- + do → overdo /əυvə(r)’do:/ b. across, above

Example:

over- + sea → oversea /əυvə(r)’si:/ over- + head → overhead /əυvə(r)’he:d/

9. Prefix re- /ri:-/

Distribution

Prefix re- can be attached to: a. Adjective, such as, fresh, fine.

Example:

re- + fine → refine /ri’faIn/ b. Noun, such as, sound, call, birth.

Example:

re- + sound → resound /ri’zaυnd/ re- + call → recall /ri’ko:l/ re- + birth → rebirth /ri:’be:γ/ c. Verb, such as, marry, make.

Example:

re- + marry → remarry /ri:’mǽri/ re- + make → remake /ri:meIk/

Form

Prefix re- does not change the form of the base form. Example:

re- + fill → refill /ri:fIl/ re- + make → remake /ri:meIk/

Function

Prefix re- has the function of:

a. To change the noun into verb

Re- + Noun → Verb

Example:

re- + place → replace /ri’pleIs/ re- + sound → resound /ri’zaυnd/ To change the adjective into verb

Example:

re- + fine → refine /ri’faIn/ re- + fresh → refresh /ri’fre∫/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix re- is again. Example:

re- + write → rewrite /ri’raIt/ re- + marry → remarry /ri:’mǽri/

10. Prefix un- /Λn-/

Distribution

Prefix un- can be attached to: a. Adjective, such as, happy, fit, fair.

Example:

un- + happy → unhappy /Λn’hǽpi/ un- + fit → unfit /Λn’fIt/ un- + fair → unfair /Λn’feə(r)/ b. Noun, such as, dress, hook.

Example:

un- + dress → undress /Λn’dres/ un- + hook → unhook /Λn’hυk/ c. Verb, such as, concern, decided, cut.

Example:

un- + decided → undecided /ΛndI’saIdId/ un- + cut → uncut /ΛnkΛt/

Form

Prefix un- does not change the form of the base form. Example:

un- + dress → undress /Λn’dres/ un- + clean → unclean /Λn’kli:n/

Function

Prefix un- has the function of:

a. To change the verb into adjective

Un- + Verb → Adjective

Example:

un- + decided → undecided /ΛndI’saIdId/ un- + cut → uncut /ΛnkΛt/

b. To change noun into verb

Un- + Noun → Verb

Example:

un- + burden → unburden (v) /Λn’b3:dn/ un- + cover → uncover (v) /Λn’kΛvə(r)/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix un- is: a. not

Example:

un- + happy → unhappy /Λn’hǽpi/ b. opposite of

Example:

un- + wrap → unwrap /Λn’rǽp/

11. Prefix under- /Λndə(r)-/

Distribution

Prefix under- can be attached to: a. Noun, such as, sell, wear.

Example:

under- + sell → undersell /Λndə’sel:/ under- + wear → underwear /Λndəweə(r)/ b. Verb, such as, writer

Example:

under- + writer → underwriter /Λndə’raIt/

Form

Prefix under- does not change the form of the base form. Example:

under- + wear → underwear /Λndəweə(r)/ under- + weight → underweight /Λndə’weIt/

Function

Prefix under- has the function of: To change the noun into adjective

Example:

under- + age → underage /Λndə’Id / under- + sized → undersized /Λndə(r)saIzd/ under- + cover → undercover /Λndə(r)kΛvə(r)/

Meaning

The meaning implied by prefix under- is: a. beneath

Example:

under- + growth → undergrowth /Λndə(r)əυγ/ b. not enough

Example:

under- + age → underage /Λndə’Id / under- + sized → undersized /Λndə(r)saIzd/ c. lower in rank, importance

Example:

under- + study → understudy (importance) /Λndə(r)stΛdI/

4.2 Prefix in Batak Toba Language.

In Batak Toba, there are seven prefixes, they are, ma-, mar-, pa-, di-, tar-, ha-, um-. In this chapter, the writer just takes prefixes generally in Batak Toba language as the main data of analysis.

1. Prefix ma- /mΛ-/

Prefix ma- in Batak Toba language can be said rather same like prefix me- in Indonesian.

Distribution

Prefix ma- can be attached to:

a. Verb, such as, angkat, ombak, boan, jalo, seat, tiop, tiop, pulos, bahen. Example:

ma- + angkat  mangangkat /mΛβΛβkΛt/ ‘take something’ ma- + ombak  mangombak /mΛβőmbΛk/ ‘hoe the land’ ma- + boan  mamboan /mΛmbőΛn/ ‘bring’

ma- + jalo  manjalo /mΛndΛlo/ ‘receive’ ma- + seat  maneat /mΛnέΛt/ ‘cut’ ma- + tiop  maniop /mΛniop/ ‘hold on’ ma- + pulos  mamulos /mΛmulos/ ‘span’ ma- + bahen  mambahen /mΛmbΛhen/ ‘make’ b. Noun, such as, itak, hujur, tombak.

Example:

ma- + itak  mangitak /mΛβitΛk/ ‘make a rice cake’ ma- + hujur  manghujur /mΛβhud ur/ ‘spear’

c. Adjective, such as, pitung, robur, hiang, hatop. Example:

ma- + pitung  mapitung /mΛpituβ/ ‘be blind’ ma- + robur  marobur /mΛrobur/ ‘be spread’ ma- + hiang  mahiang /mΛhiΛβ/ ‘be dry’ ma- + hatop  manghatop /mΛβhΛtop/ ‘be fast’

Function

Prefix ma- has functions:

 To change Noun into Verb

Ma- + Noun  Verb

Example:

ma- + itak  mangitak /mΛβitΛk/ ‘make a rice cake’ ma- + hujur  manghujur /mΛβhud ur/ ‘spear’

ma- + tombak  manombak /mΛnombΛk/ ‘lance’

 To change Adjective into Verb

Ma- + Adjective  Verb

Example:

ma- + robur  marobur /mΛrobur/ ‘be spread’ ma- + hatop  manghatop /mΛβhΛtop/ ‘be fast’

Form

Prefix ma- has two forms, a. Can change the base form Example:

ma- + ombak  mangombak /mΛηőmbΛk/ ‘hoe the land’ ma- + boan  mamboan /mΛmbőΛn/ ‘bring’

ma- + jalo  manjalo /mΛnd Λlo/ ‘receive’ ma- + seat  maneat /mΛnέΛt/ ‘cut’

ma- + tiop  maniop /mΛniop/ ‘hold on’ ma- + pulos  mamulos /mΛmulos/ ‘span’ b. Can’t change the base form

Example:

ma- + robur  marobur /mΛrobur/ ‘be spread’ ma- + hiang  mahiang /mΛhiΛη/ ‘be dry’ ma- + pitung  mapitung /mΛpituη/ ‘be blind’

Meaning

Prefix ma- has meaning:

 To make/become. Example:

ma- + hiang  mahiang /mΛhiΛβ/ ‘become dry’ ma- + hatop  manghatop /mΛβhΛtop/ ‘become fast’

 Use. Example:

ma- + hujur  manghujur /mΛηhud ur/ ‘use spear’ ma- + tombak  manombak /mΛnombΛk/ ‘use lance’

 Act something to. Example:

ma- + boan  mamboan /mΛmbőΛn/ ‘bring something’ ma- + jalo  manjalo /mΛnd Λlo/ ‘receive something’ ma- + seat  maneat /mΛnέΛt/ ‘cut something’

ma- + tiop  maniop /mΛniop/ ‘hold on something’

2. Prefix mar- /mΛr-/ Distribution

Prefix mar- can be attached to:

a. Noun, such as, dalan, soara, ende. Example:

mar- + dalan  mardalan /mΛrdΛlΛn/ ‘walk’ mar- + soara  marsoara /mΛrsoΛrΛ/ ‘speech’ mar- + ende  marende /mΛrєndє/ ‘sing’ b. Verb, such as, tonun, bau, tembak.

Example:

mar- + tonun  martonun /mΛrtonun/ ‘weave’ mar- + bau  marbau /mΛrbΛu/ ‘knit’

mar- + tembak  martembak /mΛrtєmbΛk/ ‘shoot’ c. Adjective, such as, bolon, rara, murhing, serak.

Example:

mar- + bolon  marbolon /mΛrbolon/ ‘big’ mar- + rara  marrara /mΛr’rΛrΛ/ ‘red’

mar- + serak  marserak /mΛrsєrΛk/ ‘spread’

Function

 Prefix mar- can change Noun into Verb.

Mar- + Noun  Verb

Example:

mar- + guru  marguru /mΛrguru/ ‘study’

mar- + huta  marhuta /mΛrhutΛ/ ‘live in a village’ mar- + ende  marende /mΛrєndє/ ‘sing’

 Prefix mar- can change Adjective into Verb

Mar- + Adjective  Verb

Example:

mar- + bolon  marbolon /mΛrbolon/ ‘big’ mar- + rara  marrara /mΛr’rΛrΛ/ ‘red’ mar- + asom  marasom /mΛrΛsom/ ‘acid’ mar- + losok  marlosok /mΛrlosok/ ‘lazy’ mar- + birong  marbirong /mΛrbiroβ/ ‘black’

Form

Prefix mar- can not change the base form Example:

mar- + agat  maragat /mΛrΛgΛt/ ‘look form palm’ mar- + lojong  marlojong /mΛrlod oβ/ ‘run fast’ mar- + ingkat  maringkat /mΛriβkΛt/ ‘run’

Prefix mar- has meaning:

 Has/have something Example:

mar- + eda  mareda /mΛrdεΛ/ ‘have sister in law’ mar- + ama  marama /mΛrΛmΛ/ ‘have father’ mar- + horbo  marhorbo /mΛrhorbo/ ‘have buffalo’

 Doing Example:

mar- + guru  marguru /mΛrguru/ ‘studying’

mar- + lojong  marlojong /mΛrlod oβ/ ‘running fast’ mar- + ingkat  maringkat /mΛriβkΛt/ ‘running’

 Looking for Example:

mar- + agat  maragat /mΛrΛgΛt/ ‘looking for a palm’ mar- + soban  marsoban /mΛrsobΛn/ ‘looking for woods’ mar- + dengke  mardengke /mΛrdεk’kε/ ‘looking for fish’

3. Prefix pa- /pΛ-/ Distribution

Prefix pa- can be attached to:

a. Adjective, such as, toru, sae, hantus, dimpos. Example:

pa- + toru  patoru /pΛtoru/ ‘under’

pa- + hantus  pahantus /pΛhΛntus/ ‘complete’ pa- + dimpos  padimpos /pΛdimpos/ ‘save’ b. Verb, such as, jonjong, hehe, borhat.

Example:

pa- + jonjong  pajonjong /pΛd ond oβ/ stand’ pa- + hehe  pahehe /pΛhεhε/ ‘wake up’ pa- + borhat  paborhat /pΛborhΛt/ go’

Function

Prefix pa- can change:

 Adjective into Verb

Pa- + Adjective  Verb

Example:

pa- + toru  patoru /pΛtoru/ ‘under’ pa- + sae  pasae /pΛsΛε/ ‘finish’ pa- + testes  patestes /pΛtεstεs/ ‘neat’ pa- + dae  padae /pΛdΛε/ ‘worse’ pa- + oto  paoto /pΛōtō/ ‘stupid’

Form

Prefix pa- can change the base form. Example:

pa- + dimpos  padimpos /pΛdimpos/ ‘save’ pa- + jengkar  pajengkar /pΛd εβkΛr/ ‘beautiful’ pa- + tait  patait /pΛtΛit/ ‘pull’

pa- + tigor  patigor /pΛtidor/ ‘straight’

Meaning

Prefix pa- has a meaning.

 Make or become. Example:

pa- + jonjong  pajonjong /pΛd ond oβ/ ‘become standing up’ pa- + hehe  pahehe /pΛhεhε/ ‘become waking up’

pa- + toru  patoru /pΛtoru/ ‘be under’ pa- + sae  pasae ‘/pΛsΛε/ ‘become finish’ pa- + tait  patait /pΛtΛit/ ‘be pulled’ pa- +tigor  patigor /pΛtigor/ ‘be straight’

4. Prefix di- /di-/ Distribution

Prefix di- can be attached to: a. Verb, such as, jou, inum, boan. Example:

di- + jou  dijou /did ŏu/ ‘called’ di- + inum  diinum /di ϊnum/ ‘drank’ di- + boan  diboan /diboΛn/ ‘brought’

Function

Prefix di- can not change the word class.

di- + allang  diallang /diΛl’lΛβ/ ‘ate’ di- + alap  dialap /diΛlΛp/ ‘picked up’ di- + baen  dibaen ‘/dibΛεn/ made’ di- + angkat  diangkat /diΛβkΛt/ ‘put’

Form

Prefix di- can not change the base form. Example:

di- + allang  diallang /diΛl’lΛβ/ ‘ate’ di- + alap  dialap /diΛlΛp/ ‘picked up’ di- + inum  diinum /di ϊnum/ ‘drank’ di- + boan  diboan /diboΛn/ ‘brought’

Meaning

Prefix di- has a meaning.

 Make a passive verb. Example:

di- + baen  dibaen /dibΛεn/ ‘made’ di- + angkat  diangkat /diΛβkΛt/ ‘put’ di- + alap  dialap /diΛlΛp/ ‘picked up’ di- + inum  diinum /diϊnum/ ‘drank’

5. Prefix tar- /tΛr-/ Distribution

Prefix tar- can be attached to: a. Verb, such as, inum, tuhuk, tea.

Example:

tar- + inum  tarinum /tΛr ϊnum/ ‘drink’ tar- + tuhuk  tartuhuk /tΛrtuhuk/ ‘lifted’ tar- + tea  tartea /tΛrtєΛ/ ‘removed’

Function

Prefix tar- can not change the word class.

Tar- + Verb  Verb

Example:

tar- + alo  taralo /tΛrΛlo/ ‘against’ tar- + dungo  tardungo /tΛrduβo/ ‘get up’ tar- + songgot  tarsonggot /tΛrsoβgot/ ‘surprise’

Form

Prefix tar- can not change the base form. Example:

tar- + dege  tardege /tΛrdєgє/ ‘trampled’ tar- + ambat  tarambat /tΛrΛmbΛt/ ‘hindered’ tar- + boan  tarboan /tΛrboΛn/ ‘brought’

tar- + halomong  tarhalomong /tΛrhΛlomoβ/ ‘amazed’

Meaning

Prefix tar- has meaning:

 Can be done/able. Example:

tar- + alo  taralo /tΛrΛlo/ ‘can be against’ tar- + tea  tartea /tΛrtєΛ/ ‘ can be removed’

 Unwillingly/unexpected Example:

tar- + dungo  tardungo /tΛrduβo/ ‘unwillingly wake up’ tar- + songgot  tarsonggot /tΛrsoβgot/ ‘unwillingly surprise’ tar- + ambat  tarambat /tΛrΛmbΛt/ ‘unwillingly hindered’ tar- + boan  tarboan /tΛrboΛn/ ‘unwillingly brought’ tar- + halomong  tarhalomong /tΛrhΛlomoβ/ ‘amazed’

6. Prefix ha- /hΛ-/ Distribution

Prefix ha- can be attached to:

a. Adjective, such as, robur, biar, gogo. Example:

ha- + robur  harobur /hΛrobur/ ‘be spread’ ha- + biar  habiar /hΛbiΛr/ ‘be afraid’ ha- + gogo  hagogo /hΛgogo/ ‘be strong’ b. Adverb, such as, ruar, duru, julu, jae, purba, anggoni. Example:

ha- + ruar  haruar /hΛruΛr/ ‘out’ ha- + duru  haduru /hΛduru/ ‘out’

ha- + julu  hajulu /hΛd ulu/ ‘hilt’

ha- + jae  hajae /hΛd Λє/ ‘downstream’ ha- + purba  hapurba/hΛpurbΛ/ ‘east’

ha- + anggoni  haanggoni /hΛ’Λβgoni/ ‘southeast’

c. Verb, such as, ula, lanja, dundung. Example:

ha- + ula  haula /hΛulΛ/ ‘do’

ha- + lanja  halanja /hΛlΛnd Λ/ ‘lifted’

ha- + dundung  hadundung /hΛdunduβ/ ‘reached’

Function

Prefix ha- can change the word class.

 Adjective into Verb

Ha- + Adjective  Verb

Example:

ha- + robur  harobur /hΛrobur/ ‘ be spread’ ha- + biar  habiar /hΛbiΛr/ ‘be afraid’

Form

Prefix ha- can not change the base form. Example:

ha- + duru  haduru /hΛduru/ ‘out’ ha- + julu  hajulu /hΛd3ulu/ ‘hilt’

ha- + jae  hajae /hΛd3Λє/ ‘downstream’ ha- + anggoni  haanggoni /hΛ’Λβgoni/ ‘southeast’

Meaning

Prefix ha- has meaning:

 Able Example:

ha- + ula  haula /hΛula/ ‘can be done’ ha- + lanja  halanja /hΛlΛnd Λ/ ‘can be lifted’

ha- + dundung  hadundung /hΛdunduβ/ ‘can be reached’

 Show a direction or place. Example:

ha- + julu  hajulu /hΛd ulu/ ‘to hilt’ ha- + duru  haduru /hΛduru/ ‘to out’

ha- + anggoni  haanggoni /hΛ’Λβgoni/ ‘to southeast’

7. Prefix um- /um-/

Distribution

Prefix um- can be attached to:

a. Adjective, such as, uli, balga, mora, roa. Example:

um- + uli  umuli /umuli/ ‘beautiful’ um- + balga  umbalga /umbΛlgΛ/ ‘big’ um- + mora  ummora /um’morΛ/ ‘rich’ um- + roa  umroa /umroΛ/ ‘ugly’ b. Verb, such as, bege, bagi, bahen.

Example:

um- + bege  umbege /umbєgє/ ‘listen’ um- + bagi  umbagi /umbΛgi/ ‘divide’ um- + bahen  umbahen /umbΛhєn/ ‘make’

Function

Prefix um- can not change the word class.

Um- + Adjective  Adjective Um- + Verb  Verb

Example:

um- + pistar  umpistar /umpistΛr/ ‘clever’ um- + taba  umtaba /umtΛbΛ/ ‘cut’ um- + antuk  umantuk /umΛntuk/ ‘knock’

Form

Prefix um- can not change the base form. Example:

um- + bolak  umbolak /umbolΛk/ ‘wide’ um- + asom  umasom /umΛsom/ ‘acid’ um- + olat  umolat /umolΛt/

um- + timbo  umtimbo /umtimbo/ ‘high’

Meaning

Prefix um- has meaning.

 As a comparative degree. Example:

um- + pistar  umpistar /umpistΛr/ ‘cleverer’ um- + uli  umuli /umuli/ ‘more beautiful’ um- + balga  umbalga /umbΛlgΛ/ ‘bigger’ um- + mora  ummora /um’morΛ/ ‘richer’

 Doing a base form. Example:

um- + bolak  umbolak /umbolΛk/ ‘expanded’ um- + taba  umtaba /umtΛbΛ/ ‘cutting’ um- + antuk  umantuk /umΛntuk/ ‘knock’ um- + bege  umbege /umbєgє/ ‘listen’ um- + bahen  umbahen /umbΛhєn/ ‘make’

EXCEPTION.

In prefix um-, sometimes Batak Toba people tend to use this form as an infix, for example:

um- + timbo  umtimbo / tumimbo ‘higher’ um- + taba  umtaba / tumaba ‘knock’

4.3 Analysis

In this contrastive analysis, the writer chooses two languages. The first is English as the source of language and the second is Batak Toba as the target language. In this part the writer analyzes words into four terms; form, distribution, function and meaning.

FORM

In this case the writer can divide prefixes that can be attached to base form by vowel, consonant, semivowel, and other parts of form.

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form to vowel phonemes

English Batak Toba

1. under- + age → underage

/Λndə’Id/

1. ma- + angkat  mangangkat /mΛβΛβkΛt/

2. re- + address → readdress /rI’ə’dres/

2. mar- + agat maragat /mΛrΛgΛt/

3. over- + act → overact /Ι’nǽkt/ 3. pa- + oto  paoto /pΛōtō/ 4. hyper- + active → hyperactive

/haΙpə(r)’ǽktIv/

4. mar- + eda  mareda /mΛrεdΛ/

5. en- + act → enact /Ι’nǽkt/ 5. ma- + seat  maneat /mΛnέΛt/

6. dis- + order → disorder /dΙs’o:də(r) /

6. di- + inum  diinum /diϊnum/

7. dis- + appear → disappear /dΙsə’pIə(r)/

8. dis- + allow → disallow /dΙsə’laυ/

8. tar- + alo  taralo /tΛrΛlo/

9. tar- + ambat  tarambat /tΛrΛmbΛt

In this case, the form of base form after attaching a prefix in Batak Toba

language is having a changing. It is on prefix ma-.

1. Ma- attached to base form that started with vocal phoneme, ma- will change into mang- /mΛη-/

For example:

Ma- + angkat  mangangkat /mΛηΛηkΛt/ Ma- + ombak  mangombak /mΛηőmbΛk Ma- + itak  mangitak /mΛηitΛk/

2. Ma- attached to base form that started with c, d, j phoneme, ma- will change into man-/mΛnt3-/

For example:

Ma- + copot  mancopot /mΛnt3opot/

Ma- + dege  mandege /mΛndεgε/

3. Ma- attached to base form that started with p, s, and t phoneme, ma- will change into /mΛm-/, without the first phoneme on the base form.

For example:

Ma- + peop  mameop /mΛmεop/

Ma- + pahat mamahat /mΛmΛhΛt/

Ma- + seat  maneat /mΛnέΛt/ Ma- + tiop  maniop /mΛniop/

4. Ma- attached to base form that started with b phoneme, ma- will change into mam- /mΛm-/.

For example:

Ma- + boan  mamboan /mΛmbőΛn/ Ma- + bahen  mambahen /mΛmbΛhεn/ Ma- + buat  mambuat /mΛmbuΛt/

Based on example above, there is a changing of base form after attaching a prefix in Batak Toba. And in English, base form also has a changing after attaching a prefix, for example: Prefix in- /in-/, it is called as an allomorph, because it has changing the prefix in- just in the pronunciation of the word after attaching prefix in-.

a. In- attached to labial consonant, in will change into im- /Im-/

In- + possible impossible /Im’ppsəbl/

In- + personal impersonal /Im’pε:sənl/

In- + balance imbalance /Im’bǽləns/

b. In- attached to alveolar consonant, in- has co changing.

For example:

In- + sensitive → insensitive /In’sensətIv/

In- + decision → indecision /IndI’sI n/

c. In- attached to velar consonant, in- will change into in- /Iβ-/ in pronunciation.

For example:

In- + complete → incomplete /Iβkəm’pi:t/

In- + compatible → incompatible /Iβkəm’pǽtəbl/

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form that beginning by consonant

English Batak Toba

1. a- + wake → awake /ə’weIk/ 1. um- + mora  ummora /um’morΛ/

3. be- + low → below /bΙ’ləυ/ 3. tar- + songgot  tarsonggot /tΛrsoβgot/

4. be- + quest → bequest /bΙ’kwest/ 4. tar- + tuhuk  tartuhuk /tΛrtuhuk/

5. dis- + like → dislike /dΙs’laIk/ 5. di- + bahen  dibahen /dibΛεn/

6. dis- + honest → dishonest /dΙs’pnIst/

6. di- + boan  diboan /diboΛn/

7. en- + joy → enjoy /In’d oI/ 7. di- + jou  dijou /did3ŏu/

8. en- + large → enlarge /Ιn’lα:d / 8. pa- + hantus  pahantus /pΛhΛntus/

9. over- + sight → oversight /əυvə(r)’saIt/

9. pa- + sae  pasae /pΛsΛε/

10.re- + make → remake /ri:meIk/ 10. mar- + tembak  martembak /mΛrtєmbΛk/

11.out- + door → outdoor /aυtdo:(r)/ 11. mar- + bau  marbau /mΛrbΛu/

12.mis- + place → misplace /mΙs’pleIs/

12. mar- + tonun  martonun /mΛrtonun/

13.hyper- + tension → hypertension /haΙpə’ten∫n/

13. ma- + boan  mamboan /mΛmbőΛn/

14.hyper- + market → hypermarket /haΙpəmα:kIt/

14. ma- + tiop  maniop /mΛniop/

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form that beginning by semivowel

English Batak Toba

1.a- + wake → awake /ə’weIk/ 1. um- + roa  umroa /umroΛ/

2.be- + wail → bewail /bΙ’weIl/ 2. ha- + ruar  haruar /hΛruΛr/

3.en- + rich → enrich /Ιn’rIt∫/ 3. ha- + robur  harobur /hΛrobur/

4.over- + work → overwork /əυvə(r)’w3:k/

4. mar- + rara  marrara /mΛr’rΛrΛ/

5.re- + write → rewrite /ri’raIt/ 5. ma- + robur  marobur /mΛrobur/

6.under- + wear → underwear

/Λndəweə(r)/

6. mar- + rajut marrajut /mΛrΛd3ut/

7.out- + run → outrun /aυt’rΛn/

8.un- + wrap → unwrap /Λn’rǽp/

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form that beginning by cluster.

English Batak Toba

1.re- + write → rewrite /ri’raIt/ 2.un- + wrap → unwrap /Λn’rǽp/ 3.mis- + place → misplace /mΙs’pleIs/ 4.under- + shoot (v) → undershoot

/Λndə’s :t/

5.en- + close (v) → enclose /Ιn’kləυz/

There is no prefix that can attached to base form that beginning by cluster.

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form that beginning by diphthong.

English Batak Toba

There is no prefix that can attached to base form that beginning by diphthong.

There is no prefix that can attached to base form that beginning by diphthong.

This contrastive analysis of form between English and Batak Toba, prefixes are correspondence because there are similarities between two languages that can be analyzed in the whole prefixes.

DISTRIBUTION

In distribution, the writer analyze what are the prefixes that can attached of any words classes ; such as noun, verbs, adjective, adverb, numeral, and others in each of language (English and BatakToba).

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form of verb

English Batak Toba

1.under- + shoot (v) → undershoot

/Λndə’so:t/

1. um- + bahen (v)  umbahen /umbΛhєn/

2.under- + write (v) → underwrite

/Λndə’raIt/

2. um- + bagi (v)  umbagi /umbΛgi/

3.un- + cut (v) → uncut /ΛnkΛt/ 3. um- + bege (v)  umbege /umbєgє/

4. un- + concern (v) → unconcern

/Λnkən’s3:n/

4. ha- + dundung (v)  hadundung /hΛdunduβ/

5. re- + make (v) → remake /ri:meIk/

5. ha- + lanja (v)  halanja

/hΛlΛnd Λ/ 6. re- + marry (v) → remarry

/ri:’mǽri/

6. ha- + ula (v)  haula /hΛula/

7. over- + sleep (v) → oversleep /əυvə(r)’sli:p/

7. tar- + tuhuk (v)  tartuhuk /tΛrtuhuk/

8. over- + take (v) → overtake /əυvə(r)’teIk/

8. di- + boan (v)  diboan /diboΛn/

10. re- + make (v) → remake /ri:meIk/

10.mar- + tembak (v)  martembak /mΛrtєmbΛk/

11.en- + close (v) → enclose

/Ιn’kləυz/

11.mar- + bau (v)  marbau /mΛrbΛu/

12.be- + come (v) → become /bΙ’kΛm/

12.mar- + tonun (v) martonun /mΛrtonun/

13.dis- + allow (v) → disallow /dΙsə’laυ/

13.ma- + boan (v)  mamboan /mΛmbőΛn/

14.ma- + tiop (v)  maniop /mΛniop/

• Prefixes that can be attached to base form of noun

English Batak Toba

1. a- + board (n) → aboard/ə’bo:d/ 1. ma- + itak (n)  mangitak /mΛβitΛk/

2. be- + quest (n) → bequest/bΙ’kwest/ 2. ma- + hujur (n)  manghujur /mΛβhud ur/

3. en- + list (n) → enlist/Ιn’lIst/ 3. ma- + tombak (n)  manombak /mΛnombΛk/

4. hyper- + market (n) → hypermarket/haΙpəmα:kIt/

4.mar- + dalan (n)  mardalan /mΛrdΛlΛn/

5. mis- + call (n) → miscall/ mΙs’ko:l/ 5.mar- + soara (n)  marsoara

/mΛrsoΛrΛ/

6. out- + range (n) → outrange /aυtreId / 6.mar- + ende (n)  marende /mΛrєndє/

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form of adjective

English Batak Toba

1. un- + happy (adj.)→ unhappy /Λn’h

ǽpi/

1. ma- + hiang (adj)  mahiang /mΛhiΛβ/

2. re- + fresh (adj.) → refresh /ri’fre∫/ 2. mar- + rara (adj)  marrara /mΛr’rΛrΛ/

3. over- + due (adj.) → overdue /əυvə(r)dju:/

3. ma- + robur (adj)  marobur /mΛrobur/

4. hyper- + sensitive (adj.) → hypersensitive /haΙpə(r)’sensətIv/

4. mar- + bolon (adj)  marbolon /mΛrbolon/

5. en- + danger (adj.) → endanger

/Ιn’deInd ə(r)/

5. pa- + hantus (adj)  pahantus /pΛhΛntus/

6. dis- + honest (adj.) → dishonest /dΙs’pnIt/

7. a- + flame (adj.) → aflame /əfleΙm/ 7. pa- + toru (adj)  patoru /pΛtoru/

8. a- + moral (adj.) → /,əI’mprəl/ 8. um- + balga (adj)  umbalga /umbΛlgΛ/

9. en- + rich (adj.) → enrich /Ιn’rIt∫/ 9. um- + mora (adj)  ummora /um’morΛ/

10.hyper- + active (adj.) → hyperactive /haΙpə(r)’ǽktIv/

10. ha- + duru (adj)  haduru /hΛduru/

11.re- + fine (adj.) → refine /ri’faIn/ 11. ha- + jae (adj)  hajae /hΛd Λє/

12.un- + fit (adj.) → unfit /Λn’fIt/ 12. mar- + murhing (adj)  marmurhing /mΛrmurhiβ/ 13.dis- + loyal (adj.) → disloyal

/dΙs’loIəl/

13. ma- + pitung (adj)  mapitung /mΛpituη/

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form of adverb

English Batak Toba

There is no prefix that can attached to base form of adverb in English

1. ha- + ruar  haruar /hΛruΛr/

2. ha- + duru  haduru /hΛduru/

3. ha- + julu  hajulu /hΛd ulu/

5. ha- + purba  hapurba /hΛpurbΛ/

6. ha- + anggoni  haanggoni /hΛ’Λβgoni/

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form of preposition

English Batak Toba

There is no prefix that can attached to base form of preposition in English

There is no prefix that can attached to base form of preposition in Batak Toba

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form of numeral

English Batak Toba

There is no prefix that can attached to base form of numeral in English

There is no prefix that can attached to base form of numeral in Batak Toba

This contrastive analysis of distribution between English and Batak Toba can prove that the prefixes are partly-correspondence because there just part of similar between two languages that can be analyzed, not the whole prefix.

FUNCTION

In this part of discussion, the writer contrasts the grammatical function, including the changing/shift of word class of a base form caused by the prefixes

that attached to the words. There will be a new word with different class if a certain prefix attached to the one word. But sometimes there is no change.

 Prefixes that can be change word classes if they are attached to base form

English Batak Toba

1. under- + age (n) →`underage (adj.) /Λndə’Id3/

1. pa- + toru (adj)  patoru (v) /pΛtoru/

2. un- + cut (v) → uncut (adj.)

/ΛnkΛt/

2. pa- + sae (adj)  pasae (v) /pΛsΛε/

3. re- + place (n) → replace (v) /ri’pleIs/

3. pa- + testes (adj)  patestes (v) /pΛtεstεs/

4. over- + charge (v) →

overcharge (n) /əυvə(r)’t∫α:d3/

4. mar- + bolon (adj)  marbolon (v) /mΛrbolon/

5. out- + door (n) → outdoor (adj.) /aυtdo:(r)/

5. mar- + rara (adj)  marrara (v) /mΛr’rΛrΛ/

6. out- + come (v) → outcome (n) /aυtkΛm/

6. mar- + huta (n)  marhuta (v) /mΛrhutΛ/

7. mis- + name (n) → misname (v) /mΙs’neIm/

7. mar- + ende (n)  marende (v) /mΛrєndє/

8. mis- + take (v) → mistake (n) /mΙ’steIk/

8. ma- + hujur (n)  manghujur (v) /mΛηhud ur/

9. en- + rich (adj.) → enrich (v)

/Ιn’rIt∫/

9. ma- + tombak (n) 

manombak (v) /mΛnombΛk/ 10. en- + list (n) → enlist (v)

/Ιn’lIst/

10. ma- + robur (adj)  marobur (v) /mΛrobur/

11. be- + quest (n) → bequest (v) /bΙ’kwest/

11. ma- + hatop (adj)  manghatop (v) /mΛβhΛtop/

12. a- + bed (n) → abed (v) /ə’bet/

13. a- + blaze (n) → ablaze (adj.) /ə’bleIz/

 Prefixes that can’t be change word classes if they are attached to base form

English Batak Toba

1. dis- + honest (adj.) → dishonest (adj.) /dΙs’pnIst/

1. um- + pistar (adj)  umpistar (adj) /umpistΛr/

2. hyper- + active (adj.) →

hyperactive (adj.) /haΙpə(r)’ǽktIv/

2. um- + losok (adj)  umlosok (adj) /umlosok/

3. dis- + appear (v) → disappear (v) /dΙsə’pIə(r)/

3. di- + bahen (v)  dibahen (v) /dibΛεn/

4. dis- + order (n) → disorder (n) /dΙs’o:də(r) /

4. di- + alap (v)  dialap (v) /diΛlΛp/

5. tar- + ambat (v)  tarambat (v) /tΛrdєgє/

6. di- + allang (v)  diallang (v) /diΛl’lΛβ/

7. tar- + dege (v)  tardege (v) /tΛrΛmbΛt/

This contrastive analysis of grammatical function between English and Batak Toba shows that the prefixes are correspondence because they are similarities in whole whether because changing of word classes.

MEANING

In terms of meaning, the English and Batak Toba prefixes that the writer has been analyzed are:

English

Prefixes a- has the meaning as follows:

 in, at, or, on Example:

a- + shore → ashore (in) a- + light → alight (at) a- + board → aboard (on)

 In the state of, in the process of Example: a- + wash → awash (in the process)

Prefixes be- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “become or make”. Example: be- + quest → bequest

Batak Toba

Prefix ma- has meanings.

 To make/become.

Example: ma- + hiang (adj)  mahiang (make to be dry)

 Use.

Example: ma- + hujur (n)  manghujur (use a

 Act something to.

Example: ma- + boan (v)  mamboan (doing something to bring)

Prefix mar- has meanings:

 Has/have something

(make)

Prefixes dis- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “negative”.

Example: dis- + honest → dishonest

Prefixes en- has the meaning as follows:

 “To do” more or “to add” Example: en- + title → entitle (to add title)

Prefixes hyper- has the meaning as follows:

 “More than normally”

Example: hyper- + tension → hypertension

Prefix over- has the meaning as follows:

 “across”

Example: over- + sea → oversea (across the sea)

Prefix mis- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “wrong”.

Example: mis- + name → misname (wrong name)

Prefix re- has the meaning as follows:

 To do “again”.

Example: re- + write → rewrite (to write again)

Prefix un- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “negative”.

Example: un- + happy → unhappy (not happy)

sister-in-law)

 Doing

Example: mar- + guru  marguru (are studying)

 Looking for

Example: mar- + agat maragat (looking for alchoholic drink)

Prefix pa- has a meaning.

 Make or become.

Example: pa- + jonjong  pajonjong (make it standing)

Prefix di- has a meaning.

 Make a passive verb. Example: di- + baen  dibaen Prefix tar- has meanings:

 Can be done/able.

Example: tar- + tuhuk  tartuhuk

Prefix ha- has meanings.

 Able

Example: ha- + ula  haula

 Show a direction or place. Example: ha- + julu  hajulu (to)

Prefix um- has a meaning.

 As a comparative degree. Example: um- + pistar  umpistar (cleverer)

 Doing a base form.

Prefix under- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “below”. Example: under- + growth → undergrowth

In meaning, between English and Batak Toba, there is partly correspondence. There is one prefix in English that has same meaning in prefixes of Batak Toba.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1Conclusion

From previous explanation and the analysis by using the terms of form, distribution, function and meaning with the prefixes as the object of analysis, the writer can conclude that:

1. There is correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of form, that there is no prefix in Batak Toba that can be attached to cluster.

2. There is partly correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of distribution that there is no prefix in English that can be attached to base form of Adverb.

3. There is correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of function.

4. There is partly correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of meaning that meaning of both language is not same in whole. Therefore in generally, the writer concludes that they are partly-correspondence.

5.2Suggestion

Finally the writer of this thesis comes to suggest the readers that a contrastive analysis will be a study and teaching guide, because one aspect of linguistics (morphology) of two languages has been known, that’s why contrastive

analysis need to be grown up and as the additional information in terms of contrastive linguistics for students to do this method that can know the characteristics of two languages directly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antilla, R. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Los Angeles: MacMilan

Hartley, Anthony F. 1982. Linguistics For Language Learners. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, Ltd.

Homer and Susan. 1950. Description English Grammar (Second Edition). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall

Hornby, AS. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (Sixth Edition). New York: Oxford University Press

Muchtar, Muhizar. 2006. Morfologi. Medan: USU Press

Nababan, P.W.J. 1958. A Phonemic Analysis of Batak. M.A. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin

Naibaho, J. 2006. Contrastive Linguistics: A Course Material. Medan: Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan

Nida, Eugene A. 1949. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. Ann Arborr: University of Michigan Press.

Parera, Jos Daniel. 1994. Morpologi Bahasa Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama

Ridwan, T.A. 1998. Dasar-Dasar Linguistik Kontrastif. Medan: USU Press Robert, Paul. 1994. Understanding English. New York: Harper Co, Pt Ltd.

Sibarani, Dr. Robert, M.S. 1997. Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan: USU Press

Sinaga OFMCap, Mrg. Dr. Anicetus B. 2002. Tata Bahasa Batak Toba: Meresapkan Jiwa dan Darah Batak. Medan: Penerbit Bina Media Medan.

Sinaga, Drs. Richard. 1994. Kamus Batak Toba-Indonesia. Porsea: Pt. Inti Indorayon Utama Porsea.

(make)

Prefixes dis- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “negative”.

Example: dis- + honest → dishonest

Prefixes en- has the meaning as follows:

 “To do” more or “to add” Example: en- + title → entitle (to add title)

Prefixes hyper- has the meaning as follows:

 “More than normally”

Example: hyper- + tension → hypertension

Prefix over- has the meaning as follows:

 “across”

Example: over- + sea → oversea (across the sea)

Prefix mis- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “wrong”.

Example: mis- + name → misname (wrong name)

Prefix re- has the meaning as follows:

 To do “again”.

Example: re- + write → rewrite (to write again)

Prefix un- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “negative”.

Example: un- + happy → unhappy (not happy)

sister-in-law)

 Doing

Example: mar- + guru  marguru (are studying)

 Looking for

Example: mar- + agat maragat (looking for alchoholic drink)

Prefix pa- has a meaning.

 Make or become.

Example: pa- + jonjong  pajonjong (make it standing)

Prefix di- has a meaning.

 Make a passive verb. Example: di- + baen  dibaen Prefix tar- has meanings:

 Can be done/able.

Example: tar- + tuhuk  tartuhuk Prefix ha- has meanings.

 Able

Example: ha- + ula  haula

 Show a direction or place. Example: ha- + julu  hajulu (to) Prefix um- has a meaning.

 As a comparative degree. Example: um- + pistar  umpistar (cleverer)

 Doing a base form.

Example: um- + bolak  umbolak

Prefix under- has the meaning as follows:

 To state “below”. Example: under- + growth → undergrowth

In meaning, between English and Batak Toba, there is partly correspondence. There is one prefix in English that has same meaning in prefixes of Batak Toba.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

From previous explanation and the analysis by using the terms of form, distribution, function and meaning with the prefixes as the object of analysis, the writer can conclude that:

1. There is correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of form, that there is no prefix in Batak Toba that can be attached to cluster.

2. There is partly correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of distribution that there is no prefix in English that can be attached to base form of Adverb.

3. There is correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of function.

4. There is partly correspondence between English and Batak Toba prefixes in terms of meaning that meaning of both language is not same in whole. Therefore in generally, the writer concludes that they are partly-correspondence.

5.2 Suggestion

Finally the writer of this thesis comes to suggest the readers that a contrastive analysis will be a study and teaching guide, because one aspect of linguistics (morphology) of two languages has been known, that’s why contrastive

analysis need to be grown up and as the additional information in terms of contrastive linguistics for students to do this method that can know the characteristics of two languages directly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antilla, R. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Los Angeles: MacMilan

Hartley, Anthony F. 1982. Linguistics For Language Learners. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, Ltd.

Homer and Susan. 1950. Description English Grammar (Second Edition). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall

Hornby, AS. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (Sixth Edition). New York: Oxford University Press

Muchtar, Muhizar. 2006. Morfologi. Medan: USU Press

Nababan, P.W.J. 1958. A Phonemic Analysis of Batak. M.A. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin

Naibaho, J. 2006. Contrastive Linguistics: A Course Material. Medan: Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan

Nida, Eugene A. 1949. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. Ann Arborr: University of Michigan Press.

Parera, Jos Daniel. 1994. Morpologi Bahasa Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama

Ridwan, T.A. 1998. Dasar-Dasar Linguistik Kontrastif. Medan: USU Press Robert, Paul. 1994. Understanding English. New York: Harper Co, Pt Ltd.

Sibarani, Dr. Robert, M.S. 1997. Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan: USU Press

Sinaga OFMCap, Mrg. Dr. Anicetus B. 2002. Tata Bahasa Batak Toba: Meresapkan Jiwa dan Darah Batak. Medan: Penerbit Bina Media Medan.

Sinaga, Drs. Richard. 1994. Kamus Batak Toba-Indonesia. Porsea: Pt. Inti Indorayon Utama Porsea.